The Christian Union ( nl, ChristenUnie, CU) is a
Christian-democratic political party in the
Netherlands. The CU is a centrist party, maintaining more
progressive
Progressive may refer to:
Politics
* Progressivism, a political philosophy in support of social reform
** Progressivism in the United States, the political philosophy in the American context
* Progressive realism, an American foreign policy par ...
stances on economic, immigration and environmental issues
while holding more
socially conservative positions on issues such as
abortion
Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus. An abortion that occurs without intervention is known as a miscarriage or "spontaneous abortion"; these occur in approximately 30% to 40% of pregn ...
and
euthanasia
Euthanasia (from el, εὐθανασία 'good death': εὖ, ''eu'' 'well, good' + θάνατος, ''thanatos'' 'death') is the practice of intentionally ending life to eliminate pain and suffering.
Different countries have different eut ...
. The party describes itself as "social Christian".
[ChristenUnie]
''Parlement & Politiek''
Founded in 2000 as a merger of the
Reformed Political Alliance (GPV) and
Reformatory Political Federation (RPF),
the Christian Union has five seats in the
House of Representatives and four in the
Senate
A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ...
. After doubling its seats in the
2006 elections
The following elections occurred in the year 2006.
* Elections in 2006
* Electoral calendar 2006
* 2006 Acehnese regional election
* 2006 American Samoan legislative election
* 2006 Bahraini parliamentary election
* 2006 Costa Rican presidenti ...
it became the smallest member of the
fourth Balkenende cabinet.
In some elections, it forms
an alliance with the Calvinist
Reformed Political Party
The Reformed Political Party ( nl, Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij, SGP) is a conservative CalvinistThese sources describe the SGP as a Calvinist political party:
*
*
*
*
* political party in the Netherlands. The term ''Reformed'' is not a refere ...
(SGP), which, unlike the CU, is a
testimonial party.
Primarily a
Protestant party, the CU bases its policies on the
Bible
The Bible (from Koine Greek , , 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures that are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, and many other religions. The Bible is an anthologya compilation of texts o ...
, and takes the theological principles of
charity and
stewardship
Stewardship is an ethical value that embodies the responsible planning and management of resources. The concepts of stewardship can be applied to the environment and nature, economics, health, property, information, theology, cultural resources e ...
as bases for its support for
public expenditure and
environmentalism
Environmentalism or environmental rights is a broad Philosophy of life, philosophy, ideology, and social movement regarding concerns for environmental protection and improvement of the health of the environment (biophysical), environment, par ...
. The party seeks for government to uphold Christian morality, but supports
freedom of religion under the doctrine of
sphere sovereignty. The party is moderately Eurosceptic; it was formerly with the
European Conservatives and Reformists
The European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) is a soft Eurosceptic, anti- federalist political group of the European Parliament. The ECR is the parliamentary group of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party (ECR Party) European pol ...
(ECR) group in the
European Parliament
The European Parliament (EP) is one of the legislative bodies of the European Union and one of its seven institutions. Together with the Council of the European Union (known as the Council and informally as the Council of Ministers), it adop ...
but now sits with the
European People's Party group (EPP). It is a member of the
European Christian Political Movement.
History
Before 2000
The Netherlands has a long tradition of small orthodox or conservative Protestant (i.e., mostly
Reformed
Reform is beneficial change
Reform may also refer to:
Media
* ''Reform'' (album), a 2011 album by Jane Zhang
* Reform (band), a Swedish jazz fusion group
* ''Reform'' (magazine), a Christian magazine
*''Reforme'' ("Reforms"), initial name of the ...
) parties in parliament. The
Reformed Political Party
The Reformed Political Party ( nl, Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij, SGP) is a conservative CalvinistThese sources describe the SGP as a Calvinist political party:
*
*
*
*
* political party in the Netherlands. The term ''Reformed'' is not a refere ...
(SGP) entered parliament in the
1922 election as a split off from the
Anti-Revolutionary Party, the ''
Hervormd Gereformeerde Staatspartij'' (HGS) entered parliament in the
1925 election, a split from the
Christian Historical Union. The SGP did survive the
war years, but the HGS was unable to obtain seats in the
1946 elections
The following elections occurred in the year 1946.
Africa
* French legislative election, November 1946 (French Equatorial Africa)
* French legislative election, November 1946 (Guinea)
* 1946–1947 Moyen-Congo Representative Council election
* 194 ...
. In 1948, the
Reformed Political Alliance (GPV) split from the Anti-Revolutionary Party over a religious issue within the
Reformed Churches in the Netherlands, but it took until
1963
Events January
* January 1 – Bogle–Chandler case: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation scientist Dr. Gilbert Bogle and Mrs. Margaret Chandler are found dead (presumed poisoned), in bushland near the Lane Cov ...
for the party to enter parliament. In the
1981 election, the
Reformatory Political Federation (RPF) entered parliament. It had split from the ARP six years earlier over the formation of the
Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA).
The RPF explicitly stated in its manifesto of principles that it sought to unite all reformed parties in the Netherlands. However, the GPV and SGP were somewhat less receptive. The GPV was only open to a specific current in reformed Protestantism, namely the
Reformed Churches (Liberated), did not want to cooperate with non-'liberated' reformed: it had rejected the entry of the group that was to become the RPF in the 1970s on religious grounds. The SGP had rejected cooperation with these parties because they had female members; the SGP consistently rejected female suffrage until 2006. The RPF, GPV and SGP were
testimonial parties, which chose to voice their concerns about government policy, while acknowledging that they are not big enough to force their opinion upon others.
In 1984 however the three parties cooperated in the
European elections
Elections to the European Parliament take place every five years by universal adult suffrage; with more than 400 million people eligible to vote, they are considered the second largest democratic elections in the world after India's.
Unti ...
and presented a common list in order to enter the
European Parliament
The European Parliament (EP) is one of the legislative bodies of the European Union and one of its seven institutions. Together with the Council of the European Union (known as the Council and informally as the Council of Ministers), it adop ...
. In the
1989 general election they formed an
electoral alliance in order to enhance their chances of obtaining seats. In 1995 informal talks were opened between the three parties. The GPV had opened itself to non-liberated members, but the SGP not to women. The discussions with the SGP were broken off and the GPV and RPF continued together. For a long time the GPV was not willing to enter a major internal debate with the RPF which also performed better electorally; it had won three seats in the
1998 elections
The following elections occurred in the year 1998.
Africa
* 1998 Burkinabé presidential election
* 1998 Central African parliamentary election
* 1998 Gabonese presidential election
* 1998 Guinean presidential election
* 1998 Lesotho general elect ...
while the GPV received only two. From 1998 the two parliamentary parties cooperated with each other, held common meetings and appointed common spokespersons. In 1999 a group called "Transformatie" (Transformation) was set up by young people from both parties in reaction to the slow cooperation process: they tried to intensify the debate about cooperation. In the same year the cooperation talks were formalised and intensified, leading to the foundation of the Christian Union.
2000–present
The Christian Union was founded in January 2000 as an alliance between the RPF and GPV. Later that year, their youth organisations, GPJC and RPFJ, fused completely, presenting an example to their mother organisations. In 2001 they formed a common
parliamentary party in both the
House of Representatives and
Senate
A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ...
. In
2002
File:2002 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 2002 Winter Olympics are held in Salt Lake City; Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother and her daughter Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon die; East Timor gains East Timor independence, indepe ...
the alliance entered the elections for the first time. The party got four seats - one seat less than the 1998 election when they campaigned separately. It had polled much better, with some polling stations predicting seven or eight seats. The party's leader
Kars Veling
Kars Veling (born 30 June 1948) is a retired Dutch politician and philosopher. A member of the Reformed Political League (GPV) and later Christian Union (CU), he served as Leader of the Christian Union from 2001 to 2002.
Education
Veling follow ...
stepped down. He had been good at keeping the peace internally in a party still somewhat divided along the old GPV and RPF blood lines, but had not appealed well enough to the population at large. With
preference votes a woman,
Tineke Huizinga
Johanna Catharina "Tineke" Huizinga-Heringa (born 16 February 1960) is a Dutch politician of the Christian Union (CU) party.
Huizinga grew up in Amersfoort; both of her parents were teachers. After attending gymnasium, she began to study l ...
(positioned no. 7 on the CU candidate-list) was elected into parliament for the CU, becoming the first woman to enter parliament for the party or its predecessors. Because of her election, prominent party figure
Eimert van Middelkoop
Eimert van Middelkoop (; born 14 February 1949) is a retired Dutch politician of the Christian Union (CU) party and teacher. He is the chairman of the Institute for Multiparty Democracy since 20 January 2018.
Early life
After high school, van ...
, who was no. 4 on the candidate-list, had to leave parliament. In the
2003 general election the party lost an additional seat, and was left with three seats. Again Huizinga (now no. 4 on the list) was elected with preference votes and this time former RPF leader
Leen van Dijke (no. 3) had to leave parliament. The decline of the CU in 2003 was probably due to party supporters voting for the Christian-democratic CDA, which was competing with the social-democratic
PvdA, to become the largest party. The Christian Union was heavily involved in the formation of
Balkenende II
The second Balkenende cabinet was the executive branch of the Government of the Netherlands from 27 May 2003 until 7 July 2006. The cabinet was formed by the Christian-democratic Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), the conservative-liberal Pe ...
, along with the SGP. However, the liberal
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) vetoed the formation of a cabinet that included the two conservative Reformed parties, and so the progressive liberal
D66 became a part of the governing alliance instead. In 2004 the two organisations RPF and GPV officially ceased to exist, making the fusion into CU final.
In the
2006 elections
The following elections occurred in the year 2006.
* Elections in 2006
* Electoral calendar 2006
* 2006 Acehnese regional election
* 2006 American Samoan legislative election
* 2006 Bahraini parliamentary election
* 2006 Costa Rican presidenti ...
the party doubled its seats and joined the
fourth cabinet Balkenende. CU-leader
André Rouvoet
André Rouvoet (; born 4 January 1962) is a retired Dutch politician of the Reformatory Political Federation (RPF) party and later the Christian Union (CU) party and jurist. He is the chairman of the executive board of the Healthcare Insurance ...
became
Deputy Prime Minister and
minister without portfolio
A minister without portfolio is either a government minister with no specific responsibilities or a minister who does not head a particular ministry. The sinecure is particularly common in countries ruled by coalition governments and a cabinet w ...
for
family and youth, while Middelkoop became Minister of Defence and Huizinga junior minister (''staatssecretaris'') of Transport and Water management. Since the party has entered government, there has been some controversy about the conservative Christian ethical views of some of its members. In 2007
Yvette Lont
Yvette is female given name, the French feminine form of Yves, which means yew or archer in some cases.
Name days
*Czech Republic: ''7 June''
*Hungary: ''13 January'', ''6 May'' and ''29 June''
*Poland: ''13 January''
*Slovakia: ''27 May''
...
, a CU municipal council member for
Amsterdam
Amsterdam ( , , , lit. ''The Dam on the River Amstel'') is the Capital of the Netherlands, capital and Municipalities of the Netherlands, most populous city of the Netherlands, with The Hague being the seat of government. It has a population ...
, expressed the view that homosexuals should not be admitted to representative functions within the party. Also in 2007, municipal council member Monique Heger decided to resign from office, because she had recently discovered that she was a lesbian, and she and her (female) partner moved in together.
After the collapse of the Balkenende cabinet, the Christian Union had no representatives in government any more and Rouvoet returned to parliament as leader of the CU parliamentary group, until he left politics in April/May 2011. Arie Slob succeeded him as the party leader.
In October 2013 the
Second Rutte cabinet (VVD and PvdA), lacking a majority in the ''
Senate
A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ...
'', reached a budgetary agreement with the CU, the
Reformed Political Party
The Reformed Political Party ( nl, Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij, SGP) is a conservative CalvinistThese sources describe the SGP as a Calvinist political party:
*
*
*
*
* political party in the Netherlands. The term ''Reformed'' is not a refere ...
(SGP) and
Democrats 66
Democrats 66 (; abbreviated D66, ) is a Social liberalism, social liberal List of political parties in the Netherlands, political party in the Netherlands, which positions itself in the Centrism, centre of the Left–right political spectrum, p ...
(D66). This occasional coalition is nicknamed "purple plus the Bible" (''Paars met de Bijbel'') as it includes the secular parties VVD, PvdA and D66 plus the religious-orientated parties Christian Union and SGP. The term "purple plus the Bible" had already been used in February that year, when the same parties reached an agreement on modernising the housing market. Although the cabinet is quite unpopular and the VVD and PvdA lost a lot of municipal seats during the
municipal elections of 19 March 2014, the parties that give tactical support to the
minority government of VVD and PvdA, D66, CU and SGP won a lot of seats.
After the
2017 general election
This national electoral calendar for 2017 lists the national/federal elections held in 2017 in all sovereign states and their dependent territories. By-elections are excluded, though national referendums are included.
January
*5 November ...
, the Christian Union became part of the
Third Rutte cabinet, as a minor coalition partner to the VVD, CDA and D66. The party has three representatives in the current cabinet: minister
Carola Schouten for the
Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality,
Arie Slob,
Minister for Primary Education, Secondary Education and Media and
Paul Blokhuis,
State Secretary for Health, Welfare and Sports.
Following the
2019 European elections, the Christian Union left the
European Conservatives and Reformists
The European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) is a soft Eurosceptic, anti- federalist political group of the European Parliament. The ECR is the parliamentary group of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party (ECR Party) European pol ...
(ECR) group in the
European Parliament
The European Parliament (EP) is one of the legislative bodies of the European Union and one of its seven institutions. Together with the Council of the European Union (known as the Council and informally as the Council of Ministers), it adop ...
(of which it had been a founding member) arguing that the ECR was moving too far to the right by including MEPs far-right parties such as the Dutch
Forum for Democracy and the
Sweden Democrats
The Sweden Democrats ( sv , Sverigedemokraterna ; SD ) is a nationalist and right-wing populist political party in Sweden. As of 2022, it is the largest member of Sweden's right-wing governing bloc to which it provides confidence and supply, a ...
. The party instead joined the
European People's Party Group.
Ideology and issues
The CU describes itself as a Christian social party. The party has its roots in orthodox Protestant (i.e. mostly
Reformed
Reform is beneficial change
Reform may also refer to:
Media
* ''Reform'' (album), a 2011 album by Jane Zhang
* Reform (band), a Swedish jazz fusion group
* ''Reform'' (magazine), a Christian magazine
*''Reforme'' ("Reforms"), initial name of the ...
) parties, often referred to as the "small right". It combines a
conservative point of view on ethical and foreign policy issues, with more
centre-left
Centre-left politics lean to the left on the left–right political spectrum but are closer to the centre than other left-wing politics. Those on the centre-left believe in working within the established systems to improve social justice. The ...
ideas on economic, asylum, social and environmental issues. Its conservative reformed ideals are reflected in its program of principles. It believes that the state is the
swordmaiden
A man-at-arms was a soldier of the High Medieval to Renaissance periods who was typically well-versed in the use of arms and served as a fully-armoured heavy cavalryman. A man-at-arms could be a knight, or other nobleman, a member of a knig ...
of
God. It bases its politics directly on the
Bible
The Bible (from Koine Greek , , 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures that are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, and many other religions. The Bible is an anthologya compilation of texts o ...
. However, it sees separate duties for the state and the church in public life: the church should spread the Word of God, while the state should merely uphold public morality. The state should respect the religion of its citizens. Other Christian principles, like
neighbourly love
In Christian theology, charity (Latin: ''caritas'') is considered one of the seven virtues and is understood by Thomas Aquinas as "the friendship of man for God", which "unites us to God". He holds it as "the most excellent of the virtues". F ...
and
stewardship
Stewardship is an ethical value that embodies the responsible planning and management of resources. The concepts of stewardship can be applied to the environment and nature, economics, health, property, information, theology, cultural resources e ...
for the Earth, however have given the CU's political program a centre-left orientation.
Some of CU's conservative policies
include:
* Facilitation by government of a one-earner model, allowing one parent, usually the wife, to stay at home and take care of the children.
* Society should cherish its collective moments of rest, and preferably leave
Sunday
Sunday is the day of the week between Saturday and Monday. In most Western countries, Sunday is a day of rest and a part of the weekend. It is often considered the first day of the week.
For most observant adherents of Christianity, Sunday ...
a day of rest.
*
Abortion
Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus. An abortion that occurs without intervention is known as a miscarriage or "spontaneous abortion"; these occur in approximately 30% to 40% of pregn ...
and
euthanasia
Euthanasia (from el, εὐθανασία 'good death': εὖ, ''eu'' 'well, good' + θάνατος, ''thanatos'' 'death') is the practice of intentionally ending life to eliminate pain and suffering.
Different countries have different eut ...
-practices should be reduced and eventually replaced by alternatives, such as care of women with unwanted pregnancies and
palliative care.
* The Dutch policy of
toleration of soft drugs should be abandoned.
* Combatting
child pornography
Child pornography (also called CP, child sexual abuse material, CSAM, child porn, or kiddie porn) is pornography that unlawfully exploits children for sexual stimulation. It may be produced with the direct involvement or sexual assault of a chi ...
and
prostitution
Prostitution is the business or practice of engaging in Sex work, sexual activity in exchange for payment. The definition of "sexual activity" varies, and is often defined as an activity requiring physical contact (e.g., sexual intercourse, n ...
.
* Defending the
freedom of education (that is, to found religious schools), because of
sphere sovereignty.
* The Netherlands should remain an independent political entity within the
European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of and an estimated total population of about 447million. The EU has often been ...
.
* Limiting the use of
genetic manipulation.
More centre-left policies include:
* Public services of
education,
health care
Health care or healthcare is the improvement of health via the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, amelioration or cure of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in people. Health care is delivered by health profe ...
and social security should remain state run, but on a smaller scale than is presently the case.
* Increased budgets for
development cooperation in order to address the
poverty in the global south.
* A more open policy towards
asylum seekers, especially those who are persecuted for religious reasons.
* A relatively green
environmental policy
Environmental policy is the commitment of an organization or government to the laws, regulations, and other policy mechanisms concerning environmental issues. These issues generally include air and water pollution, waste management, ecosystem mana ...
. Based on its electoral promises on investment in
green energy, the Dutch branch of
Greenpeace
Greenpeace is an independent global campaigning network, founded in Canada in 1971 by Irving Stowe and Dorothy Stowe, immigrant environmental activists from the United States. Greenpeace states its goal is to "ensure the ability of the Earth t ...
termed CU the greenest political party.
[ChristenUnie op 1 in energiebarometer Greenpeace]
''Christian Union''
Social issues
The CU describes itself as "Christelijk-sociaal" ''(Social Christian)'' and explicitly distance themselves from the labels
Christian socialism
Christian socialism is a religious and political philosophy that blends Christianity and socialism, endorsing left-wing politics and socialist economics on the basis of the Bible and the teachings of Jesus. Many Christian socialists believe capi ...
or
Christian right.
[ Andeweg, R. and G. Irwin ''Politics and Governance in the Netherlands'', Basingstoke (Palgrave) p.49] "Social Christian" describes a
Christian democracy
Christian democracy (sometimes named Centrist democracy) is a political ideology that emerged in 19th-century Europe under the influence of Catholic social teaching and neo-Calvinism.
It was conceived as a combination of modern democratic ...
ideology that is more
right-wing
Right-wing politics describes the range of political ideologies that view certain social orders and hierarchies as inevitable, natural, normal, or desirable, typically supporting this position on the basis of natural law, economics, authorit ...
than
Christian socialism
Christian socialism is a religious and political philosophy that blends Christianity and socialism, endorsing left-wing politics and socialist economics on the basis of the Bible and the teachings of Jesus. Many Christian socialists believe capi ...
and more
left-wing than the
Christian right and
social conservatism
Social conservatism is a political philosophy and variety of conservatism which places emphasis on traditional power structures over social pluralism. Social conservatives organize in favor of duty, traditional values and social institutio ...
. Described as
centrist and
Orthodox Protestant, it has an emphasis on the community, social solidarity, support for a welfare state, and support for some regulation of market forces but is more
conservative on some social issues opposition to
euthanasia
Euthanasia (from el, εὐθανασία 'good death': εὖ, ''eu'' 'well, good' + θάνατος, ''thanatos'' 'death') is the practice of intentionally ending life to eliminate pain and suffering.
Different countries have different eut ...
,
embryonic stem cell research,
same-sex marriage,
abortion
Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus. An abortion that occurs without intervention is known as a miscarriage or "spontaneous abortion"; these occur in approximately 30% to 40% of pregn ...
and some elements of
the EU
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of and an estimated total population of about 447million. The EU has often been ...
. The party is
left of centre on issues such as
social policy
Social policy is a plan or action of government or institutional agencies which aim to improve or reform society.
Some professionals and universities consider social policy a subset of public policy, while other practitioners characterize soci ...
,
asylum policy
Asylum may refer to:
Types of asylum
* Asylum (antiquity), places of refuge in ancient Greece and Rome
* Benevolent Asylum, a 19th-century Australian institution for housing the destitute
* Cities of Refuge, places of refuge in ancient Judea ...
,
development aid, green
environmental policy
Environmental policy is the commitment of an organization or government to the laws, regulations, and other policy mechanisms concerning environmental issues. These issues generally include air and water pollution, waste management, ecosystem mana ...
and the
economy
An economy is an area of the production, distribution and trade, as well as consumption of goods and services. In general, it is defined as a social domain that emphasize the practices, discourses, and material expressions associated with t ...
.
The party supports Dutch membership of the
European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of and an estimated total population of about 447million. The EU has often been ...
to ensure peace and prosperity, and to counter the influence of Russia and China, while simultaneously being critical of several EU policies which it claims are undemocratic and "mainly benefits large companies and the upper middle classes." The CU instead calls for more transparency within the EU, for domestic decision making of EU member states to be respected and wants reforms made to the
Eurozone
The euro area, commonly called eurozone (EZ), is a currency union of 19 member states of the European Union (EU) that have adopted the euro ( €) as their primary currency and sole legal tender, and have thus fully implemented EMU polic ...
. The CU is also against the
accession of Turkey to the European Union.
Electoral results
This table shows the CU's results in elections to the House of Representatives, Senate, European Parliament and States-Provincial, as well as the party's political leadership: the fractievoorzitter is the chair of the parliamentary party and the lijsttrekker is the party's top candidate in the general election; these posts are normally taken by the party's leader. It also listed whether the CU was in government at the time. For further information the membership figure and the name of the
party chairman of the CU are listed.
House of Representatives
Senate
European Parliament
Provincial
Since the
Provincial elections of March 2015 the Christian Union has had 29 members of the
States-Provincial
The provincial council (, PS), also known as the States Provincial, is the provincial parliament and legislative assembly in each of the provinces of the Netherlands. It is elected for each province simultaneously once every four years and has ...
. It is part of the
provincial executives of
Overijssel
Overijssel (, ; nds, Oaveriessel ; german: Oberyssel) is a Provinces of the Netherlands, province of the Netherlands located in the eastern part of the country. The province's name translates to "across the IJssel", from the perspective of the ...
and
Flevoland
Flevoland () is the twelfth and youngest province of the Netherlands, established in 1986, when the southern and eastern Flevopolders, together with the Noordoostpolder, were merged into one provincial entity. It is in the centre of the countr ...
.
The following table below shows the election results of the most recent 2015 provincial election in each province. It shows the areas where the ChristenUnie is strong, namely Groningen, Overijssel, Gelderland and Flevoland, provinces which have a traditional large conservative Protestant population. The party is especially weak in the southern Catholic provinces of Limburg and North Brabant and the more secular North Holland province.
* result of combined CU/
SGP lists; ** members of the CU in combined CU/SGP parliamentary parties.
Municipalities
Eight of the 414
mayors
In many countries, a mayor is the highest-ranking official in a Municipal corporation, municipal government such as that of a city or a town. Worldwide, there is a wide variance in local laws and customs regarding the powers and responsibilities ...
of the Netherlands are members of the CU. CU tends to have mayors in smaller rural districts in the so-called "
Bible belt". This includes cities like
Tholen,
Staphorst and
Elburg. The party cooperates in several
local executives, both in the more conservative Bible Belt area, and in several larger cities like
Leiden or
Utrecht where the CU is a small party but needed to form a majority. It has 71
aldermen. It has 398 members of
local legislatures.
Representation
Members of the cabinet
From 2007 to 2010 the CU supplied two ministers and one state secretary in the
fourth Balkenende cabinet:
*
André Rouvoet
André Rouvoet (; born 4 January 1962) is a retired Dutch politician of the Reformatory Political Federation (RPF) party and later the Christian Union (CU) party and jurist. He is the chairman of the executive board of the Healthcare Insurance ...
,
Deputy Prime Minister and
Minister without portfolio
A minister without portfolio is either a government minister with no specific responsibilities or a minister who does not head a particular ministry. The sinecure is particularly common in countries ruled by coalition governments and a cabinet w ...
for
Youth and Family Affairs
*
Eimert van Middelkoop
Eimert van Middelkoop (; born 14 February 1949) is a retired Dutch politician of the Christian Union (CU) party and teacher. He is the chairman of the Institute for Multiparty Democracy since 20 January 2018.
Early life
After high school, van ...
,
Minister of Defence
*
Tineke Huizinga
Johanna Catharina "Tineke" Huizinga-Heringa (born 16 February 1960) is a Dutch politician of the Christian Union (CU) party.
Huizinga grew up in Amersfoort; both of her parents were teachers. After attending gymnasium, she began to study l ...
,
State Secretary and Minister of Environment and Spatial Planning
Since 2017, the CU has once again supplied two ministers and one state secretary in the
third Rutte cabinet:
*
Carola Schouten,
Deputy Prime Minister and
Minister of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality
*
Arie Slob,
Minister for Primary Education, Secondary Education and Media
*
Paul Blokhuis,
State Secretary for Health, Welfare and Sports
Members of the House of Representatives
After the
2021 elections the party has five representatives in the
House of Representatives:
*
Gert-Jan Segers,
Parliamentary leader
*
Mirjam Bikker
Mirjam Hannah Bikker (born 8 September 1982) is a Dutch politician who has served as a member of the House of Representatives (Netherlands), House of Representatives since 2021 Dutch general election, 2021. A member of the Christian Union (Nether ...
*
Don Ceder
Don Guno Maria Ceder (born 20 October 1989) is a Dutch lawyer and politician, serving as a member of House of Representatives (Netherlands), House of Representatives since the 2021 Dutch general election, 2021 general election.
After studying la ...
*
Pieter Grinwis
Pieter Aren Grinwis (born 12 October 1979) is a Dutch politician, who has been serving as a member of the House of Representatives on behalf of the Christian Union since March 2021. He previously served as a municipal councilor in The Hague and ...
*
Stieneke van der Graaf
Stieneke van der Graaf (born 7 October 1984 in Zwartsluis
Zwartsluis is a small city in the Dutch province of Overijssel. It is located in the municipality of Zwartewaterland, at the mouth of the Zwarte Water river and the .
History
Zwart ...
Members of the Senate
After the
2019 Senate elections, the party has four representatives in the
Senate
A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ...
:
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Tineke Huizinga
Johanna Catharina "Tineke" Huizinga-Heringa (born 16 February 1960) is a Dutch politician of the Christian Union (CU) party.
Huizinga grew up in Amersfoort; both of her parents were teachers. After attending gymnasium, she began to study l ...
,
Parliamentary leader
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Peter Ester
*
Maarten Verkerk
Maarten (IPA: maːrtə(n) is a Dutch language male given name. It is a cognate to and the standardized Dutch form of Martin, as in for example Sint Maarten (named after Martin of Tours).
People with the name
* Geert-Maarten Mol, Dutch One Da ...
*
Hendrik-Jan Talsma
Hendrik Jan Jacobus Talsma (born 8 July 1978) is a Dutch public prosecutor and politician. He became a member of the Senate on behalf of the Christian Union (CU) in April 2021 due to his participation in the 2019 election.
Early life and car ...
Members of the European Parliament
After the
2019 European Parliament elections
Nineteen or 19 may refer to:
* 19 (number), the natural number following 18 and preceding 20
* one of the years 19 BC, AD 19, 1919, 2019
Films
* ''19'' (film), a 2001 Japanese film
* ''Nineteen'' (film), a 1987 science fiction film
Music ...
, the party has one representative in the
European Parliament
The European Parliament (EP) is one of the legislative bodies of the European Union and one of its seven institutions. Together with the Council of the European Union (known as the Council and informally as the Council of Ministers), it adop ...
, who sits in the
European People's Party group:
*
Peter van Dalen
Members of the Fourth Rutte cabinet
Electorate
The CU was supported by orthodox
Reformed
Reform is beneficial change
Reform may also refer to:
Media
* ''Reform'' (album), a 2011 album by Jane Zhang
* Reform (band), a Swedish jazz fusion group
* ''Reform'' (magazine), a Christian magazine
*''Reforme'' ("Reforms"), initial name of the ...
of many denominations, such as the
Christian Reformed Churches, the
Reformed Churches in the Netherlands,
Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated) and the
Dutch Reformed Church. But members of newer churches such as the
Evangelical Church and the
Pentecostal community also supported this party. The electorate is concentrated in the smaller rural districts in the so-called "
Bible Belt" an area of more conservative Christian municipalities that reaches from
Overijssel
Overijssel (, ; nds, Oaveriessel ; german: Oberyssel) is a Provinces of the Netherlands, province of the Netherlands located in the eastern part of the country. The province's name translates to "across the IJssel", from the perspective of the ...
, through the
Veluwe and the
Biesbos
De Biesbosch National Park is one of the largest national parks of the Netherlands and one of the last extensive areas of freshwater tidal wetlands in Northwestern Europe. The Biesbosch ('forest of sedges' or 'rushwoods') consists of a large n ...
to
Zeeland. The party also draws support from Christians with an immigrant background, who are mostly located in the large cities.
The party is also drawing support from a growing number of conservative
Roman Catholics
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
, dissatisfied with the less Christian policies of the
CDA. Roman Catholics are welcome to become a member of the party although one of the foundations of the party is the
Heidelberg Catechism
The Heidelberg Catechism (1563), one of the Three Forms of Unity, is a Protestant confessional document taking the form of a series of questions and answers, for use in teaching Calvinist Christian doctrine. It was published in 1563 in Heidelberg, ...
, known for its staunch anti-Catholicism. During the Provincial elections of 2007 the party fielded two Roman Catholic candidates on their shortlist of the province of Limburg. This process has alerted some prominent CDA politicians. CU-senator
Egbert Schuurman
Egbert Schuurman (born 23 July 1937) is a Dutch engineer, philosopher, politician for the Christian Union, and Emeritus Professor of Philosophy in the Netherlands.
Biography
Born in Borger, Schuurman attended the Protestant primary school i ...
stated the CU will provide a shelter for everyone who actively believes in Jesus Christ but also said the CU will always be a Protestant party.
The party's congress, held on 13 June 2015, replaced the Heidelberg Catechism with Nicean Creed.
Organisation
Leadership
* Leader in the
House of Representatives
**
Leen van Dijke
**
Kars Veling
Kars Veling (born 30 June 1948) is a retired Dutch politician and philosopher. A member of the Reformed Political League (GPV) and later Christian Union (CU), he served as Leader of the Christian Union from 2001 to 2002.
Education
Veling follow ...
**
André Rouvoet
André Rouvoet (; born 4 January 1962) is a retired Dutch politician of the Reformatory Political Federation (RPF) party and later the Christian Union (CU) party and jurist. He is the chairman of the executive board of the Healthcare Insurance ...
**
Arie Slob
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André Rouvoet
André Rouvoet (; born 4 January 1962) is a retired Dutch politician of the Reformatory Political Federation (RPF) party and later the Christian Union (CU) party and jurist. He is the chairman of the executive board of the Healthcare Insurance ...
**
Arie Slob
**
Gert-Jan Segers
* Leader in the
Senate
A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ...
**
Egbert Schuurman
Egbert Schuurman (born 23 July 1937) is a Dutch engineer, philosopher, politician for the Christian Union, and Emeritus Professor of Philosophy in the Netherlands.
Biography
Born in Borger, Schuurman attended the Protestant primary school i ...
**
Roel Kuiper
**
Tineke Huizinga
Johanna Catharina "Tineke" Huizinga-Heringa (born 16 February 1960) is a Dutch politician of the Christian Union (CU) party.
Huizinga grew up in Amersfoort; both of her parents were teachers. After attending gymnasium, she began to study l ...
Organisational structure
The highest body in the CU is the Union Congress, formed by delegates from the municipal branches. It appoints the party board and decides the order of the candidates on the lists for elections to the Senate, House of Representatives and European Parliament and has the final say over the party program. A member congress has an important role in the formation of the CU's political direction.
Members
The CU currently has 25,170 members (as of 1 January 2019). They are organised in over 200 municipal branches.
Linked organisations
The youth organisation of the party is
PerspectieF which was formed as a fusion of the two youth organisations of the CU's predecessors the
GPJC and
RPFJ. The party publishes the HandSchrift (HandWriting) six times a year. The party's scientific institute is the Mr. Groen van Prinsterer Foundation, which publishes the DenkWijzer (ThoughtWiser). The women's organisation is Inclusief.
The CU participates in the
Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy
The Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy (NIMD; Dutch: ''Nederlands Instituut voor Meerpartijendemocratie'') works to promote peaceful, just and inclusive politics worldwide. NIMD's approach is characterized by dialogue, which it facili ...
, a democracy assistance organisation of seven Dutch political parties.
International organisations
Internationally the CU is a member of the
European Christian Political Movement. Its MEPs where seated in the
European Conservatives and Reformists
The European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) is a soft Eurosceptic, anti- federalist political group of the European Parliament. The ECR is the parliamentary group of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party (ECR Party) European pol ...
group. Until 2019 when the CU joined the
EPP Group
Orthodox-Protestant (pillarised) organisations
The CU still has ideological strong links with so-called
pillarised organisations. Together with conservative
Protestant schools
Protestantism is a Christian denomination, branch of Christianity that follows the theological tenets of the Reformation, Protestant Reformation, a movement that began seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within in the 16th century agai ...
, papers like the ''
Nederlands Dagblad'' and the ''
Reformatorisch Dagblad'', the Protestant broadcaster
Evangelische Omroep, several Reformed churches they constitute the conservative or orthodox Reformed pillar (Dutch ''zuil''). While all four of the traditional Dutch pillars (socialists, liberals, Protestants and Catholics) have broken down since the 1960s, the orthodox reformed pillar has actually strengthened in reaction to the process of secularisation.
Relationships to other parties
The Christian Union had been in the opposition until 2006. It has good relations with the orthodox
Reformed Political Party
The Reformed Political Party ( nl, Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij, SGP) is a conservative CalvinistThese sources describe the SGP as a Calvinist political party:
*
*
*
*
* political party in the Netherlands. The term ''Reformed'' is not a refere ...
(SGP), with which it forms a single European parliamentary party
CU-SGP and the
Christian Democratic Appeal, with which the ChristenUnie-SGP had an
electoral alliance for the
2004 European Parliament elections. As an opposition party against the centre-right
Second Balkenende cabinet, the CU has gained sympathy from the left wing parties in parliament, the
Labour Party, the
Socialist Party, and the
GreenLeft, with which it cooperates in several
local governments
Local government is a generic term for the lowest tiers of public administration within a particular sovereign state. This particular usage of the word government refers specifically to a level of administration that is both geographically-loca ...
after the
2006 municipal elections.
International comparisons
The
Evangelical People's Party of Switzerland is nearest to the Christian Union as a conservative Protestant party that is left wing in social matters, conservative in ethical matters and critical of the European Union.
Notes
References
External links
*
Introduction (in English)Website of the European Christian Political Movement, of which the ChristenUnie is a member
{{DEFAULTSORT:Christian Union
Confessional parties in the Netherlands
European Conservatives and Reformists member parties
Political parties established in 2000
Political parties in the Netherlands
Protestant political parties
Eurosceptic parties in the Netherlands
Social conservative parties
2000 establishments in the Netherlands
European Christian Political Movement
Organisations based in Utrecht (province)
Conservative parties in the Netherlands
Amersfoort