Battle of the Basque Roads

The Battle of the Basque Roads, also known as the Battle of Aix Roads (French: ''Bataille de l'île d'Aix'', also ''Affaire des brûlots'', rarely ''Bataille de la rade des Basques''), was a major naval battle of the Napoleonic Wars, fought in the narrow Basque Roads at the mouth of the Charente River on the Biscay coast of France. The battle, which lasted from 11–24 April 1809, was unusual in that it pitted a hastily-assembled squadron of small and unorthodox British Royal Navy warships against the main strength of the French Atlantic Fleet, the circumstances dictated by the cramped, shallow coastal waters in which the battle was fought. The battle is also notorious for its controversial political aftermath in both Britain and France.

In February 1809 the French Atlantic Fleet, blockaded in Brest on the Breton coast by the British Channel Fleet, attempted to break out into the Atlantic and reinforce the garrison of Martinique. Sighted and chased by British blockade squadrons, the French were unable to escape the Bay of Biscay and eventually anchored in the Basque Roads, near the naval base of Rochefort. There they were kept under observation during March by the British fleet under the dour Admiral Lord Gambier. The Admiralty, desiring an attack on the French fleet, ordered Lord Cochrane, an outspoken and popular junior captain, to lead an attack, over the objections of a number of senior officers. Cochrane organised an inshore squadron of fireships and bomb vessels, including a converted frigate, and personally led this force into Basque Roads on the evening of 11 April.

The attack caused little direct damage, but in the narrow waters of the channel the fireships panicked the sailors of the French fleet and most of their ships grounded and were left immobile. Cochrane expected Gambier to follow his attack with the main fleet, which could then destroy the vulnerable French force, but Gambier refused. Cochrane continued the battle over the next several days, successfully destroying several French ships, but with little support from Gambier. This allowed most of the French fleet to refloat and retreat up the Charente to safety. Gambier recalled Cochrane on 14 April and sent him back to Britain, withdrawing most of the inshore squadron at the same time, although scattered fighting continued until 24 April. The increasingly marginalised French fleet was badly damaged and trapped in its home ports; several captains were court-martialed for cowardice and one was shot.

In Britain the battle was celebrated as a victory, but many in the Navy were dissatisfied with Gambier's behaviour and Cochrane used his position as a Member of Parliament to publicly protest Gambier's leadership. Incensed, Gambier requested a court-martial to disprove Cochrane's accusations and the admiral's political allies ensured that the jury was composed of his supporters. After bitter and argumentative proceedings Gambier was exonerated of any culpability for failings during the battle. Cochrane's naval career was ruined, although the irrepressible officer remained a prominent figure in Britain for decades to come. Historians have almost unanimously condemned Gambier for his failure to support Cochrane; even Napoleon opined that he was an "''imbécile''".

Background

By 1809 the Royal Navy was dominant in the Atlantic. During the Trafalgar Campaign of 1805 and the Atlantic campaign of 1806 the French Atlantic Fleet had suffered severe losses and the survivors were trapped in the French Biscay ports under a close blockade from the British Channel Fleet.Woodman, p. 263 The largest French base was at Brest in Brittany, where the main body of the French fleet lay at anchor under the command of Contre-amiral Jean-Baptiste Willaumez, with smaller French detachments stationed at Lorient and Rochefort. These ports were under observation by the Channel Fleet, led off Brest by Admiral Lord Gambier.James, p. 94 Gambier was an unpopular officer, whose reputation rested on being the first captain to break the French line at the Glorious First of June in 1794 in HMS ''Defence''.Cordingly, p. 179 Since then he had spent most of his career as an administrator at the Admiralty, earning the title Baron Gambier for his command of the fleet at the Bombardment of Copenhagen in 1807. A strict Methodist, Gambier was nicknamed "Dismal Jimmy" by his men.Adkins, p. 270

Willaumez's cruise

British superiority at sea allowed the Royal Navy to launch operations against the French Overseas Empire with impunity, in particular against the lucrative French colonies in the Caribbean. In late 1808, the French learned that a British invasion of Martinique was in preparation, and so orders were sent to Willaumez to take his fleet to sea, concentrate with the squadrons from Lorient and Rochefort and reinforce the island. With Gambier's fleet off Ushant Willaumez was powerless to act, and it was only when winter storms forced the blockade fleet to retreat into the Atlantic in February 1809 that the French admiral felt able to put to sea, passing southwards through the Raz de Sein at dawn on 22 February with eight ships of the line and two frigates.James, p. 95 Gambier had left a single ship of the line, Captain Charles Paget's HMS ''Revenge'' to keep watch on Brest, and Paget observed the French movements at 09:00, correctly deducing Willaumez's next destination.Clowes, p. 252

The blockade squadron off Lorient comprised the ships of the line HMS ''Theseus'', HMS ''Triumph'' and HMS ''Valiant'' under Commodore John Beresford, watching three ships in the harbour under Contre-amiral Amable Troude. At 15:15 Paget, who had lost sight of the French, reached the waters off Lorient and signaled a warning to Beresford. At 16:30, Beresford's squadron sighted Willaumez's fleet, tacking to the southeast. Willaumez ordered his second-in-command, Contre-amiral Antoine Louis de Gourdon to drive Beresford away and Gourdon brought four ships around to chase the British squadron, with the remainder of the French fleet following more distantly. Beresford turned away to the northwest, thus clearing the route to Lorient. His objective achieved, Gourdon rejoined Willaumez and the fleet sailed inshore, anchoring near the island of Groix.James, p. 96

In the early morning of 23 February, Willaumez sent the dispatch schooner ''Magpye'' into Lorient with instructions for Troude to sail when possible and steer for the Pertuis d'Antioche near Rochefort, where the fleet was due to assemble. Willaumez then took his fleet southwards, followed from 09:00 by Beresford's squadron. The French fleet passed between Belle Île and Quiberon and then around Île d'Yeu, passing the Phares des Baleines on Île de Ré at 22:30. There the fleet was sighted by frigate HMS ''Amethyst'' under Captain Michael Seymour, the scout for the Rochefort blockade squadron of HMS ''Caesar'', HMS ''Defiance'' and HMS ''Donegal'' under Rear-Admiral Robert Stopford, which was anchored off the Phare de Chassiron on Ile d'Oléron. Signal rockets from ''Amethyst'' alerted Stopford to Willaumez's presence and Stopford closed with Willaumez during the night but was not strong enough to oppose his entry into the Basque Roads at the mouth of the Charente River on the morning of 24 February.Clowes, p. 253

Gambier's blockade

Assuming that the French fleet had sailed from Brest, Stopford sent the frigate HMS ''Naiad'' under Thomas Dundas to warn Gambier. The British commander had discovered the French fleet missing from its anchorage on 23 February and responded by sending eight ships under Rear-Admiral John Thomas Duckworth south to block any French attempt to enter the Mediterranean while Gambier turned his flagship, the 120-gun first rate HMS ''Caledonia'', back to Plymouth for reinforcements.James, p. 98 In the English Channel ''Naiad'' located ''Caledonia'' and passed on Stopford's message. Gambier continued to Plymouth, collected four ships of the line anchored there, and immediately sailed back into the Bay of Biscay, joining Stopford on 7 March to form a fleet of 13 ships, later reduced to 11 after ''Defiance'' and ''Triumph'' were detached.James, p. 99

Shortly after departing Stopford's squadron off the Basque Roads, ''Naiad'' had sighted three sail approaching from the north at 07:00 on 24 February. These were ''Italienne'', ''Calypso'' and ''Cybèle''; a French frigate squadron sent from Lorient by Troude, whose ships of the line had been delayed by unfavourable tides.Woodman, p. 265 The lighter frigates had put to sea without the battle squadron and sailed to join Willaumez the previous morning. Their passage had been observed by the British frigate HMS ''Amelia'' and the sloop HMS ''Doterel'', which had shadowed the French during the night. To the south, Dundas had signaled Stopford and the admiral left ''Amethyst'' and HMS ''Emerald'' to observe the French fleet while he took his main squadron in pursuit of the French frigates. Trapped between the two British forces, French Commodore Pierre-Roch Jurien took his ships inshore under the batteries of Les Sables d'Olonne. Stopford followed the French into the anchorage and in the ensuing battle drove all three French ships ashore where they were damaged beyond repair.James, p. 97

Willaumez made no move to challenge Stopford or Gambier, although he had successfully united with the Rochefort squadron of three ships of the line, two frigates and an armed storeship, the captured British fourth rate ship ''Calcutta'', commanded by Commodore Gilbert-Amable Faure. Together the French fleet, now numbering 11 ships of the line, withdrew from the relatively open Basque Roads anchorage into the narrow channel under the batteries of the Île-d'Aix known as the Aix Roads. These waters offered greater protection from the British fleet, but were also extremely hazardous; on 26 February, as the French manoeuvred into the shallower waters of their new anchorage the 74-gun ''Jean-Bart'' grounded on the Palles Shoal off Île Madame, and was wrecked.Clowes, p. 255 The channel in which Willaumez chose to position his fleet formed a strong defensive position: an assailant had to cross the open Basque Roads and advance past the long and dangerous Boyart Shoal hidden just below the surface. On entering the channel, an attacking force would then come under fire from fortified gun batteries on Île-d'Aix before finally encountering the French fleet. The anchorage had been successfully attacked before, such as during the Raid on Rochefort in 1757,Tracy, p. 199 but more recent efforts in 1803,Harvey, p. 107 and 1807 had ended in failure.James, p. 100

The developing stalemate saw activity on both sides of the bay. Among the French fleet there was dissatisfaction that Willaumez had not attacked Stopford when he enjoyed numerical superiority, taking the opportunity to break out of the anchorage and pursue his objectives in the Caribbean. Captain Jacques Bergeret was so incensed that he wrote a letter criticising Willaumez to the Minister of Marine Denis Decrès, and warning that the Aix Roads were highly vulnerable to British attack.Clowes, p. 259 Although Emperor Napoleon apparently shared Willaumez's opinion, Decrès removed and censured both Willaumez and Bergeret, replacing the admiral with Zacharie Allemand on 16 March.Adkins, p. 271 Word had arrived that a British expeditionary force had captured Martinique in late February, and so Allemand, lacking further instructions, prepared his defences.Henderson, p. 95

The French position was strengthened with a heavy boom formed from chains and tree trunks laid between the Boyart shoal and Île-d'Aix. This boom measured long and wide, weighted in place with 5 1/4 tons of anchors, and yet was installed so subtly that the British fleet did not observe it.James, p. 104 More than 2,000 French conscripts were deployed on the Île-d'Aix, supporting batteries of 36-pounder long guns,Clowes, p. 260Woodman, p. 269 although attempts to build a fort on the Boyart Shoal were identified, and on 1 April ''Amelia'' attacked the battery, drove off the construction crew and destroyed the half-finished fortification.Clowes, p. 258 Allemand also ordered his captains to take up a position known as a ''lignée endentée'', in which his ships anchored to form a pair of alternating lines across the channel so that approaching warships could come under the combined fire of several ships at once, in effect crossing the T of any attempt to assault the position, with the frigates stationed between the fleet and the boom.James, p. 103

In the British fleet there was much debate about how to proceed against the French. Gambier was concerned that an attack by French fireships on his fleet anchored in the Basque Roads might cause considerable destruction, and consequently ordered his captains to prepare to withdraw from the blockade at short notice should such an operation be observed. He also wrote to the Admiralty in London recommending British fireships be prepared but cautioning that "it is a horrible mode of warfare, and the attempt very hazardous, if not desperate".Mostert, p. 566 A number of officers in the fleet, in particular Rear-Admiral Eliab Harvey, volunteered to lead such an attack, but Gambier hesitated to act, failing to take soundings of the approaches or make any practical preparations for an assault.Cochrane, p. 217

Mulgrave's imperative

With Gambier vacillating in Basque Roads, First Lord of the Admiralty Lord Mulgrave interceded. Prime Minister Lord Portland's administration was concerned by the risk posed by the French fleet to the profits of the British colonies in the West Indies, and had determined that an attack must be made. Thus on 7 March ten fireships were ordered to be prepared.Clowes, p. 256 In considering who would be best suited to lead such an attack Mulgrave then made a highly controversial decision. On 11 March the frigate HMS ''Imperieuse'' anchored at Plymouth and a message instructed Captain Lord Cochrane to come straight to the Admiralty. Cochrane, eldest son of the Earl of Dundonald, was an aggressive and outspoken officer who had gained notoriety in 1801 when he captured the 32-gun Spanish privateer frigate ''Gamo'' with the 14-gun brig HMS ''Speedy''.Tracy, p. 77 In the frigates and ''Imperieuse'' he had caused havoc on the French and Spanish coasts with relentless attacks on coastal shipping and defences including, most relevantly, operations in the Rochefort area. He was also a highly active politician, elected as a Member of Parliament for Westminster in 1807 as a Radical, he advocated parliamentary reform and was a fierce critic of Portland's administration.Tracy, p. 78

At his meeting with Mulgrave, Cochrane was asked to explain a plan of attack on Basque Roads which he had drawn up some years previously. Cochrane enthusiastically described his intention to use fireships and massive floating bombs to destroy a fleet anchored in the roads. When he had finished, Mulgrave announced that the plan was going ahead and that Cochrane was to command it. Cochrane was in poor health, and under no illusions about Mulgrave's intentions: should the attack fail Cochrane would be blamed and his political career damaged.Cordingly, p. 177Harvey, p. 110 In addition, Cochrane was also well aware of the fury this decision would provoke in the naval hierarchy; the appointment of a relatively junior officer in command of such an important operation was calculated to cause offense.Cochrane, p. 205 Cochrane refused, even though Mulgrave pleaded that he had been the only officer to present a practical plan for attacking Allemand's fleet. Again Cochrane refused the command, but the following day Mulgrave issued a direct order: "My Lord you must go. The board cannot listen to further refusal or delay. Rejoin your frigate at once."Woodman, p. 267

Cochrane returned to ''Imperieuse'' immediately and the frigate then sailed from Plymouth to join Gambier.Mostert, p. 568 The admiral had received direct orders from Mulgrave on 26 March ordering him to prepare for an attack, to which he sent two letters, one agreeing with the order and another disputing it on the grounds that the water was too shallow and the batteries on Île-d'Aix too dangerous.Cordingly, p. 180 Gambier did not however learn of the leadership of the operation until Cochrane joined the fleet on 3 April and presented Mulgrave's orders to the admiral. The effect was dramatic; Harvey, one of Nelson's Band of Brothers who had fought at Trafalgar, launched into a furious tirade directed at Gambier, accusing him of incompetence and malicious conduct, comparing him unfavourably to Nelson and calling Cochrane's appointment an "insult to the fleet".Mostert, p. 569 Gambier dismissed Harvey, sending him and his 80-gun HMS ''Tonnant'' back to Britain in disgrace to face a court-martial, and then ordered Cochrane to begin preparations for the attack.Adkins, p. 272 Gambier also issued Cochrane with Methodist tracts to distribute to his crew. Cochrane ignored the order, but sent some of the tracts to his friend William Cobbett with a letter describing conditions with the fleet. Cobbett, a Radical journalist, wrote articles in response which later inflamed religious opinion in Britain against Cochrane during the scandal which followed the battle.Cochrane, p. 219

Night attack

Cochrane's plan

As the 18 fireships prepared in Britain by Mulgrave had not yet departed by the time of Cochrane's arrival with the fleet, the captain responded by converting his own over the following week. A number of '' chasse-marées'' carrying tar and resin perfect for this role had been captured by the blockade, and Cochrane requisitioned eight military transport ships from the fleet reserve for conversion using these materials. The frigate-storeship HMS ''Mediator'' was taken over to be the centrepiece of the attack force.James, p. 102 These vessels were laden with explosives and combustible materials such as rum-soaked hay, and crewed by volunteers from the fleet.Adkins, p. 274 On three of the vessels Cochrane had loaded 1,500 barrels of gunpowder, topped by hundreds of artillery shells and thousands of grenades to create an explosion ship, a floating bomb of his own design intended to detonate right in the middle of the French line.Woodman, p. 268 During this process an attack by French boats on the fireships was driven off, with two British sailors killed and one wounded, and on 5 April Cochrane reconnoitered the approaches to Aix Roads, firing shots at the forts and fleet to gauge their responses.Cordingly, p. 182 He subsequently wrote to Mulgrave suggesting that with an expeditionary force of 20,000 he could seize the defences overlooking the anchorage, sink blockships in the channel and thereby permanently deprive the French of one of their most important naval bases, although his letter was ignored.Harvey, p. 115Cochrane, p. 222

On 6 April the bomb vessel HMS ''Aetna'', equipped with a heavy mortar, arrived with William Congreve, inventor of a rocket artillery system which was to be used in the attack. It was followed by the first convoy of 12 fireships on 10 April, taking Cochrane's total to 24 fireships and explosion vessels to expend in his attack.Cordingly, p. 184 With these ships was a transport carrying thousands of Congreve rockets, which were strapped to the masts and yards of the fireships to fire in all directions as the ships burned. Due to Gambier's failure to scout the channel, Cochrane was apparently unaware of the existence of the boom, although historian James Henderson suggests he knew of it but failed to inform Gambier lest the cautious admiral abandon the entire operation.Henderson, p. 97 Cochrane was intending that his force, led by the heavy ''Mediator'' and the explosion vessels, would enter the anchorage during the night and sow confusion among the French fleet.Mostert, p. 570 It was hoped that in the chaos some of the French ships might be destroyed by fire and others driven on shore where a concerted attack by the British fleet would destroy or capture the remainder. Allemand could see the fireships under preparation in Basque Roads, and increased his defences by stationing 73 small boats along the boom to tow fireships onto the mud flats and away from the French fleet.James, p. 105 He also ordered all the ships of the line to remove their sails and topmasts.Henderson, p. 96 This rendered them largely immobile but considerably less flammable. The frigates retained their rigging as they would be required to move in the event of a major attack.Harvey, p. 117

His preparations complete, Cochrane ordered the attack for the evening of 11 April, although Gambier was reluctant to allow his sailors to support Cochrane in the operation, saying "if you choose to rush to self-destruction that is your own affair . . . but it is my duty to take care of the lives of others, and I will not place the crews of the fireships in palpable danger". Cochrane was furious and after a bitter argument Gambier relented and gave permission for the attack to go ahead. He stationed ''Imperieuse'' near the Boyart Shoal to the north of the boom, approximately from the French fleet, supported by frigates HMS ''Aigle'', HMS ''Unicorn'' and HMS ''Pallas''. This force would collect the crews of the fireships as they abandoned their blazing charges and rowed back towards the British line, and sloops HMS ''Redpole'' and HMS ''Lyra'' were equipped as light ships to guide the fireships into the channel. With these ships were the schooner HMS ''Whiting'' and cutters ''Nimrud'' and ''King George'', all converted into floating rocket batteries. ''Aetna'' and two brigs anchored north of the forts on Île-d'Aix, while frigate ''Emerald'' and five smaller warships were to launch a diversionary attack to the east of the island. Gambier, with the main body of the fleet, moved closer to the entrance to Aix Roads, eventually anchoring distant; it has been suggested by one historian that he may have done so in order that he could retreat out to sea easily should the French fleet attempt to attack him in the aftermath of a failed fireship assault.Harvey, p. 119

Fireships advance

As night approached it became clear that the wind, although blowing in the correct direction, was too strong to allow the fireships to be chained together in squadrons as planned, and each was instructed to operate independently. At 20:30, with the wind and tide in their favour and the night darker than expected, the fireships cut their anchor cables and began to silently sail towards the French fleet.James, p. 106 Most of the volunteer crews ignited and abandoned their vessels too early, the blazing ships grounding long before even reaching the boom; one even threatened ''Imperieuse'', which had to veer its anchor cable to avoid being destroyed. Other crews, including those on one of the explosion ships, lost control of their vessels and took no part in the attack.Mostert, p. 571 A few however, including the lead explosion ship under Cochrane's personal command, continued forward at speed, as the wind increased gradually. He was followed by the second surviving explosion vessel, on board of which was Midshipman Frederick Marryat. Cochrane delayed igniting his own ship to the last minute, and when he finally lit the fuses his escape was reportedly delayed in a search for the ship's dog. As a result, his boat was still inside the debris field when the ship exploded, although he escaped unharmed. Elsewhere, five British sailors were killed and six wounded in premature detonations. The explosion ships detonated near the French frigate ''Indienne'' at 21:30 and 21:40, although trapped by the boom they did little damage.Henderson, p. 98 Following them however was ''Mediator'', which smashed a hole in the boom through which the few fireships surviving followed.James, p. 107

Allemand's boat crews were unable to influence the passage of Cochrane's flotilla as the sea was now too rough for them to operate in the channel, and the fireship crews consequently endured great difficulty returning to the British frigate line. The Aix Road was now a scene of "sublime horror":Woodman, p. 270 blazing fireships drifted randomly across the anchorage, some passing amid the great hulls of the French line. Shells from ''Aetna'' and thousands of rockets burst amid the confusion as the forts and all ships fired their guns at threats real and imagined; "a scene . . . peculiarly awful and sublime." The fireships reached the French frigate line at 21:45, as the frigates cut their anchor cables and retreated southeast down the channel. The blazing vessels then struck the French line; ''Régulus'' was hit, the crew desperately fending off the fireship for 15 minutes while the drifting ship of the line crashed into ''Tourville''.Clowes, p. 262 ''Cassard'' was also badly hit, losing 20 men killed and wounded to a shot from a fireship, and several other French ships were badly damaged in the confusion.James, p. 110

At 22:00, while avoiding three drifting fireships, the overladen 120-gun flagship ''Océan'' ran aground and was badly scorched by a fireship which struck the stern. To prevent explosion the stopcocks were opened and the magazine flooded. As the crew wrestled with this threat, the drifting ''Tonnerre'' and ''Patriote'' loomed out of the darkness.Harvey, p. 121 ''Patriote'' turned away in time, but ''Tonnerre'' crashed into the starboard side of the flagship and caused considerable damage, although fortunately detached soon afterwards. ''Océan'''s crew then held the blazing ship alongside long enough that the drifters could escape before releasing the fireship to drift on shore. During this effort at least 50 men tumbled to their deaths in the fiery chasm between the ships as they tried to prevent the fire spreading on board.

Gambier hesitates

As dawn rose on 12 April, only ''Cassard'' and ''Foudroyant'' remained afloat, having drifted into the mouth of the Charente with the tide.Cordingly, p. 190 The remainder, nine ships of the line, ''Calcutta'' and four frigates, were all beached along the mud and rocky shoals of the channel. ''Océan'' lay isolated on the mud within Aix Roads itself, with ''Ville de Varsovie'' and ''Aquilon'' grounded on rocks at Charenton away and ''Régulus'' and '' Jemmappes'' on softer ground nearby.James, p. 111 To the north, ''Tonnerre'' had grounded hard near Île Madame and despite desperate efforts from the crew had already flooded and become a total wreck. ''Calcutta'' lay on the Palles Shoal near the remains of ''Jean-Bart'' and ''Patriote'' and ''Tourville'' had grounded close to the mouth of the Charente not far from the frigate ''Pallas''. Elsewhere ''Indienne'' lay at Pointe Aiguille and ''Elbe'' and ''Hortense'' on the Fontanelles.Cochrane, p. 232

Cochrane, now back on ''Imperieuse'', immediately recognised that although no French ship had been directly destroyed by the attack, there was an opportunity to annihilate the French Atlantic fleet in a single morning. Grounded and vulnerable, the isolated French ships could be simply destroyed by a concerted conventional attack on the Aix Roads, with only the batteries and the two remaining ships afloat to offer resistance.Cordingly, p. 193 At 05:48 he frantically signalled Gambier "Half the fleet could destroy the enemy". Gambier acknowledged this communication, but made no reply and gave no orders.Cordingly, p. 194 As the French ships started to drift with the tide, Cochrane sent more signals: at 06:40 "Eleven on shore", at 07:40 "Only two afloat". Still there was no response from the distant British fleet. At 09:30 Cochrane signaled that "Enemy preparing to heave off" as the French crews began the laborious task of refloating their ships. Cochrane ordered further, sardonic, signals "Two sail of the line are enough" and "the frigates alone can destroy the enemy", although the first was never made as the signal officer judged that it would be received by Gambier as an insult,Gurney, p. 34 and the second was made but never recorded in ''Caledonia'''s logbook.Harvey, p. 124 At 09:35 Gambier ordered his fleet to weigh anchor and then rescinded the order, instead holding a conference on the flagship for all his captains. Finally the fleet sailed at 10:45, but at 11:30 Gambier ordered a halt after only , and the ships anchored once more near Île-d'Aix while the admiral conducted a conference with his captains. In doing so, Gambier conspicuously avoided making any signal which might indicate he intended an attack, even spelling out some long signals to avoid using the flag which meant "prepare for battle".Clowes, p. 263 His behaviour at this point has been described by historian Robert Harvey as "one of the most contemptible acts of any commander-in-chief in British naval history".Harvey, p. 123

While Gambier hesitated, one by one the French ships which had grounded began to refloat, although several grounded again. As they had removed their topmasts before the attack, they had survived the groundings with less damage than might otherwise have been the case, and were easier to kedge off.Henderson, p. 99 ''Foudroyant'' and ''Cassard'', fearing an attack by the British fleet, retreated up the Charente at 12:45 and both then grounded at Fouras.James, p. 112 At 13:00, Cochrane, his impatience and fury rising, deliberately allowed ''Imperieuse'' to drift stern-first alone down the channel towards the French fleet, flying the signal "The enemy's ships are getting under sail", followed by "the enemy is superior to the chasing ship", and then at 13:45 "the ship is in distress, and requires to be assisted immediately".Harvey, p. 126 He later wrote "It was better to risk the frigate, or even my commission, than suffer a disgraceful termination to the expectations of the Admiralty".Cordingly, p. 195 At 14:00 the frigate was within range of ''Calcutta'' and began a steady fire into the beached storeship, supported by ''Aetna'' and several of the sloops, which he ordered into position by the unexpected process of firing cannon in their direction until they had moved to the position he intended.Clowes, p. 264 Cochrane had forced Gambier's hand: despite his desire to avoid combat, the admiral could not allow one of his frigates to fight the entire French fleet single-handed, and reluctantly he instructed the large frigate HMS ''Indefatigable'', the smaller ''Emerald'', ''Unicorn'', ''Aigle'' and ''Pallas'' and the ships of the line ''Valiant'' and ''Revenge'', the latter now commanded by Captain Alexander Robert Kerr, to join with the inshore squadron, enter the Aix Roads and support Cochrane.Harvey, p. 127

Cochrane's fight

Gambier's reinforcements

British reinforcement entered Basque Roads at 15:20, just as the crew of ''Calcutta'' abandoned the ship, withdrawing across the shoal.Cochrane, p. 237 Forming a line of battle, the British opened a heavy fire on the nearby, and still grounded, ''Ville de Varsovie'' while ''Beagle'', armed with heavy carronades, nosed close inshore and took up station across the bow of ''Aquilon'' and raked the French ship repeatedly. For two hours these immobile French ships were battered by the British line with little reply, until at 17:30 both raised Union flags as an indication that they had surrendered. Shortly afterwards the crew of the wrecked ''Tonnerre'' abandoned their ship and set it on fire. The French ship was destroyed by a magazine explosion at 19:30, followed at 20:30 by ''Calcutta'', which had been mistakenly set on fire by an over-enthusiastic British boarding party.James, p. 114 The storeship was carrying a large quantity of munitions, reportedly worth over half a million pounds in value, and produced an enormous explosion.Adkins, p. 277 Most of the British ships had suffered only minor damage and casualties from fire from the gun batteries on Île-d'Aix, where ''Revenge'' had temporarily grounded during the night and suffered 18 casualties. The French losses were minor except on ''Ville de Varsovie'', which had taken about 100 casualties in the exchange.James, p. 115

Although Gambier had no intention of risking his fleet in the narrow waters of Basque Roads, he had permitted three more transports to be fitted out as fireships, and at 17:30 these were led into the anchorage by Stopford in ''Caesar'', accompanied by ''Theseus'' and several launches equipped to fire Congreve rockets. At 19:40 however ''Caesar'' grounded on a shoal and remained stuck there until 22:30, close to ''Valiant'', which had also grounded at low tide. At this point six surviving French ships; ''Océan'', four of the line and the frigate ''Indienne'', remained aground close to the mouth of the Charente, while the remainder of the fleet had escaped upriver to secure anchorages.James, p. 116 During the night the wind blew from the land, rendering a fireship attack impractical, and so the British contented themselves with setting ''Ville de Varsovie'' and ''Aquilon'' on fire, both ships determined by John Bligh on ''Valiant'', over Cochrane's objections, to have been damaged beyond repair.Cordingly, p. 200 During this operation, one of the new fireships was wrecked on a shoal.James, p. 117 The weather was so bad that night that the planned attack with the remaining fireships was abandoned as unfeasible.Clowes, p. 266

The sight of the burning wrecks in the night once again spread panic throughout the French fleet, the grounded ships opening a heavy fire on the scuttled ships in the assumption that they were fireships. Captain Lacaille of ''Tourville'' was so unnerved that he immediately ordered his crew to abandon ship and set it on fire. The evacuation was so hasty however that the fires did not spread effectively, and the following morning the ship was found to still be intact, the crew returning to their prematurely abandoned vessel. There they found that the ship's quartermaster Eugéne-Joseph-Romain Bourgeois had remained aboard, unconvinced by Lacaille's order, and had single-handedly driven off an attempt by a British boat to board and capture the ship. During the night about 30 sailors had joined him, keeping ''Touville'' in French hands until dawn came and the rest of the crew returned.James, p. 118

Battle continues

At 05:00 on 13 April Stopford gave the order for the inshore squadron to withdraw back to Gambier's fleet. Cochrane was again furious, and even suggested taking ''Imperieuse'' and ''Indefatigable'' on a desperate attack on the still-grounded ''Océan''. Captain John Tremayne Rodd on the latter refused. Frustrated, Cochrane remained in the anchorage, joined by ''Pallas'' and the smaller vessels as the larger ships returned to more open waters.Cochrane, p. 240 At 08:00 he ordered a renewed attack on the remaining grounded ships at the mouth of the Charente, and by 11:00 the small vessels were in position and opened fire on the French flagship.Cordingly, p. 201 Although ''Aetna'''s gun split, forcing her withdrawal, the barrage otherwise continued throughout the day, although to little effect.Woodman, p. 272 It was not until 16:00 when the battered ''Océan'' and ''Régulus'', most of their stores thrown overboard, were able to safely retreat towards the mouth of the Charente.James, p. 122

During this engagement three small rocket ships reached Cochrane, whose frigate was becalmed too far from the action, from the main fleet. On board, Gambier had sent a two-part letter. The first part praised Cochrane's achievements thus far and urged Cochrane to renew the attack on ''Océan'' but indicated that Gambier felt success was unlikely.Clowes, p. 267 The second part, a private letter to the captain, permitting one further attack but then ordering him to withdraw that evening as Gambier wished to "send you to England as soon as possible".Harvey, p. 128 Cochrane replied to the first part of the letter, stating that he would renew the assault on the following day, and pointedly ignored the second.Cordingly, p. 202 Cochrane later claimed that Gambier had ordered him directly to withdraw by signal from ''Caledonia'', but there is no evidence that such a signal was made.

Cochrane withdraws

During the night the British did not renew the attack, and the following morning found that most of the French ships had successfully retreated up the Charente. ''Océan'' and ''Tourville'' remained accessible, both grounded anew near Foures, while a few other French ships could still be reached by long-range fire. At 09:00 Gambier made the definitive signal ordering Cochrane to withdraw directly and replacing him in command with George Wolfe on ''Aigle''. Cochrane reluctantly returned to the fleet and had a furious meeting with Gambier, accusing the admiral of "extraordinary hesitation" and urging a new assault.Cordingly, p. 203 Gambier refused to renew the attack and threatened that if Cochrane tried to blame Gambier for the incomplete victory he would be seen as "arrogantly claiming all the merit to yourself".Mostert, p. 572 Cochrane was immediately ordered to return to Britain, sailing on 15 April with Gambier's dispatches carried by Sir Harry Neale.Harvey, p. 130 Wolfe briefly renewed the attack during 14 April with a repaired ''Aetna'', emptying the bomb vessel's ammunition reserves to little effect.James, p. 121

At 02:00 on 15 April ''Océan'' finally began to move again, reaching safety upriver by 03:30. Several other ships were exposed, but without a bomb vessel they lay beyond the range of the British fleet. The French sailors made significant efforts to retrieve these ships over the following days; on 16 April ''Indienne'' was deemed too damaged to be saved, abandoned, and set on fire. The frigate exploded at midday. The following day ''Foudroyant'' and ''Tourville'' reached safety, and only ''Régulus'' now remained vulnerable. For several days in severe gales and heavy rain the ship remained stranded in the mud while Wolfe worked to bring up newly arrived replacement bomb vessel HMS ''Thunder''. An attack on 20 April failed after the gun split almost immediately, and a larger scale attack with both bomb vessels and smaller ships failed on 24 April. No further attempts were made to destroy ''Régulus'', and on 29 April the ship was finally refloated and brought to safety in the Charente. On the same day Gambier finally abandoned his blockade of the river and sailed his fleet for England.Clowes, p. 268

Aftermath

The battle was undoubtedly a victory for the British; three French ships of the line, a fourth-rate and a frigate were destroyed and much of the remainder of the Brest fleet badly damaged and requiring extensive repairs; ''Océan'' and ''Foudroyant'' were in a particularly poor state. French casualties in the engagement are not known with certainty, but are estimated at 150–200, while British losses were only 13 killed and 30 wounded. Allemand later wrote that most significant damage resulting from the battle was to the morale of the French fleet; he wrote that "the greater part are disheartened; every day I hear them lamenting their situation, and speaking in praise of their enemy."James, p. 130 Another French commentator told a British officer that the French sailors "had now no security from the English in their harbours, and they expected we should next go into Brest and take out their fleet".Cordingly, p. 204 No British ships suffered more than minor damage in the two weeks of combat, and the fleet could return to its blockade with the knowledge that the Brest fleet was neutralised for some time to come and confined to Rochefort, although a powerful squadron was still under construction at Rochefort, where the defences had been swiftly repaired.James, p. 129 This was the last time during the Napoleonic Wars that a significant French fleet was able to put to sea from the Atlantic ports; historian Richard Woodman describes it as the "biggest scare from a break-out French fleet in the post-Trafalgar period." Without naval support, the French colonies in the Caribbean were isolated, blockaded, invaded and captured shortly afterwards.

Courts-martial

Almost as serious however were the legal ramifications of the battle. In both countries there was a storm of controversy; in France four captains faced courts-martial from 21 June on charges of having abandoned their ships too easily and failing to follow orders. The captain of ''Tonnerre'' was acquitted, the captain of ''Indienne'' was acquitted on the first charge but sentenced to three months' house arrest for the second and the captain of ''Tourville'' was sentenced to two years in prison and to be dismissed from the Navy for abandoning his ship prematurely.James, p. 128 The captain of ''Calcutta'', Jean-Baptiste Lafon, was convicted of abandoning his ship in the face of the enemy and sentenced to death on 8 September. The execution was carried out by firing squad on the deck of ''Océan'' the following day. Woodman considers that "these wretched officers paid the penalty for Willaumez's initial timidity." Allemand's defeat is often blamed on Napoleon's instructions before the battle, which mistakenly assumed that the Aix Roads were a safe anchorage.

In Britain, Cochrane arrived at Spithead on 21 April and news of the victory spread rapidly. ''The Times'' ran a dramatic account of the battle which presaged national celebrations, and the junior officers of the fleet engaged in the fireship attack were promoted, and presented with financial rewards, while James Wooldridge, captain of ''Mediator'' who had been terribly burned, was granted a gold medal and a presentation sword.Cordingly, p. 208 In 1847 the Admiralty authorized the award of the Naval General Service Medal with clasp "Basque Roads 1809" to the 529 surviving claimants from the action.

Cochrane was initially celebrated for his achievement and made a Knight Companion of the Order of the Bath on 26 April.Clowes, p. 270 Shortly afterwards however he informed Lord Mulgrave that he intended to use his position as a member of parliament to oppose any effort to thank or reward Gambier for his part in the battle.Cochrane, p. 245 Mulgrave immediately warned Gambier, who demanded a court-martial to investigate his behaviour. The court was convened on 26 July; the inquiry panel president was Admiral Sir Roger Curtis and his deputy was William Young, both friends of Gambier and political opponents of Cochrane.Clowes, p. 269 Over eight days witnesses were called and evidence presented, much of it misleading. Most seriously, the charts of Basque Roads supplied to the court had been drawn by officers from Gambier's ship and favoured Gambier's account of the action.Harvey, p. 145 Cochrane was questioned aggressively during his evidence and lost his temper, being repeatedly reprimanded.James, p. 125 Ultimately Gambier was acquitted and awarded the thanks of Parliament, despite continuing determined opposition from Cochrane.

Gambier continued in command until 1811, and remained in service until his death in 1833.Tracy, p. 150 Cochrane was disgraced and refused further service, choosing semi-retirement to pursue his political ambitions. He was later implicated in the Great Stock Exchange Fraud of 1814, convicted and publicly disgraced. He resigned his commission and joined first the Chilean Navy and then the Brazilian Navy, before becoming commander of the Greek Navy during the Greek War of Independence. He was restored to the Royal Navy with a royal pardon in 1832 and died in 1860, shortly after publishing an autobiography which furiously castigated the participants in the events 51 years earlier.Tracy, p. 79

Historical assessment

Blame for the French defeat has been apportioned between Allemand and Willaumez by historians. Willaumez's hesitation in February left the French in a precarious position, in particular his reluctance to attack the squadron under Beresford, victory over which might have granted his fleet access to the Atlantic. Allemand, having inherited this situation, compounded the problem by attempting to fortify his fleet's anchorage, inviting attack, rather than effect an escape or counter-attack. Once he determined to remain at anchor in Aix Roads, a British assault became inevitable.

In Britain, Gambier's conduct has been criticised by historians ever since the battle. For example, William Laird Clowes, wrote in 1901 that "there can be no question that affair of Aix Road was mismanaged by the Admiralty at home and by the Admiral on the spot" and that "a great naval commander never loses an occasion to attack when conditions are favourable to him." In 2007 historian Noel Mostert wrote "Oh Nelson! Nelson, Nelson, where were you? Never could the absence of the man from a scene of action clearly designed for his drive and decision have been more painfully alive."Mostert, p. 565 In the same year, David Cordingly wrote that "The boldness of the attack . . . was comparable with the exploits of a Drake, de Ruyter and Nelson. And yet the action at Basque Roads has come to be regarded as a wasted opportunity, a bungled and confused affair."Cordingly, p. 205 Perhaps the most damning response came from an enemy. Years later, Napoleon wrote to an English correspondent that Cochrane "could not only have destroyed he French ships . . . but he might and would have taken them out, had your admiral supported him as he ought to have done . . . The French admiral was a fool 'imbécile'' but yours was just as bad."Harvey, p. 148Adkins, p. 278

Notes

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Basque Roads
Naval battles involving the United Kingdom
Naval battles of the Napoleonic Wars
1809 in France
Conflicts in 1809
April 1809 events