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A Formula 16 beachable catamaran Powered catamaran passenger ferry at Salem, Massachusetts, United States A catamaran () (informally, a "cat") is a multi-hulled watercraft featuring two parallel hulls of equal size. It is a geometry-stabilized craft, deriving its stability from its wide beam, rather than from a ballasted keel as with a monohull boat. Catamarans typically have less hull volume, smaller displacement, and shallower draft (draught) than monohulls of comparable length. The two hulls combined also often have a smaller hydrodynamic
resistance Resistance may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Comics * Either of two similarly named but otherwise unrelated comic book series, both published by Wildstorm: ** ''Resistance'' (comics), based on the video game of the same title ** ''T ...
than comparable monohulls, requiring less propulsive power from either sails or motors. The catamaran's wider stance on the water can reduce both heeling and wave-induced motion, as compared with a monohull, and can give reduced wakes. Catamarans were invented by the Austronesian peoples which enabled their expansion to the islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Catamarans range in size from small sailing or rowing vessels to large naval ships and roll-on/roll-off car ferries. The structure connecting a catamaran's two hulls ranges from a simple frame strung with webbing to support the crew to a bridging superstructure incorporating extensive cabin and/or cargo space.


History

Catamarans from Oceania and Maritime Southeast Asia became the inspiration for modern catamarans. Until the 20th century catamaran development focused primarily on sail-driven concepts.


Etymology

The word "catamaran" is derived from the Tamil word, '' kattumaram'' (கட்டுமரம்), which means "logs bound together" and is a type of single-hulled raft made of three to seven tree trunks lashed together. The term has evolved in English usage to refer to double-hulled vessels.


Development in Oceania and Asia

left, Succession of forms in the development of the Austronesian boat (Mahdi, 1999) Catamaran-type vessels were an early technology of the Austronesian peoples. Early researchers like Heine-Geldern (1932) and Hornell (1943) once believed that catamarans evolved from outrigger canoes, but modern authors specializing in Austronesian cultures like Doran (1981) and Mahdi (1988) now believe it to be the opposite. '' Polynesian Multihull">double-hulled A double hull is a ship hull design and construction method where the bottom and sides of the ship have two complete layers of watertight hull surface: one outer layer forming the normal hull of the ship, and a second inner hull which is some dis ...
voyaging Outrigger canoe">canoe—an Austronesian peoples">Austronesian Austronesian may refer to: *The Austronesian languages *The historical Austronesian peoples The Austronesian peoples, sometimes referred to as Austronesian-speaking peoples, are a large group of peoples in Taiwan, Maritime Southeast Asia, M ...
 innovation Two canoes bound together developed directly from minimal raft technologies of two logs tied together. Over time, the double-hulled canoe form developed into the asymmetric double canoe, where one hull is smaller than the other. Eventually the smaller hull became the prototype outrigger, giving way to the single outrigger canoe, then to the reversible single outrigger canoe. Finally, the single outrigger types developed into the double outrigger canoe (or
trimaran A trimaran (or double-outrigger) is a multihull boat that comprises a main hull and two smaller outrigger hulls (or "floats") which are attached to the main hull with lateral beams. Most modern trimarans are sailing yachts designed for recreati ...
s). This would also explain why older Austronesian populations in
Island Southeast Asia Maritime Southeast Asia comprises the countries of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and East Timor. Maritime Southeast Asia is sometimes also referred to as Island Southeast Asia, Insular Southeast Asia or Oceanic Sout ...
tend to favor double outrigger canoes, as it keeps the boats stable when tacking. But they still have small regions where catamarans and single-outrigger canoes are still used. In contrast, more distant outlying descendant populations in Oceania, Madagascar, and the
Comoros The Comoros,, ' officially the Union of the Comoros,; ar, الاتحاد القمري ' is an independent country made up of three islands in southeastern Africa, located at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean. It ...
, retained the double-hull and the single outrigger canoe types, but the technology for double outriggers never reached them (although it exists in western Melanesia). To deal with the problem of the instability of the boat when the outrigger faces leeward when tacking, they instead developed the shunting technique in sailing, in conjunction with reversible single-outriggers. Despite their being the more "primitive form" of outrigger canoes, they were nonetheless effective, allowing seafaring Polynesians to voyage to distant Pacific islands.


Traditional catamarans

The following is a list of traditional Austronesian catamarans: * Island Melanesia: :*
Fiji Fiji ( , ,; fj, Viti, ; Fiji Hindi: फ़िजी, ''Fijī''), officially the Republic of Fiji, is an island country in Melanesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean. It lies about north-northeast of New Zealand. Fiji consists ...
: '' Drua'' (or ''waqa tabu'') :* Papua New Guinea: '' Lakatoi'' :* Tonga: '' Hamatafua'', ''
kalia Kalia may refer to: People *Kalia Davis (born 1998), American football player * Kalia Kulothungan (born 1977), Indian footballer *Saurabh Kalia, India Army Officer (Kargil War) Places *Kalia, Faranah, in Guinea * Kalia, Gaoual, in Guinea *Ka ...
'', '' tongiaki'' * Polynesia :* Cook Islands: ''
Vaka katea Vaka katea are the traditional sailing double canoe watercraft of the Cook Islands ) , image_map = Cook Islands on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg , capital = Avarua , coordinates ...
'' :* Hawaii: '' Waʻa kaulua'' :* Marquesas: ''
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'' :* New Zealand: '' Waka hourua'' :* Samoa: '' ʻAlia'', ''
amatasi Amatasi are a type of Samoan double-hulled watercraft. Its sails were woven pandanus leaves tied to 2 spars. The hull was sometimes built of planks. Lashed together, large double canoes long could carry 25 men on journeys of hundreds of miles. Se ...
'', '' va'a-tele'' :* Society Islands: '' Pahi'', ''
tipairua Tipairua were large traditional sailing canoes of Tahiti Tahiti (; Tahitian ; ; previously also known as Otaheite) is the largest island of the Windward group of the Society Islands in French Polynesia. It is located in the central part of t ...
''


Western development of sailing catamarans

Nathaniel Herreshoff's long catamaran, ''Duplex'', on the River Thames—built in 1877 The first documented example of double-hulled sailing craft in Europe was designed by William Petty in 1662 to sail faster, in shallower waters, in lighter wind, and with fewer crew than other vessels of the time. However, the unusual design met with skepticism and was not a commercial success. The design remained relatively unused in the West for almost 160 years until the early 19th-century, when the Englishman Mayflower F. Crisp built a two-hulled merchant ship in
Rangoon, Burma Yangon ( my, ရန်ကုန်; ; ), formerly spelled as Rangoon, is the capital city, capital of the Yangon Region and the largest city of Myanmar (also known as Burma). Yangon served as the List of capitals of Myanmar, capital of Myanmar ...
. The ship was christened ''Original''. Crisp described it as "a fast sailing fine sea boat; she traded during the monsoon between Rangoon and the Tenasserim Provinces for several years". Later that century, the American Nathanael Herreshoff constructed a double-hulled sailing boat of his own design (US Pat. No. 189,459). The craft, ''Amaryllis'', raced at her maiden regatta on June 22, 1876, and performed exceedingly well. Her debut demonstrated the distinct performance advantages afforded to catamarans over the standard monohulls. It was as a result of this event, the Centennial Regatta of the New York Yacht Club, that catamarans were barred from regular sailing classes, and this remained the case until the 1970s. On June 6, 1882, three catamarans from the Southern Yacht Club of New Orleans raced a 15 nm course on Lake Pontchartrain and the winning boat in the catamaran class, ''Nip and Tuck'', beat the fastest sloop's time by over five minutes. In 1936,
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built a Polynesian "double canoe" in Hawaii and sailed it home to a hero's welcome in France. In 1939, he published his experiences in a book, ''Kaimiloa'', which was translated into English in 1940.
Roland Roland (; frk, *Hrōþiland; lat-med, Hruodlandus or ''Rotholandus''; it, Orlando or ''Rolando''; died 15 August 778) was a Frankish military leader under Charlemagne who became one of the principal figures in the literary cycle known as the ...
and
Francis Prout Francis Prout (7 July 1921 Greenwich, Greater London, England – 23 February 2011 Woodbridge, Suffolk, England) was a British sprint canoer who competed in the early 1950s. He was eliminated in the heats of the K-2 1000 m event at the 1952 S ...
experimented with catamarans in 1949 and converted their 1935 boat factory in Canvey Island, Essex (England), to catamaran production in 1954. Their ''Shearwater'' catamarans easily won races against monohulls. ''Yellow Bird,'' a 1956-built '' Shearwater III'', raced successfully by Francis Prout in the 1960s, is in the collection of the National Maritime Museum Cornwall. Prout Catamarans, Ltd. designed a mast aft rig with the mast aft of midships to support an enlarged jib—more than twice the size of the design's reduced mainsail; it was produced as the ''Snowgoose'' model. The claimed advantage of this sail plan was to diminish any tendency for the bows of the vessel to dig in. upHobie 16 beachable catamaran In the mid-twentieth century,
beachcat A beachcat is an off-the-beach class of catamaran ("cat") sailboat. Background Although the term "beachcat" was popularized by surf board designer Hobie Alter, who designed the paradigm-changing Hobie 14 in 1965 and Hobie 16 in 1967, the under ...
s became a widespread category of sailing catamarans, owing to their ease of launching and mass production. In California, a maker of
surfboard A surfboard is a narrow plank used in surfing. Surfboards are relatively light, but are strong enough to support an individual standing on them while riding an ocean wave. They were invented in ancient Hawaii, where they were known as ''papa he'e ...
s,
Hobie Alter Hobart "Hobie" Alter (October 31, 1933 – March 29, 2014) was an American surf and sailing entrepreneur and pioneer, creator of the Hobie Cat catamarans, and founder of the Hobie company. Biography Hobie Alter will be remembered for creati ...
, produced the Hobie 14 in 1967, and two years later the larger and even more successful Hobie 16. As of 2016, the Hobie 16 was still being produced with more than 100,000 having been manufactured. Catamarans were introduced to Olympic sailing in 1976. The two-handed Tornado catamaran was selected for the multihull discipline in the Olympic Games from 1976 through 2008. It was redesigned in 2000. The
foiling A sailing hydrofoil, hydrofoil sailboat, or hydrosail is a sailboat with wing-like foils mounted under the hull. As the craft increases its speed the hydrofoils lift the hull up and out of the water, greatly reducing wetted area, resulting in dec ...
Nacra 17 was used in the Tokyo 2020 Olympics, which were held in 2021; after the 2015 adoption of the
Nacra 15 The Nacra 15 is a performance catamaran used for racing. It went into production in 2015. It was designed as a smaller version of the Olympic multihull class, the Nacra 17. Youth Selection In early 2015, World Sailing announced that they w ...
as a Youth World Championships class and as a new class for the Youth Olympic Games.


Performance

Catamarans have two distinct primary performance characteristics that distinguish them from displacement monohull vessels: lower resistance to passage through the water and greater stability (initial resistance to capsize). Choosing between a monohull and catamaran configuration includes considerations of carrying capacity, speed, and efficiency.


Resistance

At low to moderate speeds, a lightweight catamaran hull experiences resistance to passage through water that is approximately proportional to the square of its speed. A displacement monohull, by comparison, experiences resistance that is at least the cube of its speed. This means that a catamaran would require four times the power in order to double its speed, whereas a monohull would require eight times the power to double its speed, starting at a slow speed. For powered catamarans, this implies smaller power plants (although two are typically required). For sailing catamarans, low forward resistance allows the sails to derive power from attached flow, their most efficient mode—analogous to a wing—leading to the use of wingsails in racing craft.


Stability

Catamarans rely primarily on form stability to resist heeling and capsize. Comparison of heeling stability of a rectangular-cross section monohull of beam, ''B'', compared with two catamaran hulls of width ''B''/2, separated by a distance, 2×''B'', determines that the catamaran has an initial resistance to heeling that is seven times that of the monohull. Compared with a monohull, a cruising catamaran sailboat has a high initial resistance to heeling and capsize—a fifty-footer requires four times the force to initiate a capsize than an equivalent monohull.


Tradeoffs

''Vangohh Seafarer'', a catamaran motor yacht berthed at Straits Quay, Georgetown, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia One measure of the trade-off between speed and carrying capacity is the displacement Froude number (FnV), compared with ''calm water transportation efficiency''. FnV applies when the waterline length is too speed-dependent to be meaningful—as with a planing hull. It uses a reference length, the cubic root of the volumetric displacement of the hull, ''V'', where ''u'' is the relative flow velocity between the sea and ship, and ''g'' is acceleration due to gravity: :\mathrm = \frac ''Calm water transportation efficiency'' of a vessel is proportional to the full-load displacement and the maximum calm-water speed, divided by the corresponding power required. Large merchant vessels have a FnV between one and zero, whereas higher-performance powered catamarans may approach 2.5—denoting a ''higher speed'' per unit volume for ''catamarans''. Each type of vessel has a corresponding calm water transportation efficiency, with large transport ships being in the range of 100–1,000, compared with 11-18 for transport catamarans—denoting a ''higher efficiency'' per unit of payload for ''monohulls''.


SWATH and wave-piercing designs

A SWATH ship has twin hulls (blue) that remain completely submerged Two advances over the traditional catamaran are the '' small-waterplane-area twin hull'' (SWATH) and the ''wave-piercing'' configuration—the latter having become a widely favored design. SWATH reduces wave-generating resistance by moving displacement volume below the waterline, using a pair of tubular, submarine-like hulls, connected by pylons to the bridge deck with a narrow waterline cross-section. The submerged hulls are minimally affected by waves. The SWATH form was invented by Canadian Frederick G. Creed, who presented his idea in 1938 and was later awarded a British patent for it in 1946. It was first used in the 1960s and 1970s as an evolution of catamaran design for use as oceanographic research vessels or
submarine A submarine (or sub) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability. The term is also sometimes used historically or colloquially to refer to remotely op ...
rescue ships. In 1990, the US Navy commissioned the construction of a SWATH ship to test the configuration. SWATH vessels compare with conventional powered catamarans of equivalent size, as follows: * Larger wetted surface, which causes higher skin friction drag * Significant reduction in wave-induced drag, with the configuration of struts and submerged hull structures * Lower water plane area significantly reduces pitching and heaving in a seaway * No possibility of planing * Higher sensitivity to loading, which may bring the bridge structure closer to the water file:US Navy 031104-N-0000S-001 High Speed Vessel Two (HSV 2) Swift is participating in the West African Training Cruise.jpg, HSV-2 Swift, a wave-piercing trimaran, built by Incat in Tasmania, Australia Wave-piercing hull, Wave-piercing catamarans (strictly speaking they are
trimaran A trimaran (or double-outrigger) is a multihull boat that comprises a main hull and two smaller outrigger hulls (or "floats") which are attached to the main hull with lateral beams. Most modern trimarans are sailing yachts designed for recreati ...
s, with a central hull and two outriggers) employ a low-buoyancy bow on each hull that is pointed at the water line and rises aft, up to a level, to allow each hull to pierce waves, rather than ride over them. This allows higher speeds through waves than for a conventional catamaran. They are distinguished from SWATH catamarans, in that the buoyant part of the hull is not tubular. The spanning bridge deck may be configured with some of the characteristics of a normal V-hull, which allows it to penetrate the crests of waves. Wave-piercing catamaran designs have been employed for yachts, passenger ferries, and military vessels.


Applications

file:AC72 New Zealand Aotearoa San Francisco 01.jpg, upEmirates Team New Zealand's AC72 ''Aotearoa'' on foils in San Francisco Bay file:2010 09 05 Planit Solar 1.JPG, ''Tûranor PlanetSolar'', a wave-piercing solar-powered cruising trimaran in Hamburg, Germany A catamaran configuration fills a niche where speed and sea-kindliness is favored over bulk capacity. In larger vessels, this niche favors car ferries and military vessels for patrol or operation in the littoral zone.


Sport

file:Gitana 13.jpg, left, Gitana 13, an ocean-racing catamaran Recreational and sport catamarans typically are designed to have a crew of two and be launched and landed from a beach. Most have a trampoline on the bridging structure, a rotating mast and full-length battens on the mainsail. Performance versions often have trapezes to allow the crew to hike out and counterbalance capsize forces during strong winds on certain points of sail. For the 33rd America's Cup, both the defender and the challenger built long multihulls. Société Nautique de Genève, defending with team Alinghi, sailed a catamaran. The challenger, BMW Oracle Racing, used a trimaran, replacing its soft sail rig with a towering wing sail—the largest sailing wing ever built. In the waters off Valencia, Spain in February 2010, the BMW Oracle Racing trimaran with its powerful wing sail proved to be superior. This represented a break from the traditional monohulls that had always been sailed in previous America's Cup series. On San Francisco Bay, the 2013 America's Cup was sailed in long AC72 catamarans (craft set by the rules for the 2013 America's Cup). Each yacht employed Sailing hydrofoil, hydrofoils and a wing sail. The regatta was won 9-8 by Oracle Team USA against the challenger, Emirates Team New Zealand, in fifteen matches because Oracle Team USA had started the regatta with a two-point penalty. Yachting has seen the development of multihulls over in length. "The Race (yachting race), The Race" helped precipitate this trend; it was a circumnavigation challenge which departed from Barcelona, Spain, on New Year's Eve, 2000. Because of the prize money and prestige associated with this event, four new catamarans (and two highly modified ones) over in length were built to compete. The largest, ''PlayStation (yacht), PlayStation'', owned by Steve Fossett, was long and had a mast which was above the water. Virtually all of the new mega-cats were built of pre-preg carbon fiber for strength and the lowest possible weight. The top speeds of these boats can approach . The Race was won by the -long catamaran ''Club Med (yacht), Club Med'' skippered by Grant Dalton. It went round the globe in 62 days at an average speed of . file:Katamarans in Russia.jpg, Catamarans for whitewater sports. Picture was taken in Altai, Russia Whitewater catamaran—sometimes called "cata-rafts"—for whitewater sports are widely spread in Post-Soviet states, post-Soviet countries. They consists of two inflatable hulls connected with a lattice scaffold. The frame of the tourist catamaran can be made of both aluminum (duralumin) pipes and from felled tree trunks. The inflatable part has two layers—an airtight balloon with inflation holes and a shell made of dense tissue, protecting the balloon from mechanical damage. Advantages of such catamarans are light weight, compactness and convenience in transportation (the whole product is packed in one pack-backpack, suitable for air traffic standards) and the speed of assembly (10–15 minutes for the inflation). All-inflatable models are available in North America. A cata-raft design has been used on the Colorado River to handle heavy whitewater, yet maintain a good speed through the water.


Cruising

file:Catamaran de croisière Lagoon 560.JPG, left, A cruising catamaran Cruising sailors must make trade-offs among volume, useful load, speed, and cost in choosing a boat. Choosing a catamaran offers increased speed at the expense of reduced load per unit of cost. Howard and Doane describe the following tradeoffs between cruising monohulls and catamarans: A long-distance, offshore cruising monohull may be as short as for a given crew complement and supporting supplies, whereas a cruising catamaran would need to be to achieve the same capacity. In addition to greater speed, catamarans draw less water than do monohulls— as little as —and are easier to beach. Catamarans are harder to tack and take up more space in a marina. Cruising catamarans entail added expense for having two engines and two rudders. Tarjan adds that cruising catamarans boats can maintain a comfortable per day passage, with the racing versions recording well over per day. In addition, they do not heel more than 10-12 degrees, even at full speed on a reach. Powered cruising catamarans share many of the amenities found in a sail cruising catamaran. The saloon typically spans two hulls wherein are found the staterooms and engine compartments. As with sailing catamarans, this configuration minimizes boat motion in a seaway. The Swiss-registered Wave-piercing hull, wave-piercing catamaran, ''Tûranor PlanetSolar'', which was launched in March 2010, is the world's largest solar energy, solar powered boat. It completed a circumnavigation of the globe in 2012.


Passenger transport

The 1970s saw the introduction of catamarans as High-speed craft, high-speed ferry, ferries, as pioneered by Westermoen Hydrofoil in Mandal, Norway, Mandal, Norway, which launched the Westamaran design in 1973. The ''HSC Stena Voyager, Stena Voyager'' was an example of a large, fast ferry, typically traveling at a speed of , although it was capable of over . The Australian island Tasmania became the site of builders of large transport catamarans—Incat in 1977 and Austal in 1988—each building civilian Ferry, ferries and Navy, naval vessels. Incat built HSC Francisco, a high-speed craft, High-Speed trimaran that, at 58 knots, is (as of 2014) the fastest Ferry, passenger ship in service.


Military

file:USNS Spearhead (JHSV-1) - 1.jpg, Spearhead-class joint high speed vessel, US Naval Ship ''Spearhead'' (JHSV-1) during sea trials in 2012 The first warship to be propelled by a steam engine, named United States floating battery Demologos, ''Demologos'' or ''Fulton'' and built in the United States during the War of 1812, was a catamaran with a paddle wheel between her hulls. In the early 20th Century several catamarans were built as submarine salvage ships: SMS Vulkan, SMS ''Vulkan'' and SMS Cyclop (1916), SMS ''Cyclop'' of Imperial German Navy, Germany, Russian salvage ship Kommuna, ''Kommuna'' of Russian Navy, Russia, and Spanish salvage ship Kanguro, ''Kanguro'' of Spanish Navy, Spain, all designed to lift stricken
submarine A submarine (or sub) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability. The term is also sometimes used historically or colloquially to refer to remotely op ...
s by means of huge cranes above a moon pool between the hulls. Two Cold War-era submarine rescue ships, USS Pigeon (ASR-21), USS ''Pigeon'' and USS Ortolan (ASR-22), USS ''Ortolan'' of the United States Navy, US Navy, were also catamarans, but did not have the moon pool feature. The use of catamarans as high-speed naval transport was pioneered by HMAS Jervis Bay (AKR 45), HMAS ''Jervis Bay'', which was in service with the Royal Australian Navy between 1999 and 2001. The US Military Sealift Command now operates several Spearhead-class joint high speed vessel, Expeditionary Fast Transport catamarans owned by the US Navy; they are used for high speed transport of military cargo, and to get into shallow ports. The Makar-class survey catamaran, ''Makar''-class is a class of two large catamaran-hull survey ships built for the Indian Navy. As of 2012, one vessel, INS Makar (J31), was in service and the second was under construction. First launched in 2004 at Shanghai, the Houbei class missile boat of the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) has a catamaran design to accommodate the vessel's stealth features.


See also

* List of multihulls


References


Further reading

* {{Authority control Naval architecture Shipbuilding Catamarans, * Multihulls Nautical terminology Austronesian culture