binary icosahedral group

In mathematics, the binary icosahedral group 2''I'' or Coxeter&Moser: Generators and Relations for discrete groups: : R^l = S^m = Tⁿ = RST is a certain nonabelian group of order 120.
It is an extension of the icosahedral group ''I'' or (2,3,5) of order 60 by the cyclic group of order 2, and is the preimage of the icosahedral group under the 2:1 covering homomorphism
:$\operatorname(3) \to \operatorname(3)\,$
of the special orthogonal group by the spin group. It follows that the binary icosahedral group is a discrete subgroup of Spin(3) of order 120.

It should not be confused with the full icosahedral group, which is a different group of order 120, and is rather a subgroup of the orthogonal group O(3).

In the algebra of quaternions, the binary icosahedral group is concretely realized as a discrete subgroup of the versors, which are the quaternions of norm one. For more information see Quaternions and spatial rotations.

Elements

Explicitly, the binary icosahedral group is given as the union of all even permutations of the following vectors:

* 8 even permutations of $(\pm 1, 0, 0, 0)$
* 16 even permutations of $(\pm 1/2, \pm 1/2, \pm 1/2, \pm 1/2)$
* 96 even permutations of $(0, \pm 1/2, \pm 1/2\phi, \pm \phi/2)$

Here $\phi = \frac$ is the golden ratio.

In total there are 120 elements, namely the unit icosians. They all have unit magnitude and therefore lie in the unit quaternion group Sp(1).

The 120 elements in 4-dimensional space match the 120 vertices the 600-cell, a regular 4-polytope.

Properties

Central extension

The binary icosahedral group, denoted by 2''I'', is the universal perfect central extension of the icosahedral group, and thus is quasisimple: it is a perfect central extension of a simple group.

Explicitly, it fits into the short exact sequence
:$1\to\\to 2I\to I \to 1.\,$
This sequence does not split, meaning that 2''I'' is ''not'' a semidirect product of by ''I''. In fact, there is no subgroup of 2''I'' isomorphic to ''I''.

The center of 2''I'' is the subgroup , so that the inner automorphism group is isomorphic to ''I''. The full automorphism group is isomorphic to ''S''₅ (the symmetric group on 5 letters), just as for $I\cong A_5$ - any automorphism of 2''I'' fixes the non-trivial element of the center ($-1$), hence descends to an automorphism of ''I,'' and conversely, any automorphism of ''I'' lifts to an automorphism of 2''I,'' since the lift of generators of ''I'' are generators of 2''I'' (different lifts give the same automorphism).

Superperfect

The binary icosahedral group is perfect, meaning that it is equal to its commutator subgroup. In fact, 2''I'' is the unique perfect group of order 120. It follows that 2''I'' is not solvable.

Further, the binary icosahedral group is superperfect, meaning abstractly that its first two group homology groups vanish: $H_1(2I;\mathbf)\cong H_2(2I;\mathbf)\cong 0.$ Concretely, this means that its abelianization is trivial (it has no non-trivial abelian quotients) and that its Schur multiplier is trivial (it has no non-trivial perfect central extensions). In fact, the binary icosahedral group is the smallest (non-trivial) superperfect group.

The binary icosahedral group is not acyclic, however, as H_''n''(2''I'',Z) is cyclic of order 120 for ''n'' = 4''k''+3, and trivial for ''n'' > 0 otherwise, .

Isomorphisms

Concretely, the binary icosahedral group is a subgroup of Spin(3), and covers the icosahedral group, which is a subgroup of SO(3). Abstractly, the icosahedral group is isomorphic to the symmetries of the 4- simplex, which is a subgroup of SO(4), and the binary icosahedral group is isomorphic to the double cover of this in Spin(4). Note that the symmetric group $S_5$ ''does'' have a 4-dimensional representation (its usual lowest-dimensional irreducible representation as the full symmetries of the $(n-1)$-simplex), and that the full symmetries of the 4-simplex are thus $S_5,$ not the full icosahedral group (these are two different groups of order 120).

The binary icosahedral group can be considered as the double cover of the alternating group $A_5,$ denoted $2\cdot A_5 \cong 2I;$ this isomorphism covers the isomorphism of the icosahedral group with the alternating group $A_5 \cong I,$.
Just as $I$ is a discrete subgroup of $\mathrm(3)$, $2I$ is a discrete subgroup of the double over of $\mathrm(3)$, namely $\mathrm(3) \cong \mathrm(2)$. The 2-1 homomorphism from $\mathrm(3)$ to $\mathrm(3)$ then restricts to the 2-1 homomorphism from $2I$ to $I$.

One can show that the binary icosahedral group is isomorphic to the special linear group SL(2,5) — the group of all 2×2 matrices over the finite field F₅ with unit determinant; this covers the exceptional isomorphism of $I\cong A_5$ with the projective special linear group PSL(2,5).

Note also the exceptional isomorphism $PGL(2,5) \cong S_5,$ which is a different group of order 120, with the commutative square of SL, GL, PSL, PGL being isomorphic to a commutative square of $2\cdot A_5, 2\cdot S_5, A_5, S_5,$ which are isomorphic to subgroups of the commutative square of Spin(4), Pin(4), SO(4), O(4).

Presentation

The group 2''I'' has a presentation given by
:$\langle r,s,t \mid r^2 = s^3 = t^5 = rst \rangle$
or equivalently,
:$\langle s,t \mid (st)^2 = s^3 = t^5 \rangle.$
Generators in the group of unit quaternions with these relations are given by
:$s = \tfrac(1+i+j+k) \qquad t = \tfrac(\varphi+\varphi^i+j).$

Subgroups

The only proper normal subgroup of 2''I'' is the center .

By the third isomorphism theorem, there is a Galois connection between subgroups of 2''I'' and subgroups of ''I'', where the closure operator on subgroups of 2''I'' is multiplication by .

$-1$ is the only element of order 2, hence it is contained in all subgroups of even order: thus every subgroup of 2''I'' is either of odd order or is the preimage of a subgroup of ''I''.

Besides the cyclic groups generated by the various elements (which can have odd order), the only other subgroups of 2''I'' (up to conjugation) are:$SL_2(\mathbb F_5)$ o
GroupNames
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* binary dihedral groups, Dic₅=Q20=⟨2,2,5⟩, order 20 and Dic₃=Q12=⟨2,2,3⟩ of order 12
* The quaternion group, Q8=⟨2,2,2⟩, consisting of the 8 Lipschitz units forms a subgroup of index 15, which is also the dicyclic group Dic₂; this covers the stabilizer of an edge.
* The 24 Hurwitz units form an index 5 subgroup called the binary tetrahedral group; this covers a chiral tetrahedral group. This group is self-normalizing so its conjugacy class has 5 members (this gives a map $2I \to S_5$ whose image is $A_5$).

Relation to 4-dimensional symmetry groups

The 4-dimensional analog of the icosahedral symmetry group ''I''_h is the symmetry group of the 600-cell (also that of its dual, the 120-cell). Just as the former is the Coxeter group of type ''H''₃, the latter is the Coxeter group of type ''H''₄, also denoted ,3,5 Its rotational subgroup, denoted ,3,5sup>+ is a group of order 7200 living in SO(4). SO(4) has a double cover called Spin(4) in much the same way that Spin(3) is the double cover of SO(3). Similar to the isomorphism Spin(3) = Sp(1), the group Spin(4) is isomorphic to Sp(1) × Sp(1).

The preimage of ,3,5sup>+ in Spin(4) (a four-dimensional analogue of 2''I'') is precisely the product group 2''I'' × 2''I'' of order 14400. The rotational symmetry group of the 600-cell is then
: ,3,5sup>+ = ( 2''I'' × 2''I'' ) / .

Various other 4-dimensional symmetry groups can be constructed from 2''I''. For details, see (Conway and Smith, 2003).

Applications

The coset space Spin(3) / 2''I'' = ''S''³ / 2''I'' is a spherical 3-manifold called the Poincaré homology sphere. It is an example of a homology sphere, i.e. a 3-manifold whose homology groups are identical to those of a 3-sphere. The fundamental group of the Poincaré sphere is isomorphic to the binary icosahedral group, as the Poincaré sphere is the quotient of a 3-sphere by the binary icosahedral group.

See also

* binary polyhedral group
* binary cyclic group, ⟨''n''⟩, order 2''n''
* binary dihedral group, ⟨2,2,''n''⟩, order 4''n''
*binary tetrahedral group, 2T=⟨2,3,3⟩, order 24
* binary octahedral group, 2O=⟨2,3,4⟩, order 48

References

*
* 6.5 The binary polyhedral groups, p. 68
*

Notes

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Icosahedral