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A Christian Hebraist is a scholar of Hebrew who comes from a
Christian Christians () are people who follow or adhere to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The words ''Christ'' and ''Christian'' derive from the Koine Greek title ''Christós'' (Χρι ...
family background/belief, or is a Jewish adherent of Christianity. The main area of study is that commonly known as the
Old Testament The Old Testament (often abbreviated OT) is the first division of the Christian biblical canon, which is based primarily upon the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, a collection of ancient religious Hebrew writings by the Israelites. The ...
to Christians (and
Tanakh The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh (;"Tanach"
''
Talmud The Talmud (; he, , Talmūḏ) is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law (''halakha'') and Jewish theology. Until the advent of modernity, in nearly all Jewish communities, the Talmud was the cente ...
, and
Kabbalah Kabbalah ( he, קַבָּלָה ''Qabbālā'', literally "reception, tradition") is an esoteric method, discipline and Jewish theology, school of thought in Jewish mysticism. A traditional Kabbalist is called a Mekubbal ( ''Məqūbbāl'' "rece ...
. The early fathers of the Christian Church got their knowledge of Hebrew traditions (
Masoretic The Masoretic Text (MT or 𝕸; he, נֻסָּח הַמָּסוֹרָה, Nūssāḥ Hammāsōrā, lit. 'Text of the Tradition') is the authoritative Hebrew and Aramaic text of the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) in Rabbinic Judaism. ...
,
Midrashim ''Midrash'' (;"midrash"
''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''. he, מִדְרָשׁ; ...
,
Aggadah Aggadah ( he, ''ʾAggāḏā'' or ''Haggāḏā''; Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: אַגָּדְתָא ''ʾAggāḏəṯāʾ''; "tales, fairytale, lore") is the non-legalistic exegesis which appears in the classical rabbinic literature of Judaism, ...
) from their Jewish teachers. This is seen especially in the
exegesis Exegesis ( ; from the Ancient Greek, Greek , from , "to lead out") is a critical explanation or interpretation (logic), interpretation of a text. The term is traditionally applied to the interpretation of Bible, Biblical works. In modern usage, ...
of
Justin Martyr Justin Martyr ( el, Ἰουστῖνος ὁ μάρτυς, Ioustinos ho martys; c. AD 100 – c. AD 165), also known as Justin the Philosopher, was an early Christian apologist and philosopher. Most of his works are lost, but two apologies and ...
,
Aphraates Aphrahat (c. 280–c. 345; syr, ܐܦܪܗܛ ''Ap̄rahaṭ'', ar, أفراهاط الحكيم, , grc, Ἀφραάτης, and Latin ''Aphraates'') was a Syriac Christian author of the third century from the Persian / Sasanian Empire who composed a ...
, Ephraem Syrus, and
Origen of Alexandria Origen of Alexandria, ''Ōrigénēs''; Origen's Greek name ''Ōrigénēs'' () probably means "child of Horus" (from , "Horus", and , "born"). ( 185 – 253), also known as Origen Adamantius, was an early Christian scholar, ascetic, and theolog ...
.
Jerome Jerome (; la, Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; grc-gre, Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος; – 30 September 420), also known as Jerome of Stridon, was a Christian presbyter, priest, Confessor of the Faith, confessor, th ...
's teachers are even mentioned by name—e.g., Bar Ḥanina (Hananiah).


Middle Ages

Syriac Christians Syriac Christianity ( syr, ܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ / ''Mšiḥoyuṯo Suryoyto'' or ''Mšiḥāyūṯā Suryāytā'') is a distinctive branch of Eastern Christianity, whose formative theological writings and traditional liturgies are expr ...
have always been reading and using Hebrew texts. In
western Christianity Western Christianity is one of two sub-divisions of Christianity ( Eastern Christianity being the other). Western Christianity is composed of the Latin Church and Western Protestantism, together with their offshoots such as the Old Catholic ...
, however, knowledge of Hebrew was historically scarce outside of converts from Judaism.Aryeh Grabois, "Christian Hebraists", in
Joseph Strayer Joseph Reese Strayer (1904–1987) was an American medievalist historian. He was a student of and mentored by Charles Homer Haskins, America's first prominent medievalist historian. Life Strayer taught at Princeton University for many decades, st ...
(ed.), ''The Dictionary of the Middle Ages'' (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1983), vol. 3, pp. 313–14. It has often been claimed that the
Venerable Bede Bede ( ; ang, Bǣda , ; 672/326 May 735), also known as Saint Bede, The Venerable Bede, and Bede the Venerable ( la, Beda Venerabilis), was an English monk at the monastery of St Peter and its companion monastery of St Paul in the Kingdom o ...
(d.735) knew something of Hebrew, but his knowledge appears to have been gleaned entirely from St
Jerome Jerome (; la, Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; grc-gre, Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος; – 30 September 420), also known as Jerome of Stridon, was a Christian presbyter, priest, Confessor of the Faith, confessor, th ...
. The same may be said of
Alcuin Alcuin of York (; la, Flaccus Albinus Alcuinus; 735 – 19 May 804) – also called Ealhwine, Alhwin, or Alchoin – was a scholar, clergyman, poet, and teacher from York, Northumbria. He was born around 735 and became the student o ...
(b. 735), who revised the Biblical translation of Jerome. The ninth-century
Pseudo-Jerome Pseudo-Jerome is the name given to several authors misidentified as, or pseudepigraphically claiming to be, Saint Jerome.Jeremy Schipper Disability Studies and the Hebrew Bible 2006 - Page 50 "(Pseudo-Jerome, possibly an early ninth-century CE con ...
, who worked in the circle of
Rabanus Maurus Rabanus Maurus Magnentius ( 780 – 4 February 856), also known as Hrabanus or Rhabanus, was a Frankish Benedictine monk, theologian, poet, encyclopedist and military writer who became archbishop of Mainz in East Francia. He was the author of the ...
(d.856), had knowledge of Hebrew. During the Twelfth-Century Renaissance, contact between Christian and Jewish scholars increased.
Peter Abelard Peter Abelard (; french: link=no, Pierre Abélard; la, Petrus Abaelardus or ''Abailardus''; 21 April 1142) was a medieval French scholastic philosopher, leading logician, theologian, poet, composer and musician. This source has a detailed desc ...
(d.1142) recommended Christian scholars take up the language of the Old Testament and many followed this recommendation. The
School of Saint Victor The school of St Victor was the medieval monastic school at the Augustinian abbey of St Victor in Paris. The name also refers to the Victorines, the group of philosophers and mystics based at this school as part of the University of Paris. It ...
became the centre of Hebraism in western Europe. The
school of Toledo The Toledo School of Translators ( es, Escuela de Traductores de Toledo) is the group of scholars who worked together in the city of Toledo, Spain, Toledo during the 12th and 13th centuries, to translate many of the Judeo-Islamic_philosophies_(80 ...
also worked with Hebrew, but it was secondary to Arabic.
Adam of Saint Victor Adam of Saint Victor (; died 1146) was a prolific poet and composer of Latin hymns and sequences. He has been called "...the most illustrious exponent of the revival of liturgical poetry which the twelfth century affords." Life Adam of Saint Victor ...
(d.1146) was the most prominent Victorine Hebraist and his student,
Herbert of Bosham Herbert of Bosham was a twelfth-century English biographer of Thomas Becket who held a foremost place among the scholars in Thomas's household. His dates of birth and death are unknown, but he was active from 1162 until 1189. Early life He was pro ...
(fl.1162–89), studied with Abraham ibn Ezra (d.c.1167) to acquire deeper grammatical understanding. The
Cistercian The Cistercians, () officially the Order of Cistercians ( la, (Sacer) Ordo Cisterciensis, abbreviated as OCist or SOCist), are a Catholic religious order of monks and nuns that branched off from the Benedictines and follow the Rule of Saint ...
tradition of Hebrew studies began with Nicholas Manjacoria. In the thirteenth century, Hebrew learning declined among native Christians, while converts from Judaism mainly used their knowledge polemically against their co-ethnics. The tradition of scholarly Hebraism was strongest in England. Among the prominent English Hebraists were
Alexander Neckham Alexander Neckam (8 September 115731 March 1217) was an English magnetician, poet, theologian, and writer. He was an abbot of Cirencester Abbey from 1213 until his death. Early life Born on 8 September 1157 in St Albans, Alexander shared his bi ...
(d.1217);
Stephen Langton Stephen Langton (c. 1150 – 9 July 1228) was an English Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Archbishop of Canterbury between 1207 and his death in 1228. The dispute between King John of England and Pope Innocent III over his ...
(d.1228), who composed a Hebrew–Latin dictionary of Biblical terms;
William de la Mare William de La Mare ( fl. 1272–1279) was an English Franciscan theologian. Biography William de la Mare's origins are unknown. He obtained a master's degree (Master Regent) in Paris in 1274/5. In Paris, he came under the influence of Bonaventura ...
(fl.1272–79), who was patronised by
Robert Grosseteste Robert Grosseteste, ', ', or ') or the gallicised Robert Grosstête ( ; la, Robertus Grossetesta or '). Also known as Robert of Lincoln ( la, Robertus Lincolniensis, ', &c.) or Rupert of Lincoln ( la, Rubertus Lincolniensis, &c.). ( ; la, Rob ...
(d.1253); and
Roger Bacon Roger Bacon (; la, Rogerus or ', also '' Rogerus''; ), also known by the scholastic accolade ''Doctor Mirabilis'', was a medieval English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on the study of nature through empiri ...
(d.c.1292), who wrote Hebrew grammar. In the fourteenth century, the
Franciscans , image = FrancescoCoA PioM.svg , image_size = 200px , caption = A cross, Christ's arm and Saint Francis's arm, a universal symbol of the Franciscans , abbreviation = OFM , predecessor = , ...
and Dominicans took up Hebrew, but their purpose was evangelical. They were instrumental, however, in setting up chairs of Hebrew in
universities A university () is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. In the United States, t ...
across Europe. The ecumenical
Council of Vienne The Council of Vienne was the fifteenth ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church and met between 1311 and 1312 in Vienne, France. One of its principal acts was to withdraw papal support for the Knights Templar at the instigation of Phili ...
(1312) ordered chairs established at the universities of
Rome , established_title = Founded , established_date = 753 BC , founder = King Romulus (legendary) , image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg , map_caption ...
,
Oxford Oxford () is a city in England. It is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire. In 2020, its population was estimated at 151,584. It is north-west of London, south-east of Birmingham and north-east of Bristol. The city is home to the ...
,
Paris Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...
,
Salamanca Salamanca () is a city in western Spain and is the capital of the Province of Salamanca in the autonomous community of Castile and León. The city lies on several rolling hills by the Tormes River. Its Old City was declared a UNESCO World Heritag ...
and
Bologna Bologna (, , ; egl, label= Emilian, Bulåggna ; lat, Bononia) is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna region in Northern Italy. It is the seventh most populous city in Italy with about 400,000 inhabitants and 150 different nat ...
. Paris had the leading Hebraist of the period in
Nicholas of Lyra Nicolas de Lyra __notoc__ 1479 Nicholas of Lyra (french: Nicolas de Lyre;  – October 1349), or Nicolaus Lyranus, a Franciscan teacher, was among the most influential practitioners of biblical exegesis in the Middle Ages. Little is know ...
(d.1349), while following him was Bishop Paul of Burgos (d.1435), a Jewish convert.


Renaissance

It was not, however, until the end of the 15th century that the Renaissance and the Reformation, while awakening a new interest in the classics, brought about a return to the original text of Scripture and an attempt to understand the later literature of the Jews.
Hieronymus Buslidius Hieronymus van Busleyden (Dutch: Jeroen van Busleyden; French: Jérôme de Busleyden) (c.1470 – 27 August 1517) was a patron of learning and a humanist from the Habsburg Netherlands. His name is usually partially Latinized in English, and c ...
, the friend of
Erasmus Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (; ; English: Erasmus of Rotterdam or Erasmus;''Erasmus'' was his baptismal name, given after St. Erasmus of Formiae. ''Desiderius'' was an adopted additional name, which he used from 1496. The ''Roterodamus'' wa ...
, gave more than 20,000 francs to establish a Hebrew chair at
Louvain Leuven (, ) or Louvain (, , ; german: link=no, Löwen ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Flemish Brabant in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is located about east of Brussels. The municipality itself comprises the historic c ...
; as the chair of Hebrew at the
University of Paris , image_name = Coat of arms of the University of Paris.svg , image_size = 150px , caption = Coat of Arms , latin_name = Universitas magistrorum et scholarium Parisiensis , motto = ''Hic et ubique terrarum'' (Latin) , mottoeng = Here and a ...
, Francis offered the chair to
Elijah Levita Elia Levita (13 February 146928 January 1549) ( he, אליהו בן אשר הלוי אשכנזי), also known as Elijah Levita, Elias Levita, Élie Lévita, Elia Levita Ashkenazi, Eliahu Levita, Eliyahu haBahur ("Elijah the Bachelor"), Elye Bok ...
, the friend of Cardinal Ægidius of Viterbo, who declined to accept it. Cardinal Grimani and other dignitaries, both of the state and of the Church, studied Hebrew and the
Kabbalah Kabbalah ( he, קַבָּלָה ''Qabbālā'', literally "reception, tradition") is an esoteric method, discipline and Jewish theology, school of thought in Jewish mysticism. A traditional Kabbalist is called a Mekubbal ( ''Məqūbbāl'' "rece ...
with Jewish teachers; even the warrior Guido Rangoni attempted the Hebrew language with the aid of Jacob Mantino (1526). Pico de la Mirandola (d. 1494) was the first to collect Hebrew manuscripts, and
Reuchlin Johann Reuchlin (; sometimes called Johannes; 29 January 1455 – 30 June 1522) was a German Catholic humanist and a scholar of Greek and Hebrew, whose work also took him to modern-day Austria, Switzerland, and Italy and France. Most of Reuchlin's ...
was the first to write a dictionary and short grammar of the Hebrew language (1506). A more detailed grammar was published by
Otto Walper Otto Walper (also Latin ''Otho Gual(t)perius''; 1 January 1543 – 28 December 1624) was a German theologian and philosopher. Otto Walper was born in Rotenburg an der Fulda, and studied at the University of Marburg, where he later became the ...
in 1590. But interest still centered wholly around the Bible and the expository literature immediately connected therewith. During the whole of the 16th century it was Hebrew grammar and Jewish exegesis that claimed attention. Christian scholars were not ashamed to be the students of Jewish teachers. In fact, one of the most noted Hebraists of this period was
Immanuel Tremellius Immanuel Tremellius ( it, Giovanni Emmanuele Tremellio; 1510 – 9 October 1580) was an Italian Jewish convert to Christianity. He was known as a leading Hebraist and Bible translator. Life He was born at Ferrara and educated at the University o ...
(1510-1580), born Jewish and converted first to Catholicism and soon thereafter became a Calvinist, producing the main Reformed translation of the Hebrew Bible into Latin (he also translated the New Testament from the Syriac into Latin).
Sebastian Münster Sebastian Münster (20 January 1488 – 26 May 1552) was a German cartographer and cosmographer. He also was a Christian Hebraist scholar who taught as a professor at the University of Basel. His well-known work, the highly accurate world map, '' ...
(d. 1552) was known as a grammarian; Pellicanus (d. 1556) and Pagninius (d. 1541), as lexicographers;
Daniel Bomberg Daniel is a masculine given name and a surname of Hebrew origin. It means "God is my judge"Hanks, Hardcastle and Hodges, ''Oxford Dictionary of First Names'', Oxford University Press, 2nd edition, , p. 68. (cf. Gabriel—"God is my strength" ...
(d. 1549), as a printer of Hebrew books. Arius Montanus (d. 1598) edited the
Masorah Masorah or Mesorah ( he, מסורה) refers either to the transmission of Jewish religious tradition, or to the tradition itself, and may refer to: * The Hebrew vowel points also known as niqqud. * Masoretic Text, the authoritative text of the Tan ...
and the ''Travels of Benjamin of Tudela''. Widmanstadt (1523), living in a colony of
Spanish Jew Spanish and Portuguese Jews, also called Western Sephardim, Iberian Jews, or Peninsular Jews, are a distinctive sub-group of Sephardic Jews who are largely descended from Jews who lived as New Christians in the Iberian Peninsula during the ...
ish refugees in
Naples Naples (; it, Napoli ; nap, Napule ), from grc, Νεάπολις, Neápolis, lit=new city. is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's adminis ...
, studied Hebrew with David ibn Ya'ya and Baruch of Benevento, and collected the Hebrew manuscripts which formed the basis of the Hebrew division of the Royal Library at Munich. Vatablé (d. 1547) made use of
Rashi Shlomo Yitzchaki ( he, רבי שלמה יצחקי; la, Salomon Isaacides; french: Salomon de Troyes, 22 February 1040 – 13 July 1105), today generally known by the acronym Rashi (see below), was a medieval French rabbi and author of a compre ...
's commentary.
Conrad Gesner Conrad Gessner (; la, Conradus Gesnerus 26 March 1516 – 13 December 1565) was a Swiss physician, naturalist, bibliographer, and philologist. Born into a poor family in Zürich, Switzerland, his father and teachers quickly realised his tale ...
(d. 1565) was the first Christian to compile a catalogue of Hebrew books;
Jacob Christmann Jakob Christmann (born November 1554 in Johannisberg (Rheingau), Geisenheim – 16 June 1613 in Heidelberg) was a German Orientalist who also studied problems of astronomy. Life Christmann, a Jew who converted before 1578 to Christianity, s ...
(d. 1613) busied himself with the Jewish calendar, and Drusius (d. 1616) with the ethical writings of the Jews.


17th century

Johannes Buxtorf Johannes Buxtorf ( la, Johannes Buxtorfius) (December 25, 1564September 13, 1629) was a celebrated Hebraist, member of a family of Orientalists; professor of Hebrew for thirty-nine years at Basel and was known by the title, "Master of the Rabbis" ...
(d. 1629) marks a turning-point in the study of Jewish literature by Christians. He not only studied the ''
Targum A targum ( arc, תרגום 'interpretation, translation, version') was an originally spoken translation of the Hebrew Bible (also called the ''Tanakh'') that a professional translator ( ''mǝturgǝmān'') would give in the common language of the ...
'' and the ''Talmud'', but endeavored to understand Jewish history, and he was the first real bibliographer. Women showed an interest:
Anna Maria van Schurman Anna Maria van Schurman (November 5, 1607 – May 4, 1678) was a Dutch painter, engraver, poet, and scholar, who is best known for her exceptional learning and her defence of female education. She was a highly educated woman, who excelled in ...
, the "star of the century", in the Dutch Republic; Dorothea Moore in England;
Queen Christina of Sweden Christina ( sv, Kristina, 18 December (New Style) 1626 – 19 April 1689), a member of the House of Vasa, was Queen of Sweden in her own right from 1632 until her abdication in 1654. She succeeded her father Gustavus Adolphus upon his death ...
(d. 1689); Maria Dorothea, consort of the
Duke of Saxe-Weimar Saxe-Weimar (german: Sachsen-Weimar) was one of the Saxon duchies held by the Ernestine branch of the Wettin dynasty in present-day Thuringia. The chief town and capital was Weimar. The Weimar branch was the most genealogically senior extant br ...
;
Elizabeth Elizabeth or Elisabeth may refer to: People * Elizabeth (given name), a female given name (including people with that name) * Elizabeth (biblical figure), mother of John the Baptist Ships * HMS ''Elizabeth'', several ships * ''Elisabeth'' (sch ...
, daughter of Frederick of the Palatinate; Maria Eleanora, wife of Charles Ludwig of the Palatinate; Antonia, daughter of Duke Eberhard of Württemberg. Through Buxtorf a serious attempt was made to understand the post-Biblical literature, and many of the most important works were translated into Latin. In this connection the following names may be mentioned:
Johannes Cocceius Johannes Cocceius (also Coccejus; ; 9 August 1603 – 5 November 1669) was a Dutch theologian born in Bremen. Life After studying at Hamburg and the University of Franeker, where Sixtinus Amama was one of his teachers, he became in 1630 profess ...
(d. 1667); Constantin L'Empereur (d. 1648);
John Lightfoot John Lightfoot (29 March 1602 – 6 December 1675) was an English churchman, rabbinical scholar, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge and Master of St Catharine's College, Cambridge. Life He was born in Stoke-on-Trent, the son of ...
(d. 1675);
Johann Leusden Johannes Leusden (also called Jan (informal), John (English), or Johann (German)) (26 April 1624 – 30 September 1699) was a Dutch Calvinist theologian and orientalist. Leusden was born in Utrecht. He studied in Utrecht and Amsterdam and ...
(d. 1699); and especially Surenhuis (1698), who gave a complete translation of the ''
Mishnah The Mishnah or the Mishna (; he, מִשְׁנָה, "study by repetition", from the verb ''shanah'' , or "to study and review", also "secondary") is the first major written collection of the Jewish oral traditions which is known as the Oral Torah ...
''; Jewish theology was studied by Carpzov (d. 1699), Wagenseil (1705; whose letters show how he gathered information), and
Johann Stephan Rittangel Johann Stephan Rittangel ( la, Rittangelius) (1606 – 1652) was a German controversial writer and Christian Hebraist. Life He was born at Forscheim near Bamberg. It is stated that he was born a Jew, became converted to Roman Catholicism, then be ...
(1641); antiquities, by
Samuel Bochart Samuel Bochart (30 May 1599 – 16 May 1667) was a French Protestant biblical scholar, a student of Thomas Erpenius and the teacher of Pierre Daniel Huet. His two-volume '' Geographia Sacra seu Phaleg et Canaan'' (Caen 1646) exerted a profound in ...
(d. 1667), Hottinger (d. 1667), Hyde (d. 1700), Trigland (d. 1705), Breithaupt (1707), and Johann Jakob Schudt (d. 1722). It was a time in which the Christian theologian studied Hebrew and rabbinics before taking up his specific theological study. Hackspan (d. 1659) wrote upon the value to the theologian of studying the works of the Rabbis. Their writings on the Bible were read by Schickard (1635),
Humphrey Hody Humphrey Hody (1659 – 20 January 1707) was an English scholar and theologian. Life He was born at Odcombe in Somerset in 1659. In 1676 he entered Wadham College, Oxford, of which he became a fellow in 1685. In 1692 he became chaplain to ...
(d. 1706), and Richard Simon (d. 1712), while catalogues of Hebrew collections were published by Plantavitius (d. 1651), Le Long (d. 1721), and Montfaucon (d. 1741). Hottinger gave this literature a place in his ''Bibliotheca Orientalis''; Otho (1672) wrote a biographical lexicon of the Mishnah teachers; and Bartolocci's ''Bibliotheca Rabbinica'' (1675) was a worthy continuation of these bibliographical labors.


18th century

The first half of the 18th century contains the names of three important scholars.
Jacques Basnage Jacques Basnage De Beauval (8 August 165322 December 1723) was a celebrated French Protestant divine, preacher, linguist, writer and man of affairs. He wrote a ''History of the Reformed Churches'' and on ''Jewish Antiquities''. Biography Jacques ...
knew no Hebrew, but his ''L'Histoire de la Religion des Juifs'' was the first attempt at a complete presentation of the history of Judaism. The ''Entdecktes Judenthum'' of Eisenmenger (d.1704) exhibits a mass of Jewish learning.
Johann Christoph Wolf Johann Christoph Wolf (born at Wernigerode, February 21 1683; died at Hamburg, July 25 1739) was a German Christian Hebraist, polyhistor, and collector of books. He studied at Wittenberg, and traveled in Holland and England in the intere ...
(d. 1739), who, with the help of the Oppenheimer library, was able to produce his ''Bibliotheca Hebræa'', which laid the foundation for all later works in Hebrew bibliography. Johann Christian Georg Bodenschatz (d. 1797), though not a scholarly Hebraist, gave an accurate account of Jewish ceremonials. By the side of these stand Bashuysen (d. 1750), the translator and printer of Hebrew books;
Reland Adriaan Reland (also known as ''Adriaen Reeland/Reelant'', ''Hadrianus Relandus'') (17 July 1676, De Rijp, North Holland5 February 1718, UtrechtJohn Gorton, ''A General Biographical Dictionary'', 1838, Whittaker & Co.) was a noted Dutch Orientali ...
(d. 1718), the first to use Talmudic material for the study of the geography of Palestine; the bibliographers Unger (d. 1719) and Gagnier (d. 1720), who gave Wolf his information regarding the manuscripts in the Bodleian; J. H. Michaelis (d. 1738) and Mai (d. 1732), who compiled a catalogue of the Uffenbach library; Baratier (d. 1740), the youthful prodigy, who wrote on
Benjamin of Tudela Benjamin of Tudela ( he, בִּנְיָמִין מִטּוּדֶלָה, ; ar, بنيامين التطيلي ''Binyamin al-Tutayli'';‎ Tudela, Kingdom of Navarre, 1130 Castile, 1173) was a medieval Jewish traveler who visited Europe, Asia, an ...
; Mill (d. 1756), who treated rabbinical exegesis; and Wähner (1762), who described Hebrew antiquities. Biagio Ugolini (1744) is said to have been a converted Jew, and therefore finds no place here. Special mention should be made of
Ezra Stiles Ezra Stiles ( – May 12, 1795) was an American educator, academic, Congregationalist minister, theologian, and author. He is noted as the seventh president of Yale College (1778–1795) and one of the founders of Brown University. According ...
, the learned president of
Yale College Yale College is the undergraduate college of Yale University. Founded in 1701, it is the original school of the university. Although other Yale schools were founded as early as 1810, all of Yale was officially known as Yale College until 1887, ...
(1778), certainly the most learned Christian student of post-Biblical Jewish literature that America has produced.


Early 19th century

Towards the end of the 18th century such friends of Hebrew literature became ever rarer. The rise of
Biblical criticism Biblical criticism is the use of critical analysis to understand and explain the Bible. During the eighteenth century, when it began as ''historical-biblical criticism,'' it was based on two distinguishing characteristics: (1) the concern to ...
and of the study of other
Semitic language The Semitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. They are spoken by more than 330 million people across much of West Asia, the Horn of Africa, and latterly North Africa, Malta, West Africa, Chad, and in large immigrant a ...
s engaged the whole interest of Semitic scholars. Even Rabe, the translator of the ''
Mishnah The Mishnah or the Mishna (; he, מִשְׁנָה, "study by repetition", from the verb ''shanah'' , or "to study and review", also "secondary") is the first major written collection of the Jewish oral traditions which is known as the Oral Torah ...
'' into German (d. 1798), Semmler, Michaelis,
Tychsen Tychsen is a typical Danish surname meaning son of Tycho/Tych after the Danish patronymic naming system. The German form of the name is Tuxen. Tychsen ranks in the top 1000 names in Denmark according to Larsen, Danmarks Statitik 2004. Both notabl ...
(d. 1815), and
Sylvestre de Sacy Antoine Isaac, Baron Silvestre de Sacy (; 21 September 175821 February 1838), was a French nobleman, linguist and orientalist. His son, Ustazade Silvestre de Sacy, became a journalist. Life and works Early life Silvestre de Sacy was born in Par ...
(d. 1838) can hardly be mentioned by the side of the humanists of previous centuries. Interest in the text of the Bible caused some work to be done in the collecting of Hebrew manuscripts, especially by
Benjamin Kennicott Benjamin Kennicott (4 April 171818 September 1783) was an English churchman and Hebrew scholar. Life Kennicott was born at Totnes, Devon where he attended Totnes Grammar School. He succeeded his father as master of a charity school, but the gene ...
in England (1776–80) and
Giovanni Bernardo De Rossi Giovanni Bernardo De Rossi (October 25, 1742 in Castelnuovo Nigra, Piedmont – March 23, 1831 in Parma) was an Italian Christian Hebraist. He studied in Ivrea and Turin. In October 1769, he was appointed professor of Oriental languages at the Uni ...
in Italy (1784–88). The last-named made a valuable collection of Hebrew manuscripts; and by his side may be mentioned
Joseph Pasinus Joseph is a common male given name, derived from the Hebrew Yosef (יוֹסֵף). "Joseph" is used, along with "Josef", mostly in English, French and partially German languages. This spelling is also found as a variant in the languages of the mo ...
(or Giuseppe Passini) in
Turin Turin ( , Piedmontese language, Piedmontese: ; it, Torino ) is a city and an important business and cultural centre in Northern Italy. It is the capital city of Piedmont and of the Metropolitan City of Turin, and was the first Italian capital ...
(d. 1749),
Antonio Maria Biscioni Antonio Maria Biscioni (14 August 1674 – 4 May 1756) was an Italian historian, philologist, and librarian for the Laurentian library of Florence. He was born in Florence and entered religious orders. Among his pupils were Giovanni Gaetano Bottar ...
in
Florence Florence ( ; it, Firenze ) is a city in Central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region. It is the most populated city in Tuscany, with 383,083 inhabitants in 2016, and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area.Bilancio demografico an ...
(d. 1752),
Giuseppe Simone Assemani Giuseppe Simone Assemani (Classical Syriac : ܝܵܘܣܸܦ ܒܲܪ ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ , ( ar, يوسف بن سمعان السمعاني ''Yusuf ibn Siman as-Simani'', en, Joseph Simon Assemani, la, Ioseph Simonius Assemanus; July 27, 1687–January 13 ...
in Rome, and Ury in
Oxford Oxford () is a city in England. It is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire. In 2020, its population was estimated at 151,584. It is north-west of London, south-east of Birmingham and north-east of Bristol. The city is home to the ...
(d. 1787).


At the universities

The downward trend continued in the first half of the 19th century;
Jewish literature Jewish literature includes works written by Jews on Jewish themes, literary works written in Jewish languages on various themes, and literary works in any language written by Jewish writers. Ancient Jewish literature includes Biblical literature a ...
became less and less a subject of investigation by Christians; and when it was studied it was generally for the purpose of forging weapons against the people whose literature it was. This is seen in such works as A. T. Hartmann's ''Thesaurus Linguæ Hebr. c Mischna Augendi'' (1825), in Winer's ''Biblisches Real Wörterbuch'', and even in the works of Hitzig and Ewald. There was no understanding even of the period of
Jewish history Jewish history is the history of the Jews, and their nation, religion, and culture, as it developed and interacted with other peoples, religions, and cultures. Although Judaism as a religion first appears in Greek records during the Hellenisti ...
during which Christianity arose and developed; and
David Strauss David Friedrich Strauss (german: link=no, Strauß ; 27 January 1808 – 8 February 1874) was a German liberal Protestant theologian and writer, who influenced Christian Europe with his portrayal of the "historical Jesus", whose divine nature h ...
's complaint in regard to this was only too well founded. During the second half of the 19th century, however, the idea gained currency that there was something to be learned by going back to the sources of this history; but only a very few of the universities made a place for this study in their curricula. At the beginning of the 18th century David Rudolph of
Liegnitz Legnica (Polish: ; german: Liegnitz, szl, Lignica, cz, Lehnice, la, Lignitium) is a city in southwestern Poland, in the central part of Lower Silesia, on the Kaczawa River (left tributary of the Oder) and the Czarna Woda. Between 1 June 1975 a ...
included ''Rabbinisch und Chaldäisch'' among the Oriental languages which he taught at Heidelberg; but he had few imitators; and in the 19th century, apart from a few stray courses, such as
Emil Kautzsch Emil Friedrich Kautzsch (4 September 1841 – 7 May 1910) was a German Hebrew scholar and biblical critic, born at Plauen, Saxony. Biography He was educated at Leipzig, in whose theological faculty he was appointed privatdozent (1869) and ...
's on Kimhi at Tübingen, Lagarde's on
Al-Ḥarizi Yehuda Alharizi, also Judah ben Solomon Harizi or al-Harizi ( he, יהודה בן שלמה אלחריזי, ''Yehudah ben Shelomo al-Harizi'', ar, يحيا بن سليمان بن شاؤل أبو زكريا الحريزي اليهودي من أه ...
at
Göttingen Göttingen (, , ; nds, Chöttingen) is a college town, university city in Lower Saxony, central Germany, the Capital (political), capital of Göttingen (district), the eponymous district. The River Leine runs through it. At the end of 2019, t ...
, and Strack's on the ''
Mishnah The Mishnah or the Mishna (; he, מִשְׁנָה, "study by repetition", from the verb ''shanah'' , or "to study and review", also "secondary") is the first major written collection of the Jewish oral traditions which is known as the Oral Torah ...
'' at Berlin, the whole of
rabbinic literature Rabbinic literature, in its broadest sense, is the entire spectrum of rabbinic writings throughout Jewish history. However, the term often refers specifically to literature from the Talmudic era, as opposed to medieval and modern rabbinic writ ...
was ignored by European universities. Honorable exceptions in this respect were furnished in the universities of
Oxford Oxford () is a city in England. It is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire. In 2020, its population was estimated at 151,584. It is north-west of London, south-east of Birmingham and north-east of Bristol. The city is home to the ...
(where A. Cowley was sublibrarian of the
Bodleian Library The Bodleian Library () is the main research library of the University of Oxford, and is one of the oldest libraries in Europe. It derives its name from its founder, Sir Thomas Bodley. With over 13 million printed items, it is the second- ...
) and
Cambridge Cambridge ( ) is a university city and the county town in Cambridgeshire, England. It is located on the River Cam approximately north of London. As of the 2021 United Kingdom census, the population of Cambridge was 145,700. Cambridge bec ...
(which has produced such scholars as
W. H. Lowe W. may refer to: * SoHo (Australian TV channel) (previously W.), an Australian pay television channel * ''W.'' (film), a 2008 American biographical drama film based on the life of George W. Bush * "W.", the fifth track from Codeine's 1992 EP ''Bar ...
, Matthews, and Charles Taylor) in England, and in
Columbia University Columbia University (also known as Columbia, and officially as Columbia University in the City of New York) is a private research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhatt ...
, the
University of California The University of California (UC) is a public land-grant research university system in the U.S. state of California. The system is composed of the campuses at Berkeley, Davis, Irvine, Los Angeles, Merced, Riverside, San Diego, San Francisco, ...
, the
University of Chicago The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, U of C, or UChi) is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois. Its main campus is located in Chicago's Hyde Park neighborhood. The University of Chicago is consistently ranked among the b ...
,
Harvard University Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of higher le ...
, and
Johns Hopkins University Johns Hopkins University (Johns Hopkins, Hopkins, or JHU) is a private university, private research university in Baltimore, Maryland. Founded in 1876, Johns Hopkins is the oldest research university in the United States and in the western hem ...
, in America. The Jews had been allowed to work out by themselves the new Jewish science (''Jüdische Wissenschaft''), little attention being paid to that work by others. In more recent times Christian scholars have given Jewish literature their attention. Abbé Pietro Perreau has done good service by his many articles on the literature of the Jews in the
Middle Ages In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire a ...
and by the assistance he has given to scholars from the Hebrew manuscripts at
Parma Parma (; egl, Pärma, ) is a city in the northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna known for its architecture, Giuseppe Verdi, music, art, prosciutto (ham), Parmigiano-Reggiano, cheese and surrounding countryside. With a population of 198,292 ...
;
Martin Hartmann Martin Hartmann (9 December 1851, Breslau – 5 December 1918, Berlin) was a German orientalist, who specialized in Islamic studies. In 1875, he received his doctorate at the University of Leipzig as a student of Heinrich Leberecht Fleische ...
has translated and commentated the "Meteḳ Sefatayim" of Immanuel Frances (Berlin, 1894);
Thomas Robinson Thomas, Tom or Tommy Robinson may refer to: Artists * Thomas Robinson (composer) (c. 1560 – after 1609), English composer and music teacher * Thomas Heath Robinson (1869–1954), British book illustrator Politicians * Thomas Robinson, 1st Baron ...
has collected some good material in his ''The Evangelists and the Mishna'' (1859).
August Wünsche Karl August Wünsche (August 22, 1838, Hainewalde bei Zittau - November 15, 1912, Dresden) was a German Christian Hebraist. He devoted his attention almost exclusively to rabbinic literature. After completing his commentaries on the ''Book of Hos ...
, in his "Erläuterung der Evangelien aus Midrasch und Talmud" (1878), enlarged the scope of the inquiry begun by Lightfoot; and his translations from the ''
Midrash ''Midrash'' (;"midrash"
''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''. he, מִדְרָשׁ; ...
'' opened up the stores of ancient Jewish exegesis. Weber's ''System der Altsynagogalen Palestinischen Theologie'' (1880) was, with all its failings, an honest attempt to understand the
theology Theology is the systematic study of the nature of the divine and, more broadly, of religious belief. It is taught as an academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. It occupies itself with the unique content of analyzing the ...
of the
Synagogue A synagogue, ', 'house of assembly', or ', "house of prayer"; Yiddish: ''shul'', Ladino: or ' (from synagogue); or ', "community". sometimes referred to as shul, and interchangeably used with the word temple, is a Jewish house of worshi ...
, followed by
Wilhelm Bousset Wilhelm Bousset (3 September 1865, Lübeck – 8 March 1920, Gießen) was a German theologian and New Testament scholar. He was of Huguenot ancestry and a native of Lübeck. His most influential work was ''Kyrios Christos'', an attempt to explain ...
in his ''Religiondes Judenthums im Neutestamentlichen Zeitalter'' (1903).
Dom Pedro II Don (honorific), Dom PedroII (2 December 1825 – 5 December 1891), nicknamed "the Magnanimity, Magnanimous" ( pt, O Magnânimo), was the List of monarchs of Brazil, second and last monarch of the Empire of Brazil, reigning for over 58 years. ...
, Emperor of Brazil, should also be mentioned for his publication of Provençal Jewish poetry.


Late 19th century

The
Institutum Judaicum The Institutum Judaicum was a special academic course for Protestant theologians who desired to prepare themselves for missionary work among the Jews. The first of its kind was founded at the University of Halle, by Professor Callenberg in 1724 ...
in
Leipzig Leipzig ( , ; Upper Saxon: ) is the most populous city in the German state of Saxony. Leipzig's population of 605,407 inhabitants (1.1 million in the larger urban zone) as of 2021 places the city as Germany's eighth most populous, as wel ...
, founded by
Franz Delitzsch Franz Delitzsch (23 February 1813, in Leipzig – 4 March 1890, in Leipzig) was a German Lutheran theologian and Hebraist. Delitzsch wrote many commentaries on books of the Bible, Jewish antiquities, Biblical psychology, as well as a history of ...
, and a similar society bearing the same name in Berlin and founded by
Hermann Strack Hermann Leberecht Strack (6 May 1848 – 5 October 1922) was a German Protestant theologian and orientalist; born in Berlin. Biography From 1877, Strack was assistant professor of Old Testament exegesis and Semitic languages at the University ...
, have attempted, by their various publications, to diffuse in the Christian world a knowledge of Jewish writings.
Gustav Dalman Gustaf Hermann Dalman (9 June 1855 – 19 August 1941) was a German Lutheran theologian and orientalist. He did extensive field work in Palestine before the First World War, collecting inscriptions, poetry, and proverbs. He also collected physica ...
has shown by his philological works on Talmudic grammar and lexicography that he is at home in the rabbinic writings. Hermann Strack in Berlin demands special mention not only for his publications dealing with the literature of the Mishnah and the Talmud, but also on account of the fearless manner in which he has combated
anti-Semitic Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite. Antisemitism is considered to be a form of racism. Antis ...
prejudice, drawing his material directly from the original sources.
Carl Siegfried Carl Gustav Adolf Siegfried (22 January 1830, Magdeburg – 9 January 1903, Jena) was a German theologian who specialized in Old Testament studies. He studied theology and philology at the universities of Halle and Bonn. In 1859 he received his ...
, in his yearly reports in the ''Theologischer Jahresbericht'', for many years called attention to publications on Jewish subjects, and the mention of such works in the ''Orientalische Bibliographie'' has served to bring them more closely to the attention of Christian scholars. The roll of Christian Hebraists in England includes the names of J. W. Etheridge, the author of a popular ''Introduction to ost-BiblicalHebrew Literature'' (1856);
Thomas Chenery Thomas William Chenery (1826 – 11 February 1884) was an English scholar and editor of the newspaper ''The Times''. His diplomatic background and choice of capable reporters helped to revive the paper's reputation for international news. Biogr ...
, translator of ''Legends from the Midrash'' (1877), and editor of Al-Ḥarizi's translation of Ḥariri; and
W. H. Lowe W. may refer to: * SoHo (Australian TV channel) (previously W.), an Australian pay television channel * ''W.'' (film), a 2008 American biographical drama film based on the life of George W. Bush * "W.", the fifth track from Codeine's 1992 EP ''Bar ...
, who edited the Palestinian recension of the Mishnah. In spite, however, of these facts and of the warning given by Lagarde (''Symmicta'', ii. 147; ''Mittheilungen'', ii. 165), that in order to understand the Bible text itself a deep study of the
Halakah ''Halakha'' (; he, הֲלָכָה, ), also transliterated as ''halacha'', ''halakhah'', and ''halocho'' ( ), is the collective body of Jewish religious laws which is derived from the written and Oral Torah. Halakha is based on biblical commandm ...
is necessary, Christian writers on the life of
Jesus Jesus, likely from he, יֵשׁוּעַ, translit=Yēšūaʿ, label=Hebrew/Aramaic ( AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ or Jesus of Nazareth (among other names and titles), was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious ...
continue their disregard of the primary sources. This may be seen in Hausrath's ''Neutestamentliche Zeitgeschichte'' (''Kaufmann Gedenkbuch'', p. 659), and even in Schürer (''Gesch.''), who, though making a great advance upon previous efforts, still relies upon second-hand sources for many of the pictures that he draws (see Abrahams in "J. Q. R." xi. 628).
Adolf von Harnack Carl Gustav Adolf von Harnack (born Harnack; 7 May 1851 – 10 June 1930) was a Baltic German Lutheran theologian and prominent Church historian. He produced many religious publications from 1873 to 1912 (in which he is sometimes credited ...
, who, in his ''Dogmengeschichte'' (3d ed.), endeavors to do some justice to the rabbis of old, in his ''Wesen des Christenthums'' (1900), sustains potential historical inaccuracies from a perhaps selective review of Jewish literature of the relevant period, possibly most noticeable in a lack of regard for the Jewish literature and history during the most recent eighteen hundred years.


List of Christian Hebraists

The following list of Christian Hebraists includes material taken from the Jewish Encyclopedia (1906), compiled upon the basis of Steinschneider's article mentioned in the bibliography below. Christian students of the
Bible The Bible (from Koine Greek , , 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures that are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, and many other religions. The Bible is an anthologya compilation of texts of a ...
more generally were not included, as they may be found in other articles.


A

* Aarhus, Peter Sim. (c. 1711; Hafen ?) * Abicht, Jo. Ge. (d. 1740;
Wittenberg Wittenberg ( , ; Low Saxon language, Low Saxon: ''Wittenbarg''; meaning ''White Mountain''; officially Lutherstadt Wittenberg (''Luther City Wittenberg'')), is the fourth largest town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Wittenberg is situated on the Ri ...
) * Adler, Jac. Ge Chr. (d. 1805;
Copenhagen Copenhagen ( or .; da, København ) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark, with a proper population of around 815.000 in the last quarter of 2022; and some 1.370,000 in the urban area; and the wider Copenhagen metropolitan ar ...
) * Ægidius de Viterbo (1471–1532; Italy) * Alberta Katherina (17th century; Bohemia) * Alfonso de Leon Zamora (16th century) * Allixius, Petrus (17th century;
Alençon Alençon (, , ; nrf, Alençoun) is a commune in Normandy, France, capital of the Orne department. It is situated west of Paris. Alençon belongs to the intercommunality of Alençon (with 52,000 people). History The name of Alençon is firs ...
) * Alting, Jacob (17th century;
Groningen Groningen (; gos, Grunn or ) is the capital city and main municipality of Groningen province in the Netherlands. The ''capital of the north'', Groningen is the largest place as well as the economic and cultural centre of the northern part of t ...
, Dutch Republic) * Amoena Amalia (wife of Duke Louis; d. 1625, Anhalt) * Amoena, Louise (princess; 17th century;
Anhalt Saxony-Anhalt (german: Sachsen-Anhalt ; nds, Sassen-Anholt) is a state of Germany, bordering the states of Brandenburg, Saxony, Thuringia and Lower Saxony. It covers an area of and has a population of 2.18 million inhabitants, making it the ...
) * Anna Sophia, Abbess (c. 1658; Quedlinburg) * Anna (Weissbrucker) Urban (16th century) * Anchersen, Matthias (d. 1741;
Jutland Jutland ( da, Jylland ; german: Jütland ; ang, Ēota land ), known anciently as the Cimbric or Cimbrian Peninsula ( la, Cimbricus Chersonesus; da, den Kimbriske Halvø, links=no or ; german: Kimbrische Halbinsel, links=no), is a peninsula of ...
) * Anslus, Gerebrard (17th century) * Antonia, Duchess (d. 1679; Württemberg) *
Arias Montanus Benito Arias Montano (or Benedictus Arias Montanus; 1527–1598) was a Spanish orientalist and polymath that was active mostly in Spain. He was also editor of the '' Antwerp Polyglot''. He reached the high rank of Royal Chaplain to King Philip II ...
(Benedictine; d. 1598;
Seville Seville (; es, Sevilla, ) is the capital and largest city of the Spanish autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville. It is situated on the lower reaches of the River Guadalquivir, in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula ...
) * Armengaud Blaise (d. 1312;
Montpellier Montpellier (, , ; oc, Montpelhièr ) is a city in southern France near the Mediterranean Sea. One of the largest urban centres in the region of Occitania (administrative region), Occitania, Montpellier is the prefecture of the Departments of ...
) * Arnd, Joshua (c. 1626;
Güstrow Güstrow (; la, Gustrovium) is a town in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is capital of the Rostock district; Rostock itself is a district-free city and regiopolis. It has a population of 28,999 (2020) and is the seventh largest town in Me ...
) * Arnoldus, Michael (c. 1680; Dutch Republic) * Asp, Matth. (1696–1763; Upsala) * Assemani, Simon (d. 1821;
Padua Padua ( ; it, Padova ; vec, Pàdova) is a city and ''comune'' in Veneto, northern Italy. Padua is on the river Bacchiglione, west of Venice. It is the capital of the province of Padua. It is also the economic and communications hub of the ...
) * Aubry, Esaias (c. 1730; Berlin ?)


B

* Bacon, Roger (1214–94; Oxford) * Baldi, Bernardino (1553–1617;
Urbino Urbino ( ; ; Romagnol: ''Urbìn'') is a walled city in the Marche region of Italy, south-west of Pesaro, a World Heritage Site notable for a remarkable historical legacy of independent Renaissance culture, especially under the patronage of ...
) * Baratier, Johann Philipp/Jean-Phillipe (1721–40;
Schwabach Schwabach () is a German city of about 40,000 inhabitants near Nuremberg in the centre of the region of Franconia in the north of Bavaria. The city is an autonomous administrative district (''kreisfreie Stadt''). Schwabach is also the name of th ...
) * Barozzi, Francesco (d. 1587; Italy) * Bartolocci, Giulio (1613–87; Rome) * Heinrich Jacob Bashuysen (1679–1750;
Hanau Hanau () is a town in the Main-Kinzig-Kreis, in Hesse, Germany. It is located 25 km east of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main and is part of the Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region. Its Hanau Hauptbahnhof, station is a ...
) * Baynus, Rudolphus (c. 1554; Paris) * Beckmann, Jo. Christ. (c. 1677;
Frankfurt-an-der-Oder Frankfurt (Oder), also known as Frankfurt an der Oder (), is a city in the German state of Brandenburg. It has around 57,000 inhabitants, is one of the easternmost cities in Germany, the fourth-largest city in Brandenburg, and the largest German ...
) * Becks, Matth. Frid. (1649–1701; Augsburg) * Bedwell, William (1561–1632; London) * Beelen, Ian Theodor (c. 1841;
Amsterdam Amsterdam ( , , , lit. ''The Dam on the River Amstel'') is the Capital of the Netherlands, capital and Municipalities of the Netherlands, most populous city of the Netherlands, with The Hague being the seat of government. It has a population ...
) * Beke, Matth. (c. 1708; Amsterdam) * Bellermann, Johann Joachim (1754–1842;
Erfurt Erfurt () is the capital and largest city in the Central German state of Thuringia. It is located in the wide valley of the Gera river (progression: ), in the southern part of the Thuringian Basin, north of the Thuringian Forest. It sits i ...
) * Bengel (?), Eric (c. 1692; Sweden) * Bernard, Edward (1638–96; Oxford) * Bircherode, Jan. (1623–86; Copenhagen) * Biscioni, Anton. Maria (1674–1756; Florence) * Philipp Johann Bleibtreu (c. 1699; Frankfort-on-the-Main) * Blesilla (5th century) * Bodecker, Stephan (Bishop; c. 1438;
Brandenburg Brandenburg (; nds, Brannenborg; dsb, Bramborska ) is a states of Germany, state in the northeast of Germany bordering the states of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, and Saxony, as well as the country of Poland. With an ar ...
) * Bohlius, Sam. (1611–89;
Rostock Rostock (), officially the Hanseatic and University City of Rostock (german: link=no, Hanse- und Universitätsstadt Rostock), is the largest city in the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and lies in the Mecklenburgian part of the state, c ...
) * Borel, Adam, Jun. (1603–67;
Zealand Zealand ( da, Sjælland ) at 7,031 km2 is the largest and most populous island in Denmark proper (thus excluding Greenland and Disko Island, which are larger in size). Zealand had a population of 2,319,705 on 1 January 2020. It is the 1 ...
) * Böschenstein (?), Jo. (b. 1472; Austria) * Bourdelot (c. 1619; Paris) * Breithaupt, Joh. Fred. (1639–1713;
Gotha Gotha () is the fifth-largest city in Thuringia, Germany, west of Erfurt and east of Eisenach with a population of 44,000. The city is the capital of the district of Gotha and was also a residence of the Ernestine Wettins from 1640 until the ...
) * Brighenti, Gio. Ant. (d. 1702;
Verona Verona ( , ; vec, Verona or ) is a city on the Adige River in Veneto, Northern Italy, Italy, with 258,031 inhabitants. It is one of the seven provincial capitals of the region. It is the largest city Comune, municipality in the region and the ...
) * Broughton, Hugh (1549–1612;
Tottenham Tottenham () is a town in North London, England, within the London Borough of Haringey. It is located in the ceremonial county of Greater London. Tottenham is centred north-northeast of Charing Cross, bordering Edmonton to the north, Waltham ...
) * Sir Thomas Browne (1605–82) * Buddaeus, Jo. Fr. ( Johann Franz Buddeus) (1667–1729; Halle?) * Burgonovo, Archangelus (
Minorite , image = FrancescoCoA PioM.svg , image_size = 200px , caption = A cross, Christ's arm and Saint Francis's arm, a universal symbol of the Franciscans , abbreviation = OFM , predecessor = , ...
; 16th century; Pozzo) * Buxtorf, Johannes I. (1564–1629;
Basel , french: link=no, Bâlois(e), it, Basilese , neighboring_municipalities= Allschwil (BL), Hégenheim (FR-68), Binningen (BL), Birsfelden (BL), Bottmingen (BL), Huningue (FR-68), Münchenstein (BL), Muttenz (BL), Reinach (BL), Riehen (BS ...
) * Buxtorf, Johannes II. (1599–1664; Basel) * Buxtorf, Johannes Jakob (1645–1705; Basel) * Buxtorf, Johannes Jakob (1663–1732; Basel)


C

* Cademannus, Jos. Rud. ( Johann Rudolf Cademann) (1680–1720;
Pegau Pegau () is a town in the Leipzig district in Saxony, Germany, situated in a fertile plain, on the White Elster, 18 m. S.W. from Leipzig by the railway to Zeitz. It has two Evangelical churches, that of St. Lawrence being a fine Gothic structure ...
) *
Calonges Calonges (; oc, Calonjas) is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France. See also *Communes of the Lot-et-Garonne department The following is a list of the 319 communes of the French department of Lot-et-Garonne. T ...
, Madame de * Campen, Joh. van ( John van Campen) (1490–1538;
Freiburg-im-Breisgau Freiburg im Breisgau (; abbreviated as Freiburg i. Br. or Freiburg i. B.; Low Alemannic: ''Friburg im Brisgau''), commonly referred to as Freiburg, is an independent city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. With a population of about 230,000 (as o ...
) * Caninius, Angelus (1521–57; Paris) * Cappellan, Claud. (d. 1667; Paris) * Carpzov, Johann (Benedictine; 1639–99; Leipzig) * Cartwright, Christopher (1602–58;
York York is a cathedral city with Roman origins, sited at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. It is the historic county town of Yorkshire. The city has many historic buildings and other structures, such as a ...
) * Castell, Edmund (1606–85;
Higham Gobion Higham Gobion is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Shillington, in the Central Bedfordshire district, in the ceremonial county of Bedfordshire, England. It is located between the villages of Shillington and Barton-le-Clay. I ...
) * Castro, Joh. Rodriguez de (1739–96;
Madrid Madrid ( , ) is the capital and most populous city of Spain. The city has almost 3.4 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.7 million. It is the second-largest city in the European Union (EU), and ...
) * Cellarius (?), Jo. (c. 1518) * Chenery, Thomas (1826–84; London) * Chevalier, Antoine Rodolphe (1523–1572); France) * Chiarini, Luigi (Abbé; 1789–1832;
Warsaw Warsaw ( pl, Warszawa, ), officially the Capital City of Warsaw,, abbreviation: ''m.st. Warszawa'' is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the River Vistula in east-central Poland, and its population is officia ...
) * Christmann, Jac. (1554–1613; Heidelberg) * Chytraeus, D. (c. 1551) * Cibo—? (wife of Joh. Verano,
Duke of Camerino Duke of Camerino is a title of nobility, originally in Papal peerage. It was created on 1503 by Apostolic authority of Pope Alexander VI and cardinal council over the ancient Marquissate of Camerino, which was part of the Dukedom of Spoleto. H ...
; 1550) * Ciselius, Phil. (c. 1696;
Franeker Franeker (; fry, Frjentsjer) is one of the eleven historical cities of Friesland and capital of the municipality of Waadhoeke. It is located north of the Van Harinxmakanaal and about 20 km west of Leeuwarden. As of 1 January 2014, it had 12, ...
) * Clanner (J. G. ?) (c. 1726 ?) * Samuel Clark (c. 1657; Oxford) * Clavering, Robert (Bishop; 1671–1747;
Peterborough Peterborough () is a cathedral city in Cambridgeshire, east of England. It is the largest part of the City of Peterborough unitary authority district (which covers a larger area than Peterborough itself). It was part of Northamptonshire until ...
) * Clodius, Jo. Chr. (d. 1633; Leipzig) * Cluverus, Jo. (17th century) * Cnollen, Adam Andreas (1674–1714; Füth) * Cnollen, Jos. Nicol. (brother of preceding) * Coccejus (Koch), Jo. (1603–69;
Leyden Leiden (; in English and archaic Dutch also Leyden) is a city and municipality in the province of South Holland, Netherlands. The municipality of Leiden has a population of 119,713, but the city forms one densely connected agglomeration wit ...
) * Coddaeus, Giul. ( Wilhelmus van der Codde) (1575–1630; Leyden) * Collin, C. E. (c. 1705;
Giessen Giessen, spelled Gießen in German (), is a town in the German state (''Bundesland'') of Hesse, capital of both the district of Giessen and the administrative region of Giessen. The population is approximately 90,000, with roughly 37,000 univers ...
) * Collins, G. (c. 1890; Oxford) * Cornaro, Piscopia Cornelia ( Eleonora Lucretia; (1646–1684) ;
Venice Venice ( ; it, Venezia ; vec, Venesia or ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400  ...
) * Costus, Petrus (c. 1554) * Cotta, Johann Friedrich (1701–79;
Tübingen Tübingen (, , Swabian: ''Dibenga'') is a traditional university city in central Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is situated south of the state capital, Stuttgart, and developed on both sides of the Neckar and Ammer rivers. about one in thr ...
) * Cramer, Anna Maria (1613–27; Magdeburg) * Cramer, Johann Jakob (1673–1702;
Zürich Zürich () is the list of cities in Switzerland, largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zürich. It is located in north-central Switzerland, at the northwestern tip of Lake Zürich. As of January 2020, the municipality has 43 ...
) * Cramer, Johann Rudolf (1678–1731; Zürich) * Crenius, Thom. (1648–1728; Leyden) * Crocius, Lud. Mich. (c. 1673) * Croius (?), Jo. (18th century; Oxford)


D

* Dachs, Fried. Bernh. (c. 1726;
Utrecht Utrecht ( , , ) is the List of cities in the Netherlands by province, fourth-largest city and a List of municipalities of the Netherlands, municipality of the Netherlands, capital and most populous city of the Provinces of the Netherlands, pro ...
) * Dalmaki, Laurentius (c. 1643;
Hunga ''Hunga'' is a genus of plants in the family Chrysobalanaceae, described as a genus in 1979. They are native to New Guinea and New Caledonia. List of species # ''Hunga cordata'' Prance - New Caledonia # ''Hunga gerontogea'' (Schltr.) Prance - ...
) * Danz, Jo. Andr. (1654–1728;
Jena Jena () is a German city and the second largest city in Thuringia. Together with the nearby cities of Erfurt and Weimar, it forms the central metropolitan area of Thuringia with approximately 500,000 inhabitants, while the city itself has a popu ...
) * Dassovius, Theod. (d. 1721;
Wittenberg Wittenberg ( , ; Low Saxon language, Low Saxon: ''Wittenbarg''; meaning ''White Mountain''; officially Lutherstadt Wittenberg (''Luther City Wittenberg'')), is the fourth largest town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Wittenberg is situated on the Ri ...
;
Kiel Kiel () is the capital and most populous city in the northern Germany, German state of Schleswig-Holstein, with a population of 246,243 (2021). Kiel lies approximately north of Hamburg. Due to its geographic location in the southeast of the J ...
) * Delitzsch, Franz (1813–1890;
Leipzig Leipzig ( , ; Upper Saxon: ) is the most populous city in the German state of Saxony. Leipzig's population of 605,407 inhabitants (1.1 million in the larger urban zone) as of 2021 places the city as Germany's eighth most populous, as wel ...
* Diogo Correa Coelho (c. 1990; orn Brazilian * Disma, P. (c. 1757; Italy) * Dithmar, Just. Christ. (c. 1706; Dutch Republic?) * Donatus, Franc. (d. 1635; Rome) *
Dorothea Maria Dorothea (also spelled Dorothée, Dorotea or other variants) is a female given name from Greek (Dōrothéa) meaning "God's Gift". It may refer to: People * Dorothea Binz (1920–1947), German concentration camp officer executed for war cri ...
(wife of Duke John; 17th century; Saxe-Weimar) * Dove, John (c. 1746; London) * Johannes van den Driesche, "Drusius" (1550–1616; Leyden) * Drusius, Jo. II. (son of preceding; 1588–1609;
Chichester Chichester () is a cathedral city and civil parish in West Sussex, England.OS Explorer map 120: Chichester, South Harting and Selsey Scale: 1:25 000. Publisher:Ordnance Survey – Southampton B2 edition. Publishing Date:2009. It is the only ci ...
) *
John Duncan John Duncan may refer to: Arts and entertainment * John Duncan (painter) (1866–1945), Scottish painter * John Duncan (artist) (born 1953), American artist and musician * Big John Duncan (born 1958), Scottish punk musician * John Duncan (harpist) ...
(1796 Aberdeen – 26 February 1870)


E

*
Adam Easton Adam Easton ( – 15 September 1397) was an English cardinal, born at Easton in Norfolk. He joined the Benedictines at Norwich moving on to the Benedictine Gloucester College, Oxford where he became one of the most outstanding students of h ...
(
Benedictine , image = Medalla San Benito.PNG , caption = Design on the obverse side of the Saint Benedict Medal , abbreviation = OSB , formation = , motto = (English: 'Pray and Work') , foun ...
; d. 1397;
Hereford Hereford () is a cathedral city, civil parish and the county town of Herefordshire, England. It lies on the River Wye, approximately east of the border with Wales, south-west of Worcester and north-west of Gloucester. With a population ...
) * Ebertus, Jac. (1549–1614;
Frankfort-on-the-Oder Frankfurt (Oder), also known as Frankfurt an der Oder (), is a city in the German state of Brandenburg. It has around 57,000 inhabitants, is one of the easternmost cities in Germany, the fourth-largest city in Brandenburg, and the largest German ...
) * Ebertus, Theod. (d. 1630; Frankfort-on-the-Oder) *
Alfred Edersheim Alfred Edersheim (7 March 1825 – 16 March 1889) was a Jewish convert to Christianity and a Biblical scholar known especially for his book ''The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah'' (1883). Early life and education Edersheim was born in V ...
(1825-1889) * Eggers, Jo. (c. 1719; Basel; Leyden) * Einem, Jo. Justus von (c. 1738; Germany) * Einsiedel, Marg. Sybilla (wife of Conrad Löser; c. 1670; Saxony) * Eisenmenger, Joh. And. (1654–1704;
Heidelberg Heidelberg (; Palatine German language, Palatine German: ''Heidlberg'') is a city in the States of Germany, German state of Baden-Württemberg, situated on the river Neckar in south-west Germany. As of the 2016 census, its population was 159,914 ...
) * Elisabeth ( Abbess of Herfort; d. 1680) * Empereur, Constantin l' (1570–1648; Leyden) * Etheridge, J. W. (c. 1856; Penzance) * Eustochium Julia (5th century; Rome)


F

* Fabricius, Ern. Christ. (c. 1792) * Fabricius, Fred. (1642–1703; Wittenberg) * Fabricius, Johann Albert (1668–1736) * Fagius Paul(us) (1504–49;
Cambridge Cambridge ( ) is a university city and the county town in Cambridgeshire, England. It is located on the River Cam approximately north of London. As of the 2021 United Kingdom census, the population of Cambridge was 145,700. Cambridge bec ...
) * Faust, Jo. Friedr. (c. 1706; Germany) * Ferrand, Lud. (c. 1640–1700; Paris) * Figueiro, Petrusa (c. 1615) * Fourmont, Étienne, the elder (1683–1745; Paris) * Franciscus, Maria ( Capuchin) * Franck, Sebastian (c. 1537;
Ulm Ulm () is a city in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, situated on the river Danube on the border with Bavaria. The city, which has an estimated population of more than 126,000 (2018), forms an urban district of its own (german: link=no, ...
) * Francke, August Hermann (1663–1727) * Frey, Jo. Ludw. (1682–1759; Basel) * Friesen, Henr. Kath. (17th century; Saxony) * Frommann, Erh. Andr. (1722–74; Monastery of Berge,
Magdeburg Magdeburg (; nds, label=Low Saxon, Meideborg ) is the capital and second-largest city of the German state Saxony-Anhalt. The city is situated at the Elbe river. Otto I, the first Holy Roman Emperor and founder of the Archdiocese of Magdebur ...
) * Fronmüller, Conrad (c. 1679; Altdorf?) * Fuller, Nicol. (1557–1626;
Salisbury Salisbury ( ) is a cathedral city in Wiltshire, England with a population of 41,820, at the confluence of the rivers Avon, Nadder and Bourne. The city is approximately from Southampton and from Bath. Salisbury is in the southeast of Wil ...
)


G

* Gaffarellus, Jacobus/Jacques Gaffarel (1601–81) * Gagnier, Joseph (1670–1740; Oxford) * Galatinus, Petrus/Galatino, Pietro Colonna (c. 1518) * Galle, Joh. (c. 1711; Upsala) * Gaudia, Barthol. Valverdio (Spain) * Gaulmyn, Gilb. (d. 1667; France) * Gejerus, Martin (1614–80;
Freiberg Freiberg is a university and former mining town in Saxony, Germany. It is a so-called ''Große Kreisstadt'' (large county town) and the administrative centre of Mittelsachsen district. Its historic town centre has been placed under heritage c ...
) * Genebrard, Gilbert (1537–97; Samur) * Georgius Gentius (1618–87; Freiberg) * Gesenius, Wilhelm (1786-1842;
Halle an der Saale Halle (Saale), or simply Halle (; from the 15th to the 17th century: ''Hall in Sachsen''; until the beginning of the 20th century: ''Halle an der Saale'' ; from 1965 to 1995: ''Halle/Saale'') is the largest city of the German state of Saxony-Anh ...
) * Georgios, Chrysococca (1340-56? Greece) * Germberg, Herm. (1604) * Giggeius, Ant. (d. 1632; Milan) * Gill, John (1697–1771; London) * Graser, Conrad (d. 1613; Germany) * Groddeck, Gaḅr. (1672–1709; Danzig) * Guidacerius (Guidacier), Agathius (c. 1540) * Guisius, Gulielmus (1653–90; Oxford) * Guyenne, De (c. 1625; Paris)


H

* Habert, Susanna (d. 1633; France) * Hackspan, Theodor (1607–59; Altdorf) * Haller, Albert (1708–77;
Bern german: Berner(in)french: Bernois(e) it, bernese , neighboring_municipalities = Bremgarten bei Bern, Frauenkappelen, Ittigen, Kirchlindach, Köniz, Mühleberg, Muri bei Bern, Neuenegg, Ostermundigen, Wohlen bei Bern, Zollikofen , website ...
) * Hanel, Melchior (c. 1661;
Prague Prague ( ; cs, Praha ; german: Prag, ; la, Praga) is the capital and largest city in the Czech Republic, and the historical capital of Bohemia. On the Vltava river, Prague is home to about 1.3 million people. The city has a temperate ...
) * Hannecken, Meno (1595–1677;
Marburg Marburg ( or ) is a university town in the German federal state (''Bundesland'') of Hesse, capital of the Marburg-Biedenkopf district (''Landkreis''). The town area spreads along the valley of the river Lahn and has a population of approximate ...
* Hardt, Anton Jul. van der (1707–85; Helmstädt) * Hardt, Herm. van der (1660–1746; Helmstädt) * Hartmann, Anton Theodor (1774–1838;
Rostock Rostock (), officially the Hanseatic and University City of Rostock (german: link=no, Hanse- und Universitätsstadt Rostock), is the largest city in the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and lies in the Mecklenburgian part of the state, c ...
) * Hartmann, Jo. Phil. (c. 1708) * Hartmann, Martin (1851; living; Berlin) * Havemann, Chris. (17th century) * Hebenstreit, Johann Chr. (1686–1756; Leipsic) * Helenius, Engelbart (c. 1727; Sweden) * Helvig, Christoph (1581–1617;
Giessen Giessen, spelled Gießen in German (), is a town in the German state (''Bundesland'') of Hesse, capital of both the district of Giessen and the administrative region of Giessen. The population is approximately 90,000, with roughly 37,000 univers ...
) * Hepburn, James Bonaventure (1573–1621; Scotland) * Hilpert, Jo. (c. 1651) * Hinckelmann, Alr. (1652–95; Hamburg) * Hirt, Jo. Frid. (1719–84; Wittenberg) * Hochsteter, Andreas Adam (1668–1717; Tübingen) * Holten, Albert (c. 1675; Tübingen) * Hommel, Car. Ferd. (1722–81; Leipsic) * Honorius (Monk; 1452) * Hottinger, Johann Heinrich I. (1620–67; Heidelberg) * Hottinger, Jo. Henr. II. (c. 1704) * Houting, Henr. (c. 1695) * Hufnagel, G. F. (c. 1795) * Huldrich, Jo. Jac. (1683–1731) * Hulsius, Anton (d. 1685; Holland) * Husen, Franc. (c. 1676) * Hyde, Thomas (1631–1703; Oxford)


I

* Ikenius, Conrad (1689–1753;
Bremen Bremen (Low German also: ''Breem'' or ''Bräm''), officially the City Municipality of Bremen (german: Stadtgemeinde Bremen, ), is the capital of the German state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (''Freie Hansestadt Bremen''), a two-city-state consis ...
) * Imbonatus, Carlus Josephus/Carlo Giuseppe Imbonati (d. 1696; Rome)


J

* Jacobs, Henry (1608–52; Oxford) * Janvier, Renatus Ambros. (1613–82; Paris) * Johannes Lucæ (1406; Italy) *
Franciscus Junius (the elder) Franciscus Junius the Elder (born François du Jon, 1 May 1545 – 23 October 1602) was a Reformed tradition, Reformed scholar, Protestant reformer and theologian. Born in Bourges in central France, he initially studied law, but later decided ...
* Justinianus, Augustin (1470–1531; "Episcopus Nebiensis")


K

* Keller, Gottl. Wilh. (17th century; Jena * Kinghorn, Joseph (1766–1832; Norwich) * Kircher, Athanasius (Jesuit; 1602–80; Rome) * Knorr, Christian, Baron de Rosenroth (1636–89; Sulzbach) * Koccher, Herrm. Fried. (c. 1783; Jena) * König, Friedrich Eduard (1846; Reichenbach) * König, Sam. (1670–1750; Bern) * Köppen, Nic. (c. 1709; Greifswald) * Kosegarten, Johann Gottfried Ludwig (1792–1860;
Greifswald Greifswald (), officially the University and Hanseatic City of Greifswald (german: Universitäts- und Hansestadt Greifswald, Low German: ''Griepswoold'') is the fourth-largest city in the German state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania after Rostoc ...
) * Krafft, Karl (c. 1839;
Ansbach Ansbach (; ; East Franconian: ''Anschba'') is a city in the German state of Bavaria. It is the capital of the administrative region of Middle Franconia. Ansbach is southwest of Nuremberg and north of Munich, on the river Fränkische Rezat, a ...
) * Kraut, Paul (c. 1703;
Lund Lund (, , ) is a city in the southern Swedish provinces of Sweden, province of Scania, across the Øresund, Öresund strait from Copenhagen. The town had 91,940 inhabitants out of a municipal total of 121,510 . It is the seat of Lund Municipali ...
) * Kyber, David (16th century; Strasburg?)


L

* Lagarde, Paul de (1827–91; Göttingen) * Lakemacher, Joh. Gothofr. (1695–1736; Helmstädt) * Lange, Jo. Joachim (1670–1744; Halle) * Lange, W. (c. 1710) * Langens, Henr. (c. 1720; Dutch Republic) * Lederlin, Jo. Henr. (1672–1737; Strasburg) * Lehmann, Ge. Heinrich (1619–99; Leipsic) * Lehmann, Maria Barbara (c. 1700; Schnekengrün) * Leib, Chilian (Prior; 1471–1548; Rebdorf) * Le Long, Jac. (1665–1721; Paris) * Lenz, Jo. Leonh. (c. 1700; Germany) * Lepusculus, Sebastian (c. 1516; Germany) * Leusden, Johann (1624–99; Utrecht) * Leydecker, Melchior (1642–1722;
Utrecht Utrecht ( , , ) is the List of cities in the Netherlands by province, fourth-largest city and a List of municipalities of the Netherlands, municipality of the Netherlands, capital and most populous city of the Provinces of the Netherlands, pro ...
, put on ''
Index Librorum Prohibitorum The ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' ("List of Prohibited Books") was a list of publications deemed heretical or contrary to morality by the Sacred Congregation of the Index (a former Dicastery of the Roman Curia), and Catholics were forbidden ...
'' by the Catholic Church) * Lightfoot, John (1602–75; Ely) * Lipomanni, Marco (c. 1440; Venice) * Losa, Isabella (d. 1564; Cordova) * Loscan, Joh. Frid. (c. 1710; Germany) * Losius, Jo. Justus (c. 1706; Germany) * Lowe, W. H. (Cambridge) * Ludolf, Susanna Magdalena (c. 1700; Frankfort-on-the-Main) * Ludwig, Christ. L. (b. 1663,
Landshut Landshut (; bar, Landshuad) is a town in Bavaria in the south-east of Germany. Situated on the banks of the River Isar, Landshut is the capital of Lower Bavaria, one of the seven administrative regions of the Free State of Bavaria. It is also t ...
; d. 1732) * Lund, Dan. (b. 1666, Fogdoë; d. 1746, Strengnäs)


M

* McCaul, Alexander (b. 1799,
Dublin Dublin (; , or ) is the capital and largest city of Republic of Ireland, Ireland. On a bay at the mouth of the River Liffey, it is in the Provinces of Ireland, province of Leinster, bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, a part of th ...
; d. 1863, London) * Mai, Joh. Hen. (1688–1732;
Giessen Giessen, spelled Gießen in German (), is a town in the German state (''Bundesland'') of Hesse, capital of both the district of Giessen and the administrative region of Giessen. The population is approximately 90,000, with roughly 37,000 univers ...
) * Malamina, Cæsar (c. 1774; Florence) * Manfred (?), King (d. 1266; Germany) * Mannetti, Giannozzo (b. 1396, Florence; d. 1459, Naples) * Maria Eleonore (wife of Ludwig Philipp of Pfalz; c. 1669) * Maria Elizabeth (daughter of Duke Christian Albrecht; c. 1706;
Schleswig-Holstein Schleswig-Holstein (; da, Slesvig-Holsten; nds, Sleswig-Holsteen; frr, Slaswik-Holstiinj) is the northernmost of the 16 states of Germany, comprising most of the historical duchy of Holstein and the southern part of the former Duchy of Sch ...
) * Marchina, Martha (d. 1646;
Naples Naples (; it, Napoli ; nap, Napule ), from grc, Νεάπολις, Neápolis, lit=new city. is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's adminis ...
) * Margoliouth, David Samuel (1858–1940) Oxford) * Margoliouth, G. (living; London) * Margoliouth, Moses (b. 1820,
Suwałki Suwałki ( lt, Suvalkai; yi, סואוואַלק) is a city in northeastern Poland with a population of 69,206 (2021). It is the capital of Suwałki County and one of the most important centers of commerce in the Podlaskie Voivodeship. Suwałki ...
; d. 1881, London) * Marini, Marco (b. 1541,
Brescia Brescia (, locally ; lmo, link=no, label= Lombard, Brèsa ; lat, Brixia; vec, Bressa) is a city and ''comune'' in the region of Lombardy, Northern Italy. It is situated at the foot of the Alps, a few kilometers from the lakes Garda and Iseo. ...
; d. 1594, Brescia) * Matthias Aquarius (c. 1581) * Matthias, Elias (Germany) * Meelführer, Rud. Martin (b. 1670,
Ansbach Ansbach (; ; East Franconian: ''Anschba'') is a city in the German state of Bavaria. It is the capital of the administrative region of Middle Franconia. Ansbach is southwest of Nuremberg and north of Munich, on the river Fränkische Rezat, a ...
; d. 1729) * Mercer, Jo. (d. 1570;
Uzès Uzès (; ) is a commune in the Gard department in the Occitanie region of Southern France. In 2017, it had a population of 8,454. Uzès lies about north-northeast of Nîmes, west of Avignon and south-east of Alès. History Originally ''Uc ...
) * Meyer, Jo. (c. 1693; Dutch Republic) * Michaelis, Johann David (1717–1791) * Michaelis, Johann Heinrich (1668–1738) * Midhorp, Joh. (c. 1562) * Mieg, Jo. Frid. (b. 1700, Marburg; d. 1788,
Heidelberg Heidelberg (; Palatine German language, Palatine German: ''Heidlberg'') is a city in the States of Germany, German state of Baden-Württemberg, situated on the river Neckar in south-west Germany. As of the 2016 census, its population was 159,914 ...
) * Mill, David (b. 1692,
Königsberg Königsberg (, ) was the historic Prussian city that is now Kaliningrad, Russia. Königsberg was founded in 1255 on the site of the ancient Old Prussian settlement ''Twangste'' by the Teutonic Knights during the Northern Crusades, and was named ...
; d. 1756, Utrecht) * Millard, Alan * Molinaea, Maria (17th century) * Molitor, Christoph. (c. 1659; Altdorf) * Molza-Porrino, Tarquinia (d. 1600;
Modena Modena (, , ; egl, label=Emilian language#Dialects, Modenese, Mòdna ; ett, Mutna; la, Mutina) is a city and ''comune'' (municipality) on the south side of the Po Valley, in the Province of Modena in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern I ...
) *
Bernard de Montfaucon Dom Bernard de Montfaucon, O.S.B. (; 13 January 1655 – 21 December 1741) was a French Benedictine monk of the Congregation of Saint Maur. He was an astute scholar who founded the discipline of palaeography, as well as being an editor of works ...
(b. 1655, Soulange; d. 1741, Paris) * Moré, Eugène (c. 1837; France) * More, Henry (b. 1614, Grantham; d. 1687, Cambridge) * Morin, Etienne (b. 1625,
Caen Caen (, ; nrf, Kaem) is a commune in northwestern France. It is the prefecture of the department of Calvados. The city proper has 105,512 inhabitants (), while its functional urban area has 470,000,Morin, Jean (b. 1591,
Blois Blois ( ; ) is a commune and the capital city of Loir-et-Cher department, in Centre-Val de Loire, France, on the banks of the lower Loire river between Orléans and Tours. With 45,898 inhabitants by 2019, Blois is the most populated city of the ...
; d. 1659, Paris) * Muhl, Henr. (b. 1666,
Bremen Bremen (Low German also: ''Breem'' or ''Bräm''), officially the City Municipality of Bremen (german: Stadtgemeinde Bremen, ), is the capital of the German state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (''Freie Hansestadt Bremen''), a two-city-state consis ...
; d. c. 1730, Kiel) * Muhl, Jos. (
Holstein Holstein (; nds, label=Northern Low Saxon, Holsteen; da, Holsten; Latin and historical en, Holsatia, italic=yes) is the region between the rivers Elbe and Eider. It is the southern half of Schleswig-Holstein, the northernmost state of German ...
) * Muis, Simon de (b. 1587,
Orléans Orléans (;"Orleans"
(US) and Münster, Sebastian (Minorite; b. 1489,
Ingelheim Ingelheim (), officially Ingelheim am Rhein ( en, Ingelheim upon Rhine), is a town in the Mainz-Bingen district in the Rhineland-Palatinate state of Germany. The town sprawls along the Rhine's west bank. It has been Mainz-Bingen's district seat ...
; d. 1552, Basel) * Murner, Thomas (Minorite; b. 1475; d. 1537?) * Alexander Murray (b. 1775 Dunkitterick, Galloway; d. 1813 Edinburgh) * Myerlin, David Fr. (d. 1778; Frankfort-on-the-Main)


N

* Nagel, Jo. Andr. Mich. (1740–1788; Altdorf) * Neale, Thomas (1569-1569; Regius Professor of Hebrew: Oxford, England) * Nicholas Of Lyra (Nicolaus Lyranus) (c. 1270–1349; Paris) * Nigri (Schwartz), Peter (c. 1475; Cadana?) * Fr. Nork (1803–50; Germany ctually_Fr._Korn.html" ;"title="Fr._Korn.html" ;"title="ctually Fr. Korn">ctually Fr. Korn">Fr._Korn.html" ;"title="ctually Fr. Korn">ctually Fr. Korn * Norrelius, Andr. (c. 1720; Upsala) * Novenianus, Phil. (?) (c. 1520; Hasfurtensis?)


O

* Odhelius, Laur. (d. 1691; Upsala) * Friedrich Opfergeld, Opfergeld, Friedrich (1668–1746; Breslau) * Opitius, Paul Friedr. (1684–1745; Kiel) * Aaggaens Osterbröck, Osterbröck, Aaggaens. * Otho, Jo. Henr. (d. 1719; Lausanne) * Ouserl, Phil. (c. 1714; Frankfort-on-the Main) * Owmann, Mart. Jac. (c. 1705; Germany)


P

* Xanthus Pagninus, Pagninus, Xanthus/?Santes Pagnini (b. 1470,
Lucca Lucca ( , ) is a city and ''comune'' in Tuscany, Central Italy, on the Serchio River, in a fertile plain near the Ligurian Sea. The city has a population of about 89,000, while its province has a population of 383,957. Lucca is known as one o ...
; d. 1536,
Lyon Lyon,, ; Occitan: ''Lion'', hist. ''Lionés'' also spelled in English as Lyons, is the third-largest city and second-largest metropolitan area of France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of t ...
) * Palmroot, Jo. (c. 1696; Upsala) * Pasinus, Jos. (b. 1687, Padua; d. 1770, Turin) * Pastritius, Jo * Paula, Cornelia (d. 408; Rome) *
Dom Pedro II Don (honorific), Dom PedroII (2 December 1825 – 5 December 1891), nicknamed "the Magnanimity, Magnanimous" ( pt, O Magnânimo), was the List of monarchs of Brazil, second and last monarch of the Empire of Brazil, reigning for over 58 years. ...
(
Emperor of Brazil The monarchs of Brazil (Portuguese: ''monarcas do Brasil'') were the imperial heads of state and hereditary rulers of Brazil from the House of Braganza that reigned from the creation of the Brazilian monarchy in 1815 as a constituent kingdom of ...
; 1825–91) * Pellikan, Konrad (1478–1556; Zürich) * Peringer, Gustav (b. 1657; Upsala;
Stockholm Stockholm () is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in Sweden by population, largest city of Sweden as well as the List of urban areas in the Nordic countries, largest urban area in Scandinavia. Approximately 980,000 people liv ...
) * Peritz, Ismar J. (living;
Syracuse Syracuse may refer to: Places Italy *Syracuse, Sicily, or spelled as ''Siracusa'' *Province of Syracuse United States *Syracuse, New York **East Syracuse, New York **North Syracuse, New York *Syracuse, Indiana * Syracuse, Kansas *Syracuse, Miss ...
, US) * Perreau, Pietro (Abbé; living, Parma) * Pertsch, W. H. F. (c. 1720; Jena) * Peter of St. Omer (1296; Paris) * Petit, Pietro Giov, de (d. 1740; Rome) *
Petrus de Alexandrica Petrus may refer to: People * Petrus (given name) * Petrus (surname) * Petrus Borel, pen name of Joseph-Pierre Borel d'Hauterive (1809–1859), French Romantic writer * Petrus Brovka, pen name of Pyotr Ustinovich Brovka (1905–1980), Soviet Belar ...
(
Augustinian Augustinian may refer to: *Augustinians, members of religious orders following the Rule of St Augustine *Augustinianism, the teachings of Augustine of Hippo and his intellectual heirs *Someone who follows Augustine of Hippo * Canons Regular of Sain ...
; 1342) * Petrus Montagnana (?) (1478; Italy) * Pfeiffer, August (b. 27 October 1640,
Lauenburg an der Elbe Lauenburg (), or Lauenburg an der Elbe ( en, Lauenberg on the Elbe), is a town in the state of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated on the northern bank of the river Elbe, east of Hamburg. It is the southernmost town of Schleswig-Holstein ...
; d. 11 January 1698,
Lübeck Lübeck (; Low German also ), officially the Hanseatic City of Lübeck (german: Hansestadt Lübeck), is a city in Northern Germany. With around 217,000 inhabitants, Lübeck is the second-largest city on the German Baltic coast and in the stat ...
Cf
August Pfeiffer (Poet)
retrieved on 22 April 2010.) * Pico de la Mirandola (d. 1494; Italy) * Picques, L. (c. 1670; Paris) * Pistorius, Jo. Nidanus (b. 1544, Nidda; d. 1607,
Freiburg im Breisgau Freiburg im Breisgau (; abbreviated as Freiburg i. Br. or Freiburg i. B.; Low Alemannic German, Low Alemannic: ''Friburg im Brisgau''), commonly referred to as Freiburg, is an independent city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. With a population o ...
) * Plantavitius, Johannes/Jean VI. Plantavit de la Pause (Bishop; 1625–48;
Lodève Lodève (; oc, Lodeva ) is a commune in the département of Hérault, in the Occitanie region in southern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department. The derivation of the city's name is from Gaulish ''Luteva'', composed of lut-, swamp, ...
) *
Plato of Tivoli Plato Tiburtinus ( la, Plato Tiburtinus, "Plato of Tivoli"; fl. 12th century) was a 12th-century Italian mathematician, astronomer and translator who lived in Barcelona from 1116 to 1138. He is best known for translating Hebrew and Arabic document ...
(Plato Tiburtinus, 1116;
Barcelona Barcelona ( , , ) is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.6 million within ci ...
) * Pontacus, Arnold (Bishop; d. 1605;
Bazas Bazas (; oc-gsc, Vasats) is a commune in the Gironde department in southwestern France. Geography Bazas stands on a narrow promontory above the Beuve valley 60 km/37 mi southeast of Bordeaux and 40 km/25 mi southwest of ...
) * Postel, Guillaume. (b. 1505. Delorie; d. 1581, Paris) * Prache, Hilaric (b. 1614, Teutschel; d. 1679, London) * Prideaux, Humphrey (Dean; b. 1648,
Padstow Padstow (; kw, Lannwedhenek) is a town, civil parishes in England, civil parish and fishing port on the north coast of Cornwall, England. The town is situated on the west bank of the River Camel estuary approximately northwest of Wadebridge, ...
; d. 1724,
Norwich Norwich () is a cathedral city and district of Norfolk, England, of which it is the county town. Norwich is by the River Wensum, about north-east of London, north of Ipswich and east of Peterborough. As the seat of the See of Norwich, with ...
)


Q

* Quinquaboreus (Cinqarbre), Johannes (d. 1587; Paris)


R

* Rabe, Joh. Jac. (1710–98;
Ansbach Ansbach (; ; East Franconian: ''Anschba'') is a city in the German state of Bavaria. It is the capital of the administrative region of Middle Franconia. Ansbach is southwest of Nuremberg and north of Munich, on the river Fränkische Rezat, a ...
) * Rapheleng, Franc. (b. 1539; Lannoy) * Raymund Martin/Ramón Martí (Monk; c. 1286) * Raymund de Peñaforte ( Dominican; 1175–1275; Barcelona) * Reineccius, Chr. (b. 1668,
Großmühlingen 100px, Coat of arms Großmühlingen is a former municipality in the district of Salzlandkreis, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since January 2008, it is part of the municipality Bördeland Bördeland is a municipality in the district Salzlandkreis, in ...
; d. 1752,
Weißenfels Weißenfels (; often written in English as Weissenfels) is the largest town of the Burgenlandkreis district, in southern Saxony-Anhalt, central Germany. It is situated on the river Saale, approximately south of Halle, Saxony-Anhalt, Halle. His ...
) * Reiske, Johann Jakob (b. 1716,
Zörbig Zörbig () is a town in the district of Anhalt-Bitterfeld in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is situated approximately 15 km west of Bitterfeld, and 20 km northeast of Halle (Saale). Zörbig is well known for its molasses made from sugar ...
; d. 1774,
Leipzig Leipzig ( , ; Upper Saxon: ) is the most populous city in the German state of Saxony. Leipzig's population of 605,407 inhabitants (1.1 million in the larger urban zone) as of 2021 places the city as Germany's eighth most populous, as wel ...
) * Reland, Adrian (b. 1676, Ryp; d. 1718, Utrecht) * Rendtorf, Jo. (Hamburg) * Reuchlin, Johann (b. 1455,
Pforzheim Pforzheim () is a city of over 125,000 inhabitants in the federal state of Baden-Württemberg, in the southwest of Germany. It is known for its jewelry and watch-making industry, and as such has gained the nickname "Goldstadt" ("Golden City") ...
; d. 1522,
Stuttgart Stuttgart (; Swabian: ; ) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is located on the Neckar river in a fertile valley known as the ''Stuttgarter Kessel'' (Stuttgart Cauldron) and lies an hour from the ...
) * Rezzonius, Franc. (b. 1731,
Como Como (, ; lmo, Còmm, label=Comasco dialect, Comasco , or ; lat, Novum Comum; rm, Com; french: Côme) is a city and ''comune'' in Lombardy, Italy. It is the administrative capital of the Province of Como. Its proximity to Lake Como and ...
; d. 1780) * Rhegius, Urbanus (c. 1535;
Celle Celle () is a town and capital of the district of Celle, in Lower Saxony, Germany. The town is situated on the banks of the river Aller, a tributary of the Weser, and has a population of about 71,000. Celle is the southern gateway to the Lü ...
) * Rhenferdius, Jac. (b. 1654, Mühlheim; d. 1712,
Franeker Franeker (; fry, Frjentsjer) is one of the eleven historical cities of Friesland and capital of the municipality of Waadhoeke. It is located north of the Van Harinxmakanaal and about 20 km west of Leeuwarden. As of 1 January 2014, it had 12, ...
) * Ritmeier, Chr. Henr. (c. 1697) * Rivinius, Tileman Andreas (b. 1601, Halle; d. 1656,
Leipzig Leipzig ( , ; Upper Saxon: ) is the most populous city in the German state of Saxony. Leipzig's population of 605,407 inhabitants (1.1 million in the larger urban zone) as of 2021 places the city as Germany's eighth most populous, as wel ...
) * Robustellus, Jo. (1655; Rome) * Rohan, Anna, Princess of (c. 1634) * Rönnow, Magn. (d. 1690) * Rossi, Giovanni Bernardo de (1742–1831; Parma)


S

* Sebutia, Cæcilia (c. 1683; Rome) * Sigæa, Aloysa (wife of Alfonso du Guevas; d. 1569; Toledo) * Sacy, Isaac Silvestre de (1758–1838; Paris) * Salchli (?), Jo. Jac. (b. 1694, Eggwil; d. 1774, Bern) * Saracena, Ludovica (wife of
Marcus Offredus Marcus, Markus, Márkus or Mărcuș may refer to: * Marcus (name), a masculine given name * Marcus (praenomen), a Roman personal name Places * Marcus, a main belt asteroid, also known as (369088) Marcus 2008 GG44 * Mărcuş, a village in Dobârl ...
; c. 1606; France) * Sartorius, Jo. (b. 1656, Eperies; d. 1729, Danzig) * Saubert, Jo. (1638–88; Helmstädt) * Scheidt, Balth. (1614–70; Strasburg) * Scherping, Jacob (c. 1737; Stockholm) * Scherzer, Jo. Adam (b. 1628, Eger; d. 1683, Leipzig) * Schickard, Wilhelm (b. 1592,
Herrenberg Herrenberg (Swabian German, Swabian: ''Härrabärg'' or ''Haerebärg'') is a town in the middle of Baden-Württemberg, about 30 km south of Stuttgart and 20 km from Tübingen. After Sindelfingen, Böblingen, and Leonberg, it is the four ...
; d. 1635, Tübingen) * Schindler, Valentin (d. 1604; Wittenberg; Helmstädt) * Schmidt, Sebastian (c. 1656; Strasburg) * Schnelle, Sebald (1621–51;
Nuremberg Nuremberg ( ; german: link=no, Nürnberg ; in the local East Franconian dialect: ''Nämberch'' ) is the second-largest city of the German state of Bavaria after its capital Munich, and its 518,370 (2019) inhabitants make it the 14th-largest ...
) * Schoettgen, Jo. Christ. (1687–1751) * Scholl, J. C. F. (Tübingen) * Schotanus, Christ. (b. 1603, Scheng; d. 1671, Franeker) * Schramm, Jonas Conr. (c. 1700; Helmstädt) * Schreckenfuchs, Erasmus Oswald (1511–75; Tübingen) * Schroeder, Jo. Joachim (1680–1756; Marburg) * Schulten, Albert (1686–1750; Dutch Republic) * Schulten, Car. (c. 1725; Lund) * Schulten, Heinrich Albert (1749–93; Dutch Republic) * Schulten, Jo. Jac. (1716–78; Dutch Republic) * Schurman, Anna Maria van (1607–78; Altona) * Schwenter, Daniel (1585–1636; Nuremberg) * Scotus, Jo. Duns (d. 1308,
Scotland Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
) * Sebastianus, Aug. Nouzanus (c. 1532; Marburg) * Seidel, Casp. (c. 1638; Hamburg) * Seiferheld, J. L. (18th century) * Seyfried, Christ. (c. 1664) * Seyfried, Henr. (c. 1663; Altdorf) * Sgambatus, Scipio (c. 1703; Italy) * Sheringham, Robert (b. 1602,
Guestwick Guestwick is a villageOS Explorer Map 238 Dereham & Aylsham. and a civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. The village is south-west of Cromer, north-west of Norwich and north-east of London. The village lies west of the nearby town o ...
; d. 1678, Cambridge) * Siegfried, Carl (b. 1830,
Magdeburg Magdeburg (; nds, label=Low Saxon, Meideborg ) is the capital and second-largest city of the German state Saxony-Anhalt. The city is situated at the Elbe river. Otto I, the first Holy Roman Emperor and founder of the Archdiocese of Magdebur ...
; d. Jena) * Smith, Thomas (b. 1638, London; d. 1710) * Sommer, Gottfr. Chris. (c. 1734; Gotha) * Sonneschmid, Jo. Just. (c. 1719; Jena?) * Spalding, G. L. (b. 1762, Barth; d. 1811, Friedrichsfelde) * Sprecher, Jo. Died. (c. 1703; Helmstädt) * Springer, Daniel (1656–1708; Breslau) * Staemmen, Christoph. van (c. 1661; Preza-Holsatus?) * Starke, Heinrich Benedict (b. 1672, Engelen; d. 1717, Leipsic) * Steinmetz, Joh. Andr. (b. 1689, Gr. Knicymtzd; d. 1762) * Strack, Herrmann L. (living; Berlin) * Stridzberg, Nic. H. (c. 1731; Lund) * Struvius, Jo. Jul. (c. 1697; Germany) * Stucki, Johann Wilhelm (b. 1542, Zurich; d. 1607, Zurich) * Surenhuys, Willem (d. 1729; Amsterdam) * Svetonio, Agost. (Italy)


T

* Tanfeld, Elisabeth (d. 1639; London) *
Charles Taylor (Hebraist) Charles Taylor (1840–1908) was an English Christian Hebraist. Life Taylor was born on 27 May 1840 in London. He was educated at King's College School, and St. John's College, Cambridge, where graduated BA as 9th wrangler in 1862 and became a ...
* Francis Taylor (1589-1656) * Johannes Terentius, or Terrentius, ( Jean Schreck), Swiss Jesuit (b. 1580, Constance; d. 1630, China) * Theobald (?) (Subprior; 14th century; Paris) *
Immanuel Tremellius Immanuel Tremellius ( it, Giovanni Emmanuele Tremellio; 1510 – 9 October 1580) was an Italian Jewish convert to Christianity. He was known as a leading Hebraist and Bible translator. Life He was born at Ferrara and educated at the University o ...
(1510 – 9 October 1580) * Trigland, Jacobus (d. 1705; Leyden) * Tychsen, Oluf Gerhard (1734–1815; Rostock)


U

* Ulmann, Jo. (c. 1663; Strasburg) * Urbanus Henricus Rhegius (
Urbanus Rhegius Urbanus Henricus Rhegius or Urban Rieger (May 1489, in Langenargen – 23 May 1541, in Celle) was a Protestant Reformer who was active both in Northern and Southern Germany in order to promote ''Lutheran unity'' in the Holy Roman Empire. He ...
) (c. 1535;
Celle Celle () is a town and capital of the district of Celle, in Lower Saxony, Germany. The town is situated on the banks of the river Aller, a tributary of the Weser, and has a population of about 71,000. Celle is the southern gateway to the Lü ...
) * Ury, Jo. (d. 1796; Oxford) * Cnaeus Cornelius Uythage (c. 1680; Leyden)


V

* Bartolomè Valverde y Gandìa Bartholomaeus Valverdius (Spain) * Varen, Aug. (d. 1684; Rostock) * Vatablé/Watebled, François (d. 1547; Paris) * Vehe, Matthias (d.1590) * Vinding, Jo. Paul (c. 1633; Dutch Republic ?) * Voorst, Dick Cornelis van (b. 1751, Delft; d. 1833, Amsterdam) * Voss, Dionysius (b. 1612,
Dordrecht Dordrecht (), historically known in English as Dordt (still colloquially used in Dutch, ) or Dort, is a city and municipality in the Western Netherlands, located in the province of South Holland. It is the province's fifth-largest city after R ...
; d. 1633, Amsterdam) * Voysin (
Vicinus Martha Vicinus (born November 20, 1939) is an American scholar of English literature and Women's studies. She serves as the Eliza M. Mosher Distinguished University Professor of English, Women's Studies, and History at the University of Michigan. ...
), Jos. de (c. 1635; Paris)


W

* Wagenseil, Helena Sybilla (c. 1700; Altendorf) * Wagenseil, Johann Christoph (1635–1703; Altdorf) * Wakefield, Robert (d. 1537; Oxford) * Wallin, Georg (c. 1722; Holm) * Walper, Otto (Latin: Otho Gualtperius) (1543-1624;
Marburg Marburg ( or ) is a university town in the German federal state (''Bundesland'') of Hesse, capital of the Marburg-Biedenkopf district (''Landkreis''). The town area spreads along the valley of the river Lahn and has a population of approximate ...
) * Walter, Jo. (c. 1710) * Walther, Christ. (c. 1705; Königsberg) * Warner, Levin (d. 1663; Dutch Republic) * Weiganmeier, Georg (1555–99; Tübingen) * John Wemyss (c. 1579–1636) * Wessel, Joh. ( John Wessel Goesport) (b. 1419, Groningen; d. 1489) * Widmannstetter, Johann Albrecht (b. 1500; d. 1559, Wellingen) * Wilkins, David (b. 1685; d. 1748, Hadleigh) * Winckler, Jo. Fried. (b. 1679, Wertheim; d. 1738, Germany) * Winer, Jo. Ge. Bened. (1789–1858; Leipsic) * Witter, Henr. Bernh. (c. 1703; Germany) * Woeldicke, Marcus (1699–1750; Copenhagen) * Wolf (?), Georg (c. 1557; Grimma) * Wolf, Jo. Christoph. (1688–1739; Hamburg) * Wolf, Jo. W. (d. 1571; Gera) * Wolph (?), Jo. Hac. (Zürich) * Wotton, William (1666–1720; London) * Johann Wülfer (1651–1724; Nuremberg) * Wünsche, August (living; Dresden)


Z

* Zanolini, Antonio (1693–1762; Padua) * Andreas Christoph Zeller (c. 1711; Maulbronn) *
Gustav Georg Zeltner Gustav Georg Zeltner (16 September 1672, in Hiltpoltstein – 20 July 1738, in Poppenreuth) was a Lutheran theologian. Zeltner wrote numerous theological and historical writings. Life From 1689 to 1694 he studied philosophy and theology at the ...
(1672–1738; Altdorf)


See also

*
Hebraism Hebraism hiːbreɪz(ə)mis a lexical item, usage or trait characteristic of the Hebrew language. By successive extension it is often applied to the Jewish people, their faith, national ideology or culture. Idiomatic Hebrew Hebrew has many idiom ...


References


Bibliography

{{JewishEncyclopedia, article=Christian Hebraist, author=
Richard Gottheil Richard James Horatio Gottheil (13 October 1862 – 22 May 1936) was an English American Semitic scholar, Zionist, and founding father of Zeta Beta Tau fraternity. Biography He was born in Manchester, England, but moved to the United States a ...
, url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=H&artid=476 The bibliography of that article is below: *
Moritz Steinschneider Moritz Steinschneider (30 March 1816, Prostějov, Moravia, Austrian Empire – 24 January 1907, Berlin) was a Moravian bibliographer and Orientalist. He received his early instruction in Hebrew from his father, Jacob Steinschneider ( 1782; ...
, ''Christliche Hebraisten'', in Zeit. für Hebr. Bibl. i. 50 et seq.; * Gesenius, ''Gesch. der Hebr. Sprache'', passim, Leipsic, 1815; *
Zunz Zunz ( he, צוּנְץ, yi, צונץ) is a Yiddish surname: * (1874–1939), Belgian pharmacologist * Sir Gerhard Jack Zunz (1923–2018), British civil engineer * Leopold Zunz (Yom Tov Lipmann Tzuntz) (1794–1886), German Reform rabbi an ...
, Z. G. pp. 1 et seq. (re-published in G. S. i. 41 et seq.); * L. Geiger, ''Studium der Hebraisch Sprache in Deutschland'', Breslau, 1870; * J. Perles, ''Beiträge zur Geschichte der Hebraisch und Aramaisch Studien'', pp. 154 et seq.; *
Meyer Kayserling Meyer Kayserling (also '' Meir'' or ''Moritz'', 17 June 1829 – 21 April 1905) was a German rabbi and historian. Life Kayserling was born in Hanover, and was the brother of writer and educator Simon Kayserling. He was educated at Halbersta ...
, ''Les Hébraisants Chrétiens'', in R. E. J. xx. 264 et seq.; * Kaufmann, ''Die Vertretung der Jüden Wissenschaft an den Universitäten'', in ''Monatsschrift'', xxxix. 145 et seq.; * S. A. Hirsch, ''Early English Hebraists'', in J. Q. R. xii. 34 et seq.; * Kauffmann, Jacob Mantino, in R. E. J. xxvii. 30 et seq. (comp. J. Q. R. ix. 500); * E. Sachau, ''Orientalische Philologie, in Die Deutschen Universitäten'', p. 520, Berlin, 1893; * William Rosenau, ''Semitic Studies in American Colleges'', Chicago, 1896; *
Moritz Steinschneider Moritz Steinschneider (30 March 1816, Prostějov, Moravia, Austrian Empire – 24 January 1907, Berlin) was a Moravian bibliographer and Orientalist. He received his early instruction in Hebrew from his father, Jacob Steinschneider ( 1782; ...
, ''Hebr. Bibl.'' xx. 65 et seq.; * Kayserling, ''A Princess as Hebraist'', in J. Q. R. ix. 509.G.


External links


Christian Hebraists in the NetherlandsHebraic Aspects of the Renaissance: Sources and Encounters (Leiden, 2011)

"The Strange Career of the ''Biblia Rabbinica'' among Christian Hebraists, 1517–1620"
by Stephen Burnett (2012)
Philippe Bobichon, La polémique contre les juifs dans les travaux des hébraïsants chrétiens de France


* ttps://books.google.de/books/about/Grammatica_linguae_sanctae.html?id=ZjY8AAAAcAAJ Online version of Walper's 1590 ''Grammatica linguae sanctae''
Hebraists A Hebraist is a specialist in Jewish, Hebrew and Hebraic studies. Specifically, British and German scholars of the 18th and 19th centuries who were involved in the study of Hebrew language and literature were commonly known by this designation, a ...
Judeo-Christian topics Christianity and Judaism Converts to Christianity from Judaism