Enrofloxacin (ENR) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic sold by the Bayer Corporation under the trade name Baytril. It is sold by in a generic form by Bimeda Inc. under the name EnroMed 100. Enrofloxacin is currently approved by the

FDA The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA or US FDA) is a federal agency of the Department of Health and Human Services. The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the control and supervision of food s ...

for the treatment of individual pets and domestic animals in the United States. In September 2005, the FDA withdrew approval of Baytril for use in water to treat flocks of poultry, as this practice was noted to promote the evolution of fluoroquinolone-resistant strains of the bacterium ''

Campylobacter ''Campylobacter'' (meaning "curved bacteria") is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria. ''Campylobacter'' typically appear comma- or s-shaped, and are motile. Some ''Campylobacter'' species can infect humans, sometimes causing campylobacteriosis, a d ...

'', a human pathogen. It is a

bactericidal A bactericide or bacteriocide, sometimes abbreviated Bcidal, is a substance which kills bacteria. Bactericides are disinfectants, antiseptics, or antibiotics. However, material surfaces can also have bactericidal properties based solely on their ...

agent. The bactericidal activity of enrofloxacin is concentration-dependent, with susceptible bacteria cell death occurring within 20–30 minutes of exposure. Enrofloxacin has demonstrated a significant post-antibiotic effect for both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and is active in both stationary and growth phases of bacterial replication. Enrofloxacin is partially deethylated by CYP450 into the active metabolite ciprofloxacin, which is also a fluoroquinolone antibiotic. While widely used in veterinary medicine, enrofloxacin has hallucinogenic effects that prohibit use in humans.

Activity and susceptibility data

Enrofloxacin is a synthetic antibacterial agent from the class of the fluoroquinolone carboxylic acid derivatives. It has antibacterial activity against a broad spectrum of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. It is effective against: * '' Pseudomonas aeruginosa'' * '' Klebsiella'' * '' Escherichia coli'' * '' Enterobacter'' * ''

'' * '' Shigella'' * ''

Salmonella ''Salmonella'' is a genus of rod-shaped (bacillus) Gram-negative bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The two species of ''Salmonella'' are ''Salmonella enterica'' and ''Salmonella bongori''. ''S. enterica'' is the type species and is fur ...

'' * ''

Aeromonas ''Aeromonas'' is a genus of Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that morphologically resemble members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Most of the 14 described species have been associated with human diseases. The most imp ...

'' * '' Haemophilus'' * '' Proteus'' * '' Yersinia'' * '' Serratia'' * '' Vibrio'' * '' Brucella'' * '' Chlamydia trachomatis'' * ''

Staphylococcus ''Staphylococcus'' is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria in the family Staphylococcaceae from the order Bacillales. Under the microscope, they appear spherical (cocci), and form in grape-like clusters. ''Staphylococcus'' species are facultative ...

'' (including penicillinase-producing and methicillin-resistant strains) * ''

Mycoplasma ''Mycoplasma'' is a genus of bacteria that, like the other members of the class ''Mollicutes'', lack a cell wall around their cell membranes. Peptidoglycan (murein) is absent. This characteristic makes them naturally resistant to antibiotics ...

'' * ''

Mycobacterium ''Mycobacterium'' is a genus of over 190 species in the phylum Actinomycetota, assigned its own family, Mycobacteriaceae. This genus includes pathogens known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis ('' M. tuberculosis'') and ...

'' Variable activity against: * '' Streptococcus'' Ineffective against: *

Anaerobe An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require molecular oxygen for growth. It may react negatively or even die if free oxygen is present. In contrast, an aerobic organism (aerobe) is an organism that requires an oxygenate ...

s The following data represent minimum inhibitory concentration ranges for a few medically significant bacterial pathogens: * ''Escherichia coli'' - 0.022 - 0.03 µg/ml * ''Staphylococcus aureus'' - 0.0925 - 64 µg/ml * ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'' - 0.05 µg/ml

Adverse effects/warnings

Enrofloxacin was banned for poultry use in the United States in 2005.

Overdosage/acute toxicity

It is unlikely that an acute overdose of either compound would result in symptoms more serious than either anorexia or vomiting, but the adverse effects noted above could occur. Dogs receiving 10 times the labeled dosage rate of enrofloxacin for at least 14 days developed only vomiting and anorexia. Death did occur in some dogs when fed 25 times the labeled rate for 11 days, however. * Oral : greater than 5000 mg/kg * Dermal LD₅₀: greater than 2000 mg/kg * Inhalation LD₅₀: greater than 3547 mg/m3 (4-hour exposure) * Eye effects: irritant; reversible in less than 7 days. In cats, it can produce sudden onset blindness when administered by injection, as it is retinotoxic.

Degradation

The brown rot fungus ''

Gloeophyllum The genus ''Gloeophyllum'' is characterized by the production of leathery to corky tough, brown, shaggy-topped, revivable fruitbodies lacking a stipe and with a lamellate to daedaleoid or poroid fertile hymenial surfaces. The hyphal system is di ...

striatum'' can degrade the fluoroquinolone enrofloxacin using hydroxyl radicals.

References

Acta Crystallogr. (2014). E70, o200-o201 https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536814001421

Enrofloxacinium oxalate

T. S. Yamuna, M. Kaur, B. J. Anderson, J. P. Jasinski and H. S. Yathirajan{{QuinoloneAntiBiotics Fluoroquinolone antibiotics Veterinary drugs Piperazines Cyclopropanes Carboxylic acids