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Baroque architecture is a highly decorative and theatrical style which appeared in Italy in the early 17th century and gradually spread across Europe. It was originally introduced by the
Catholic Church The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
, particularly by the
Jesuits , image = Ihs-logo.svg , image_size = 175px , caption = ChristogramOfficial seal of the Jesuits , abbreviation = SJ , nickname = Jesuits , formation = , founders = ...
, as a means to combat the
Reformation The Reformation (alternatively named the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation) was a major movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and in ...
and the
Protestant church Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that follows the theological tenets of the Protestant Reformation, a movement that began seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within in the 16th century against what its followers perceived to b ...
with a new architecture that inspired surprise and awe. It reached its peak in the High Baroque (1625–1675), when it was used in churches and palaces in Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, Bavaria and Austria. In the Late Baroque period (1675–1750), it reached as far as Russia and the
Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Can ...
and
Portuguese colonies The Portuguese Empire ( pt, Império Português), also known as the Portuguese Overseas (''Ultramar Português'') or the Portuguese Colonial Empire (''Império Colonial Português''), was composed of the overseas colonies, factories, and the l ...
in Latin America. About 1730, an even more elaborately decorative variant called
Rococo Rococo (, also ), less commonly Roccoco or Late Baroque, is an exceptionally ornamental and theatrical style of architecture, art and decoration which combines asymmetry, scrolling curves, gilding, white and pastel colours, sculpted moulding, ...
appeared and flourished in Central Europe. Baroque architects took the basic elements of
Renaissance architecture Renaissance architecture is the European architecture of the period between the early 15th and early 16th centuries in different regions, demonstrating a conscious revival and development of certain elements of Ancient Greece, ancient Greek and ...
, including domes and
colonnade In classical architecture, a colonnade is a long sequence of columns joined by their entablature, often free-standing, or part of a building. Paired or multiple pairs of columns are normally employed in a colonnade which can be straight or cur ...
s, and made them higher, grander, more decorated, and more dramatic. The interior effects were often achieved with the use of ''
quadratura Illusionistic ceiling painting, which includes the techniques of perspective ''di sotto in sù'' and ''quadratura'', is the tradition in Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo art in which ''trompe-l'œil'', perspective tools such as foreshortening, an ...
'', or ''
trompe-l'œil ''Trompe-l'œil'' ( , ; ) is an artistic term for the highly realistic optical illusion of three-dimensional space and objects on a two-dimensional surface. ''Trompe l'oeil'', which is most often associated with painting, tricks the viewer into ...
'' painting combined with sculpture; the eye is drawn upward, giving the illusion that one is looking into the heavens. Clusters of sculpted angels and painted figures crowd the ceiling. Light was also used for dramatic effect; it streamed down from
Cupola In architecture, a cupola () is a relatively small, most often dome-like, tall structure on top of a building. Often used to provide a lookout or to admit light and air, it usually crowns a larger roof or dome. The word derives, via Italian, fro ...
s, and was reflected from an abundance of gilding.
Twisted column The Solomonic column, also called Barley-sugar column, is a helical column, characterized by a spiraling twisting shaft like a corkscrew. It is not associated with a specific classical order, although most examples have Corinthian or Composite c ...
s were also often used, to give an illusion of upwards motion, and cartouches and other decorative elements occupied every available space. In Baroque palaces, grand stairways became a central element. The Early Baroque (1584–1625) was largely dominated by the work of Roman architects, notably the
Church of the Gesù , image = Church of the Gesù, Rome.jpg , imagesize = , caption = Giacomo della Porta's façade, precursor of Baroque , mapframe = yes , mapframe-caption = Click on the map for a full ...
by
Giacomo della Porta Giacomo della Porta (1532–1602) was an Italian architect and sculptor, who worked on many important buildings in Rome, including St. Peter's Basilica. He was born at Porlezza, Lombardy and died in Rome. Biography Giacomo Della Porta was ...
(consecrated 1584) facade and colonnade of
St. Peter's Basilica The Papal Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican ( it, Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano), or simply Saint Peter's Basilica ( la, Basilica Sancti Petri), is a church built in the Renaissance style located in Vatican City, the papal e ...
by
Carlo Maderno Carlo Maderno (Maderna) (1556 – 30 January 1629) was an Italian architect, born in today's Ticino, who is remembered as one of the fathers of Baroque architecture. His façades of Santa Susanna, St. Peter's Basilica and Sant'Andrea della Vall ...
(completed 1612) and the lavish Barberini Palace interiors by
Pietro da Cortona Pietro da Cortona (; 1 November 1596 or 159716 May 1669) was an Italian Baroque painter and architect. Along with his contemporaries and rivals Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Francesco Borromini, he was one of the key figures in the emergence of Roman ...
(1633–1639).
Church of the Gesù , image = Church of the Gesù, Rome.jpg , imagesize = , caption = Giacomo della Porta's façade, precursor of Baroque , mapframe = yes , mapframe-caption = Click on the map for a full ...
by
Giacomo della Porta Giacomo della Porta (1532–1602) was an Italian architect and sculptor, who worked on many important buildings in Rome, including St. Peter's Basilica. He was born at Porlezza, Lombardy and died in Rome. Biography Giacomo Della Porta was ...
(consecrated 1584), interior, and
Santa Susanna The Church of Saint Susanna at the Baths of Diocletian ( it, Chiesa di Santa Susanna alle Terme di Diocleziano) is a Roman Catholic parish church located on the Quirinal Hill in Rome, Italy. There has been a titular church associated to its site ...
(1603), by Carlo Maderno. In France, the
Luxembourg Palace The Luxembourg Palace (french: Palais du Luxembourg, ) is at 15 Rue de Vaugirard in the 6th arrondissement of Paris. It was originally built (1615–1645) to the designs of the French architect Salomon de Brosse to be the royal residence of th ...
(1615–45) built by
Salomon de Brosse Salomon de Brosse (c. 1571 – 8 December 1626) was an early 17th-century French architect who moved away from late Mannerism to reassert the French classical style and was a major influence on François Mansart. Life Salomon was born in V ...
for
Marie de Medici Marie de' Medici (french: link=no, Marie de Médicis, it, link=no, Maria de' Medici; 26 April 1575 – 3 July 1642) was Queen of France and Navarre as the second wife of King Henry IV of France of the House of Bourbon, and Regent of the Kingdom ...
was an early example of the style. The High Baroque (1625–1675) produced major works in Rome by Pietro da Cortona, including the (Church of
Santi Luca e Martina Santi Luca e Martina is a church in Rome, Italy, situated between the Roman Forum and the Forum of Caesar and close to the Arch of Septimus Severus. History The church was initially dedicated to Saint Martina, martyred in 228 AD during the reign ...
) (1635–50); by Francesco Borromini (
San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane The church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (Saint Charles at the Four Fountains), also called , is a Roman Catholic church in Rome, Italy. The church was designed by the architect Francesco Borromini and it was his first independent commission. ...
(1634–1646)); and by Gian Lorenzo Bernini (The colonnade of St. Peter's Basilica) (1656–57). In
Venice Venice ( ; it, Venezia ; vec, Venesia or ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400  ...
, High Baroque works included
Santa Maria della Salute Santa Maria della Salute ( en, Saint Mary of Health), commonly known simply as the Salute, is a Roman Catholic church and minor basilica located at Punta della Dogana in the Dorsoduro sestiere of the city of Venice, Italy. It stands on the nar ...
by
Baldassare Longhena Baldassare Longhena (1598 – 18 February 1682) was an Italian architect, who worked mainly in Venice, where he was one of the greatest exponents of Baroque architecture of the period. Biography Born in Venice, Longhena studied under the architec ...
. Examples in France included the Pavillon de l’Horloge of the Louvre Palace by
Jacques Lemercier Jacques Lemercier (c. 1585 in Pontoise – 13 January 1654 in Paris) was a French architect and engineer, one of the influential trio that included Louis Le Vau and François Mansart who formed the classicizing French Baroque manner, drawing ...
(1624–1645), the Chapel of the
Sorbonne Sorbonne may refer to: * Sorbonne (building), historic building in Paris, which housed the University of Paris and is now shared among multiple universities. *the University of Paris (c. 1150 – 1970) *one of its components or linked institution, ...
by Jacques Lemercier (1626–35) and the
Château de Maisons The Château de Maisons (now Château de Maisons-Laffitte), designed by François Mansart from 1630 to 1651, is a prime example of French baroque architecture and a reference point in the history of French architecture. The château is located in M ...
by
François Mansart François Mansart (; 23 January 1598 – 23 September 1666) was a French architect credited with introducing classicism into Baroque architecture of France. The '' Encyclopædia Britannica'' cites him as the most accomplished of 17th-century Fr ...
(1630–1651). The Late Baroque (1675–1750) saw the style spread to all parts of Europe, and to the colonies of Spain and Portugal in the New World. National styles became more varied and distinct. The Late Baroque in France, under Louis XIV, was more ordered and classical; examples included the
Hall of Mirrors The Hall of Mirrors (french: Grande Galerie, Galerie des Glaces, Galerie de Louis XIV) is a grand Baroque style gallery and one of the most emblematic rooms in the royal Palace of Versailles near Paris, France. The grandiose ensemble of the hal ...
of the Palace of Versailles and the dome of Les Invalides. An especially ornate variant, appeared in the early 18th century; it was first called
Rocaille Rocaille ( , ) was a French style of exuberant decoration, with an abundance of curves, counter-curves, undulations and elements modeled on nature, that appeared in furniture and interior decoration during the early reign of Louis XV of France. ...
in France; then
Rococo Rococo (, also ), less commonly Roccoco or Late Baroque, is an exceptionally ornamental and theatrical style of architecture, art and decoration which combines asymmetry, scrolling curves, gilding, white and pastel colours, sculpted moulding, ...
in Spain and Central Europe. The sculpted and painted decoration covered every space on the walls and ceiling. Its most celebrated architect was Balthasar Neumann, noted for the Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers and the
Würzburg Residence The Würzburg Residence (German: ''Würzburger Residenz'') is a palace in Würzburg, Germany. Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt and Maximilian von Welsch, representatives of the Austrian/South German Baroque style, were involved in the construction, ...
(1749–51).Toman (2015), pp. 190–194


History


Early Baroque (1584–1625)

File:Church of the Gesù, Rome.jpg, Facade of the
Church of the Gesù , image = Church of the Gesù, Rome.jpg , imagesize = , caption = Giacomo della Porta's façade, precursor of Baroque , mapframe = yes , mapframe-caption = Click on the map for a full ...
Rome (consecrated 1584) File:Dome of Church of the Gesù (Rome).jpg, Interior view of Dome of the
Church of the Gesù , image = Church of the Gesù, Rome.jpg , imagesize = , caption = Giacomo della Porta's façade, precursor of Baroque , mapframe = yes , mapframe-caption = Click on the map for a full ...
by
Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola ( , , ; 1 October 15077 July 1573), often simply called Vignola, was one of the great Italian architects of 16th century Mannerism. His two great masterpieces are the Villa Farnese at Caprarola and the Jesuits' Churc ...
, and
Giacomo della Porta Giacomo della Porta (1532–1602) was an Italian architect and sculptor, who worked on many important buildings in Rome, including St. Peter's Basilica. He was born at Porlezza, Lombardy and died in Rome. Biography Giacomo Della Porta was ...
File:Нясвіж Касцёл Божага Цела.JPG, Corpus Christi Church,
Grand Duchy of Lithuania The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state that existed from the 13th century to 1795, when the territory was partitioned among the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg Empire of Austria. The state was founded by Lit ...
(today
Nyasvizh Nesvizh, Niasviž ( be, Нясві́ж ; lt, Nesvyžius; pl, Nieśwież; russian: Не́свиж; yi, ניעסוויז; la, Nesvisium) is a city in Belarus. It is the administrative centre of the Nyasvizh District (''rajon'') of Minsk Region ...
,
Belarus Belarus,, , ; alternatively and formerly known as Byelorussia (from Russian ). officially the Republic of Belarus,; rus, Республика Беларусь, Respublika Belarus. is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by R ...
), 1586 and 1593 File:Église Santa Susanna Terme Diocleziano - Rome (IT62) - 2021-08-30 - 3.jpg, Facade of
Santa Susanna The Church of Saint Susanna at the Baths of Diocletian ( it, Chiesa di Santa Susanna alle Terme di Diocleziano) is a Roman Catholic parish church located on the Quirinal Hill in Rome, Italy. There has been a titular church associated to its site ...
, Rome by
Carlo Maderno Carlo Maderno (Maderna) (1556 – 30 January 1629) was an Italian architect, born in today's Ticino, who is remembered as one of the fathers of Baroque architecture. His façades of Santa Susanna, St. Peter's Basilica and Sant'Andrea della Vall ...
(1603) File:20200512 Kościół Świętych Apostołów Piotra i Pawła w Krakowie 1731 9916 DxO.jpg,
Saints Peter and Paul Church, Kraków The Church of Saints Peter and Paul ( pl, Kościół ŚŚ Piotra i Pawła) is a Roman Catholic Polish Baroque church located at 54 Grodzka Street in the Old Town district of Kraków, Poland. It was built between by Giovanni Maria Bernardoni ...
,
Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous ...
by
Giovanni Maria Bernardoni Giovanni Maria Bernardoni (1541–1605) was a Jesuit and an Italian architect who was the first to design the Baroque style in Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Michael J. Mikoś, ''Polish Baroque and Enlightenment Literature: An Ant ...
(1605–1619) File:Facade St-Gervais St-Protais.jpg, The Church of St-Gervais-et-St-Protais, the first Paris church with a façade in the new Baroque style (1616–20) File:Palais Luxembourg Sunset Edit.JPG, The
Luxembourg Palace The Luxembourg Palace (french: Palais du Luxembourg, ) is at 15 Rue de Vaugirard in the 6th arrondissement of Paris. It was originally built (1615–1645) to the designs of the French architect Salomon de Brosse to be the royal residence of th ...
by
Salomon de Brosse Salomon de Brosse (c. 1571 – 8 December 1626) was an early 17th-century French architect who moved away from late Mannerism to reassert the French classical style and was a major influence on François Mansart. Life Salomon was born in V ...
(1615–1624) File:Basilika Bom Jesus.jpeg, Basilica of Bom Jesus. A
World Heritage Site A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area with legal protection by an international convention administered by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). World Heritage Sites are designated by UNESCO for h ...
built in Baroque style and completed in 1604 AD. It has the body of
St Francis Xavier Francis Xavier (born Francisco de Jasso y Azpilicueta; Latin: ''Franciscus Xaverius''; Basque: ''Frantzisko Xabierkoa''; French: ''François Xavier''; Spanish: ''Francisco Javier''; Portuguese: ''Francisco Xavier''; 7 April 15063 December ...
.
Baroque architecture first appeared in the late 16th and early 17th century in religious architecture in Rome a means to counter the popular appeal of the
Protestant Reformation The Reformation (alternatively named the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation) was a major movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and ...
. It was a reaction against the more severe and academic earlier style of earlier churches, it aimed to inspire the common people with the effects of surprise, emotion and awe. To achieve this, it used a combination of contrast, movement, ''
trompe-l'œil ''Trompe-l'œil'' ( , ; ) is an artistic term for the highly realistic optical illusion of three-dimensional space and objects on a two-dimensional surface. ''Trompe l'oeil'', which is most often associated with painting, tricks the viewer into ...
'' and other dramatic and theatrical effects, such as ''
quadratura Illusionistic ceiling painting, which includes the techniques of perspective ''di sotto in sù'' and ''quadratura'', is the tradition in Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo art in which ''trompe-l'œil'', perspective tools such as foreshortening, an ...
'' the use of painted ceilings that gave the illusion that one was looking up directly at the sky. The new style was particularly favored by the new religious orders, including the
Theatines The Theatines officially named the Congregation of Clerics Regular ( la, Ordo Clericorum Regularium), abreviated CR, is a Catholic order of clerics regular of Pontifical Right for men founded by Archbishop Gian Pietro Carafa in Sept. 14, 1524. I ...
and the
Jesuits , image = Ihs-logo.svg , image_size = 175px , caption = ChristogramOfficial seal of the Jesuits , abbreviation = SJ , nickname = Jesuits , formation = , founders = ...
, who built new churches designed to attract and inspire a wide popular audience.


Rome

One of the first Baroque architects,
Carlo Maderno Carlo Maderno (Maderna) (1556 – 30 January 1629) was an Italian architect, born in today's Ticino, who is remembered as one of the fathers of Baroque architecture. His façades of Santa Susanna, St. Peter's Basilica and Sant'Andrea della Vall ...
, used Baroque effects of space and perspective in the new facade and colonnade of
Saint Peter's Basilica The Papal Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican ( it, Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano), or simply Saint Peter's Basilica ( la, Basilica Sancti Petri), is a church built in the Renaissance style located in Vatican City, the papal e ...
, which was designed to contrast with and complement the gigantic dome built earlier by Michelangelo. Other influential early examples in Rome included the
Church of the Gesù , image = Church of the Gesù, Rome.jpg , imagesize = , caption = Giacomo della Porta's façade, precursor of Baroque , mapframe = yes , mapframe-caption = Click on the map for a full ...
by
Giacomo della Porta Giacomo della Porta (1532–1602) was an Italian architect and sculptor, who worked on many important buildings in Rome, including St. Peter's Basilica. He was born at Porlezza, Lombardy and died in Rome. Biography Giacomo Della Porta was ...
(consecrated 1584), with the first Baroque facade and a highly ornate interior, and
Santa Susanna The Church of Saint Susanna at the Baths of Diocletian ( it, Chiesa di Santa Susanna alle Terme di Diocleziano) is a Roman Catholic parish church located on the Quirinal Hill in Rome, Italy. There has been a titular church associated to its site ...
(1603), by Carlo Maderno.


Paris

The Jesuits soon imported the style to Paris. The Church of
Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais () is a Roman Catholic parish church located in the 4th arrondissement of Paris, on Place Saint-Gervais in the Marais district, east of City Hall (Hôtel de Ville). The current church was built between 1494 and 1657, ...
in Paris (1615–1621) had the first Baroque facade in France, the first facade in France, featuring, like the Italian Baroque facades, the three superimposed classical orders. The Italian style of palaces was also imported to Paris by
Marie de Medici Marie de' Medici (french: link=no, Marie de Médicis, it, link=no, Maria de' Medici; 26 April 1575 – 3 July 1642) was Queen of France and Navarre as the second wife of King Henry IV of France of the House of Bourbon, and Regent of the Kingdom ...
for her new residence, the
Luxembourg Palace The Luxembourg Palace (french: Palais du Luxembourg, ) is at 15 Rue de Vaugirard in the 6th arrondissement of Paris. It was originally built (1615–1645) to the designs of the French architect Salomon de Brosse to be the royal residence of th ...
(1615–1624) by architect
Salomon de Brosse Salomon de Brosse (c. 1571 – 8 December 1626) was an early 17th-century French architect who moved away from late Mannerism to reassert the French classical style and was a major influence on François Mansart. Life Salomon was born in V ...
, and for a new wing of the Chateau of Blois by Francois Mansard (1635–38).
Nicolas Fouquet Nicolas Fouquet, marquis de Belle-Île, vicomte de Melun et Vaux (27 January 1615 – 23 March 1680) was the Superintendent of Finances in France from 1653 until 1661 under King Louis XIV. He had a glittering career, and acquired enormous wealth ...
, the superintendent of finances for the young King
Louis XIV , house = Bourbon , father = Louis XIII , mother = Anne of Austria , birth_date = , birth_place = Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France , death_date = , death_place = Palace of Ver ...
, chose the new style for his château at
Vaux-le-Vicomte The Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte (English: Palace of Vaux-le-Vicomte) is a Baroque French château located in Maincy, near Melun, southeast of Paris in the Seine-et-Marne department of Île-de-France. Built between 1658 and 1661 for Nicolas ...
(1612–1670) by
Louis Le Vau Louis Le Vau (1612 – 11 October 1670) was a French Baroque architect, who worked for Louis XIV of France. He was an architect that helped develop the French Classical style in the 17th Century.''Encyclopedia of World Biography''"Louis Le Vau", ...
. He was later imprisoned by the King because of the extravagant cost of the palace.


Central Europe

The first example of early Baroque in Central Europe was the Corpus Christi Church, Nesvizh in the
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and, after 1791, as the Commonwealth of Poland, was a bi-confederal state, sometimes called a federation, of Crown of the Kingdom of ...
, built by the Jesuits on the Roman model between 1586 and 1593 in
Nieśwież Nesvizh, Niasviž ( be, Нясві́ж ; lt, Nesvyžius; pl, Nieśwież; russian: Не́свиж; yi, ניעסוויז; la, Nesvisium) is a city in Belarus. It is the administrative centre of the Nyasvizh District (''rajon'') of Minsk Region ...
(after 1945 Niasvizh in Belarus). The church also holds a distinction of being the first domed basilica with a Baroque façade in the Commonwealth and Eastern Europe. Another early example in Poland is the Church of
Saints Peter and Paul Church, Kraków The Church of Saints Peter and Paul ( pl, Kościół ŚŚ Piotra i Pawła) is a Roman Catholic Polish Baroque church located at 54 Grodzka Street in the Old Town district of Kraków, Poland. It was built between by Giovanni Maria Bernardoni ...
, built between 1597 and 1619 by the Italian Jesuit architect
Giovanni Maria Bernardoni Giovanni Maria Bernardoni (1541–1605) was a Jesuit and an Italian architect who was the first to design the Baroque style in Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Michael J. Mikoś, ''Polish Baroque and Enlightenment Literature: An Ant ...
.


High Baroque (1625–1675)


Italy

File:Bernini Baldachino.jpg, Baldaquin by Bernini in the
Basilica of Saint Peter The Papal Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican ( it, Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano), or simply Saint Peter's Basilica ( la, Basilica Sancti Petri), is a church built in the Renaissance style located in Vatican City, the papal e ...
, Rome (1623–34) File:Allegory of Divine Providence and Barberini Power (Cortona) in Palazzo Barberini (Roma).jpg, Fresco on ceiling of the grand salon of Barberini Palace in Rome, by
Pietro da Cortona Pietro da Cortona (; 1 November 1596 or 159716 May 1669) was an Italian Baroque painter and architect. Along with his contemporaries and rivals Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Francesco Borromini, he was one of the key figures in the emergence of Roman ...
(1633–1639) File:Santi Luca e Martina (seen from Tabularium) - Roman Forum - Rome 2016 (2).jpg, Church of
Santi Luca e Martina Santi Luca e Martina is a church in Rome, Italy, situated between the Roman Forum and the Forum of Caesar and close to the Arch of Septimus Severus. History The church was initially dedicated to Saint Martina, martyred in 228 AD during the reign ...
, in Rome, by
Pietro da Cortona Pietro da Cortona (; 1 November 1596 or 159716 May 1669) was an Italian Baroque painter and architect. Along with his contemporaries and rivals Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Francesco Borromini, he was one of the key figures in the emergence of Roman ...
(1635–50) File:Santa Maria della Salute (Venice).jpg,
Santa Maria della Salute Santa Maria della Salute ( en, Saint Mary of Health), commonly known simply as the Salute, is a Roman Catholic church and minor basilica located at Punta della Dogana in the Dorsoduro sestiere of the city of Venice, Italy. It stands on the nar ...
by
Baldassare Longhena Baldassare Longhena (1598 – 18 February 1682) was an Italian architect, who worked mainly in Venice, where he was one of the greatest exponents of Baroque architecture of the period. Biography Born in Venice, Longhena studied under the architec ...
in Venice (1630–31).
Pope
Urban VIII Pope Urban VIII ( la, Urbanus VIII; it, Urbano VIII; baptised 5 April 1568 – 29 July 1644), born Maffeo Vincenzo Barberini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 August 1623 to his death in July 1644. As p ...
, who occupied the Papacy from 1623 to 1644, became the most influential patron of the Baroque style. After the death of
Carlo Maderno Carlo Maderno (Maderna) (1556 – 30 January 1629) was an Italian architect, born in today's Ticino, who is remembered as one of the fathers of Baroque architecture. His façades of Santa Susanna, St. Peter's Basilica and Sant'Andrea della Vall ...
in 1629, Urban named the architect and sculptor Gian Lorenzo Bernini as the chief Papal architect. Bernini created not only Baroque buildings, but also Baroque interiors, squares and fountains, transforming the center of Rome into an enormous theater. Bernini rebuilt the Church of
Santa Bibiana Santa Bibiana is a small Baroque style, Roman Catholic church in Rome devoted to Saint Bibiana. The church façade was designed and built by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, who also produced a sculpture of the saint holding the palm leaf of martyrs. Hist ...
and the Church of
San Sebastiano al Palatino San Sebastiano al Palatino is a church on the northeastern corner of the Palatine Hill in Rome. It is dedicated to Saint Sebastian, a late-third-century Christian martyr under the reign of Diocletian. According to legend, the church was built on t ...
on the Palatine Hill into Baroque landmarks, planned the Fontana del Tritone in the
Piazza Barberini Piazza Barberini is a large piazza in the ''centro storico'' or city center of Rome, Italy and situated on the Quirinal Hill. It was created in the 16th century but many of the surrounding buildings have subsequently been rebuilt. The current ...
, and created the soaring baldacchino as the centerpiece
St Peter's Basilica The Papal Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican ( it, Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano), or simply Saint Peter's Basilica ( la, Basilica Sancti Petri), is a Church (building), church built in the Renaissance architecture, Renaissanc ...
. The High Baroque spread gradually across Italy, beyond Rome. The period saw the construction of
Santa Maria della Salute Santa Maria della Salute ( en, Saint Mary of Health), commonly known simply as the Salute, is a Roman Catholic church and minor basilica located at Punta della Dogana in the Dorsoduro sestiere of the city of Venice, Italy. It stands on the nar ...
by
Baldassare Longhena Baldassare Longhena (1598 – 18 February 1682) was an Italian architect, who worked mainly in Venice, where he was one of the greatest exponents of Baroque architecture of the period. Biography Born in Venice, Longhena studied under the architec ...
in Venice (1630–31). Churches were not the only buildings to use the Baroque style. One of the finest monuments of the early Baroque is the Barberini Palace (1626–1629), the residence of the family of Urban VIII, begun by Carlo Maderno, and completed and decorated by Bernini and Francesco Borromini. The outside of the Pope's family residence, was relatively restrained, but the interiors, and especially the immense fresco on the ceiling of the salon, the '' Allegory of Divine Providence and Barberini Power'' painted by
Pietro da Cortona Pietro da Cortona (; 1 November 1596 or 159716 May 1669) was an Italian Baroque painter and architect. Along with his contemporaries and rivals Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Francesco Borromini, he was one of the key figures in the emergence of Roman ...
, are considered masterpieces of Baroque art and decoration. Curving facades and the illusion of movement were a speciality of Francesco Borromini, most notably in
San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane The church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (Saint Charles at the Four Fountains), also called , is a Roman Catholic church in Rome, Italy. The church was designed by the architect Francesco Borromini and it was his first independent commission. ...
(1634–1646), one of the landmarks of the high Baroque. Another important monument of the period was the Church of
Santi Luca e Martina Santi Luca e Martina is a church in Rome, Italy, situated between the Roman Forum and the Forum of Caesar and close to the Arch of Septimus Severus. History The church was initially dedicated to Saint Martina, martyred in 228 AD during the reign ...
in Rome by Pietro da Cortona (1635–50), in the form of a
Greek cross The Christian cross, with or without a figure of Christ included, is the main religious symbol of Christianity. A cross with a figure of Christ affixed to it is termed a ''crucifix'' and the figure is often referred to as the ''corpus'' (La ...
with an elegant dome. After the death or Urban VIII and the brief reign of his successor, the Papacy of Pope Alexander VII from 1666 until 1667 saw more construction of Baroque churches, squares and fountains in Rome by Carlo Rainaldi, Bernini and
Carlo Fontana Carlo Fontana (1634 or 1638–1714) was an Italian architect originating from today's Canton Ticino, who was in part responsible for the classicizing direction taken by Late Baroque Roman architecture. Biography There seems to be no proof tha ...
.


France

File:Pavillon Sully Louvre 2007 06 23.jpg, Pavillon de l’Horloge of the Louvre Palace by
Jacques Lemercier Jacques Lemercier (c. 1585 in Pontoise – 13 January 1654 in Paris) was a French architect and engineer, one of the influential trio that included Louis Le Vau and François Mansart who formed the classicizing French Baroque manner, drawing ...
(1624–1645) File:Chapelle Ste Ursule Sorbonne Paris 3.jpg, Chapel of the
Sorbonne Sorbonne may refer to: * Sorbonne (building), historic building in Paris, which housed the University of Paris and is now shared among multiple universities. *the University of Paris (c. 1150 – 1970) *one of its components or linked institution, ...
by
Jacques Lemercier Jacques Lemercier (c. 1585 in Pontoise – 13 January 1654 in Paris) was a French architect and engineer, one of the influential trio that included Louis Le Vau and François Mansart who formed the classicizing French Baroque manner, drawing ...
(1626–35) File:Château de Maisons-Laffitte 001.jpg,
Château de Maisons The Château de Maisons (now Château de Maisons-Laffitte), designed by François Mansart from 1630 to 1651, is a prime example of French baroque architecture and a reference point in the history of French architecture. The château is located in M ...
by
François Mansart François Mansart (; 23 January 1598 – 23 September 1666) was a French architect credited with introducing classicism into Baroque architecture of France. The '' Encyclopædia Britannica'' cites him as the most accomplished of 17th-century Fr ...
(1630–1651)
King
Louis XIII Louis XIII (; sometimes called the Just; 27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643) was King of France from 1610 until his death in 1643 and King of Navarre (as Louis II) from 1610 to 1620, when the crown of Navarre was merged with the French crown ...
had sent the architect
Jacques Lemercier Jacques Lemercier (c. 1585 in Pontoise – 13 January 1654 in Paris) was a French architect and engineer, one of the influential trio that included Louis Le Vau and François Mansart who formed the classicizing French Baroque manner, drawing ...
to Rome between 1607 and 1614 to study the new style. On his return to France, he designed the Pavillon de l’Horloge of the Louvre Palace (beginning 1626), and, more importantly, the Church of the
Sorbonne Sorbonne may refer to: * Sorbonne (building), historic building in Paris, which housed the University of Paris and is now shared among multiple universities. *the University of Paris (c. 1150 – 1970) *one of its components or linked institution, ...
, the first church dome in Paris. It was designed in 1626, and construction began in 1635. The next important French Baroque project was a much larger dome for the church of Val-de-Grace begun in 1645 by Lemercier and
François Mansart François Mansart (; 23 January 1598 – 23 September 1666) was a French architect credited with introducing classicism into Baroque architecture of France. The '' Encyclopædia Britannica'' cites him as the most accomplished of 17th-century Fr ...
, and finished in 1715. A third Baroque dome was soon added for the College of the Four Nations (now the
Institut de France The (; ) is a French learned society, grouping five , including the Académie Française. It was established in 1795 at the direction of the National Convention. Located on the Quai de Conti in the 6th arrondissement of Paris, the institute ...
). In 1661, following the death of
Cardinal Mazarin Cardinal Jules Mazarin (, also , , ; 14 July 1602 – 9 March 1661), born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino () or Mazarini, was an Italian cardinal, diplomat and politician who served as the chief minister to the Kings of France Louis XIII and Louis X ...
, the young
Louis XIV , house = Bourbon , father = Louis XIII , mother = Anne of Austria , birth_date = , birth_place = Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France , death_date = , death_place = Palace of Ver ...
took direct charge of the government. The arts were put under the direction of his controller of finance, Jean-Baptiste Colbert.
Charles Le Brun Charles Le Brun (baptised 24 February 1619 – 12 February 1690) was a French painter, physiognomist, art theorist, and a director of several art schools of his time. As court painter to Louis XIV, who declared him "the greatest French artist of ...
, director of the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture, was named Superintendent of Buildings of the King, in charge of all royal architectural projects. The Royal Academy of Architecture was founded in 1671, with the mission of making Paris, not Rome, the artistic and architectural model for the world. The first architectural project of Louis XIV was a proposed reconstruction of the facade of the east wing of the Louvre Palace. Bernini, then Europe's most famous architect, was summoned to Paris to submit a project. Beginning in 1664, Bernini proposed several Baroque variants, but in the end the King selected a design by a French architect, Charles Perrault, in a more classical variant of Baroque. This gradually became the
Louis XIV style The Louis XIV style or ''Louis Quatorze'' ( , ), also called French classicism, was the style of architecture and decorative arts intended to glorify King Louis XIV and his reign. It featured majesty, harmony and regularity. It became the officia ...
. Louis was soon engaged in an even larger project, the construction of the new Palace of Versailles. The architects chosen were
Louis Le Vau Louis Le Vau (1612 – 11 October 1670) was a French Baroque architect, who worked for Louis XIV of France. He was an architect that helped develop the French Classical style in the 17th Century.''Encyclopedia of World Biography''"Louis Le Vau", ...
and Jules Hardouin-Mansart, and the facades of the new palace were constructed around the earlier Marble Court between 1668 and 1678. The Baroque grandeur of Versailles, particularly the facade facing the garden and the
Hall of Mirrors The Hall of Mirrors (french: Grande Galerie, Galerie des Glaces, Galerie de Louis XIV) is a grand Baroque style gallery and one of the most emblematic rooms in the royal Palace of Versailles near Paris, France. The grandiose ensemble of the hal ...
by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, became models for other palaces across Europe.


Late Baroque (1675–1750)

During the period of the Late Baroque (1675–1750), the style appeared across Europe, from England and France to Central Europe and Russia, from Spain and Portugal to Scandinavia, and in the colonies of Spain and Portugal in the New World and the Philippines. It often took different names, and the regional variations became more distinct. A particularly ornate variant appeared in the early 18th century, called
Rocaille Rocaille ( , ) was a French style of exuberant decoration, with an abundance of curves, counter-curves, undulations and elements modeled on nature, that appeared in furniture and interior decoration during the early reign of Louis XV of France. ...
in France and
Rococo Rococo (, also ), less commonly Roccoco or Late Baroque, is an exceptionally ornamental and theatrical style of architecture, art and decoration which combines asymmetry, scrolling curves, gilding, white and pastel colours, sculpted moulding, ...
in Spain and Central Europe. The sculpted and painted decoration covering every space on the walls and ceiling. The most prominent architects of this style included Balthasar Neumann, noted for the Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers and the Wurzburg Residence (1749–51). These works were among the final expressions of the Rococo or the Late Baroque.


Italy

File:Mg-k Basilica Superga2.jpg, The
Basilica of Superga The Basilica of Superga () is a church in Superga, in the vicinity of Turin. History It was built from 1717 to 1731 for Victor Amadeus II of Savoy, designed by Filippo Juvarra, at the top of the hill of Superga. This fulfilled a vow the duke ...
near
Turin Turin ( , Piedmontese language, Piedmontese: ; it, Torino ) is a city and an important business and cultural centre in Northern Italy. It is the capital city of Piedmont and of the Metropolitan City of Turin, and was the first Italian capital ...
by
Filippo Juvarra Filippo is an Italian language, Italian male given name, which is the equivalent of the English language, English name Philip (name), Philip, from the Greek language, Greek ''Philippos'', meaning "amante dei cavalli".''Behind the Name''"Given Name ...
(1717–1731) File:Basilica di Superga (Turin) - Interior.jpg, Interior of the Basilica of Superga by Filippo Juvarra File:Museo del Risorgimento italiano.JPG, The
Palazzo Carignano Palazzo Carignano is a historical building in the centre of Turin, Italy, which houses the Museum of the Risorgimento. It was a private residence of the Princes of Carignano, after whom it is named. Its rounded façade is different from other f ...
, now the Museum of the Italian Renaissance, Turin
By the early 18th century, Baroque buildings could be found in all parts of Italy, often with regional variations. Notable examples included the
Basilica of Superga The Basilica of Superga () is a church in Superga, in the vicinity of Turin. History It was built from 1717 to 1731 for Victor Amadeus II of Savoy, designed by Filippo Juvarra, at the top of the hill of Superga. This fulfilled a vow the duke ...
, overlooking
Turin Turin ( , Piedmontese language, Piedmontese: ; it, Torino ) is a city and an important business and cultural centre in Northern Italy. It is the capital city of Piedmont and of the Metropolitan City of Turin, and was the first Italian capital ...
, by
Filippo Juvarra Filippo is an Italian language, Italian male given name, which is the equivalent of the English language, English name Philip (name), Philip, from the Greek language, Greek ''Philippos'', meaning "amante dei cavalli".''Behind the Name''"Given Name ...
(1717–1731), which was later used as model for the
Panthéon The Panthéon (, from the Classical Greek word , , ' empleto all the gods') is a monument in the 5th arrondissement of Paris, France. It stands in the Latin Quarter, atop the , in the centre of the , which was named after it. The edifice was b ...
in Paris. The Stupinigi Palace (1729–31) was a hunting lodge and one of the Residences of the Royal House of Savoy near Turin. It was also built
Filippo Juvarra Filippo is an Italian language, Italian male given name, which is the equivalent of the English language, English name Philip (name), Philip, from the Greek language, Greek ''Philippos'', meaning "amante dei cavalli".''Behind the Name''"Given Name ...
.


France

File:Chateau Versailles Galerie des Glaces.jpg,
Hall of Mirrors The Hall of Mirrors (french: Grande Galerie, Galerie des Glaces, Galerie de Louis XIV) is a grand Baroque style gallery and one of the most emblematic rooms in the royal Palace of Versailles near Paris, France. The grandiose ensemble of the hal ...
in the Palace of Versailles by Jules Hardouin-Mansart (begun 1678–1686) File:Cathédrale Saint-Louis-des-Invalides, 140309 2.jpg, Chapel of Les Invalides, Jules Hardouin-Mansart (completed 1708) File:Versailles Chapel - July 2006 edit.jpg, Chapel of the Palace of Versailles begun by Jules Hardouin-Mansart (1699 to 1710) File:Salon de la princesse hotel de soubise.jpg, Salon of the
Hôtel de Soubise The Hôtel de Soubise () is a city mansion '' entre cour et jardin'' (), located at 60 rue des Francs-Bourgeois, in the 3rd arrondissement of Paris. History The Hôtel de Soubise was built for the Prince and Princess de Soubise on the sit ...
in Paris (1735–40) by
Germain Boffrand Germain Boffrand () (16 May 1667 – 19 March 1754) was a French architect. A pupil of Jules Hardouin-Mansart, Germain Boffrand was one of the main creators of the precursor to Rococo called the '' style Régence'', and in his interiors, of the ...
The Late Baroque period in France saw the evolving decoration of the Palace of Versailles, including the
Hall of Mirrors The Hall of Mirrors (french: Grande Galerie, Galerie des Glaces, Galerie de Louis XIV) is a grand Baroque style gallery and one of the most emblematic rooms in the royal Palace of Versailles near Paris, France. The grandiose ensemble of the hal ...
and the
Chapel A chapel is a Christian place of prayer and worship that is usually relatively small. The term has several meanings. Firstly, smaller spaces inside a church that have their own altar are often called chapels; the Lady chapel is a common ty ...
. Later in the period, during the reign of
Louis XV Louis XV (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774), known as Louis the Beloved (french: le Bien-Aimé), was King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774. He succeeded his great-grandfather Louis XIV at the age of five. Until he reache ...
, a new, more ornate variant, the
Rocaille Rocaille ( , ) was a French style of exuberant decoration, with an abundance of curves, counter-curves, undulations and elements modeled on nature, that appeared in furniture and interior decoration during the early reign of Louis XV of France. ...
style, or French Rococo, appeared in Paris and flourished between about 1723 and 1759. The most prominent example was the salon of the Princess in
Hôtel de Soubise The Hôtel de Soubise () is a city mansion '' entre cour et jardin'' (), located at 60 rue des Francs-Bourgeois, in the 3rd arrondissement of Paris. History The Hôtel de Soubise was built for the Prince and Princess de Soubise on the sit ...
in Paris, designed by
Germain Boffrand Germain Boffrand () (16 May 1667 – 19 March 1754) was a French architect. A pupil of Jules Hardouin-Mansart, Germain Boffrand was one of the main creators of the precursor to Rococo called the '' style Régence'', and in his interiors, of the ...
and Charles-Joseph Natoire (1735–40).


England

Christopher Wren Sir Christopher Wren PRS FRS (; – ) was one of the most highly acclaimed English architects in history, as well as an anatomist, astronomer, geometer, and mathematician-physicist. He was accorded responsibility for rebuilding 52 churches ...
was the leading figure of the late Baroque in England, with his reconstruction of St. Paul's Cathedral (1675–1711) inspired by the model of
St. Peter's Basilica The Papal Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican ( it, Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano), or simply Saint Peter's Basilica ( la, Basilica Sancti Petri), is a church built in the Renaissance style located in Vatican City, the papal e ...
in Rome, his plan for Greenwich Hospital (begun 1695), and Hampton Court Palace (1690–96). Other British figures of the late Baroque included Inigo Jones for
Wilton House Wilton House is an English country house at Wilton near Salisbury in Wiltshire, which has been the country seat of the Earls of Pembroke for over 400 years. It was built on the site of the medieval Wilton Abbey. Following the dissolution ...
(1632–1647 and two pupils of Wren, John Vanbrugh and
Nicholas Hawksmoor Nicholas Hawksmoor (probably 1661 – 25 March 1736) was an English architect. He was a leading figure of the English Baroque style of architecture in the late-seventeenth and early-eighteenth centuries. Hawksmoor worked alongside the principa ...
, for
Castle Howard Castle Howard is a stately home in North Yorkshire, England, within the civil parish of Henderskelfe, located north of York. It is a private residence and has been the home of the Carlisle branch of the Howard family for more than 300 years ...
(1699–1712) and Blenheim Palace (1705–1724). File:St Paul's Cathedral, London, UK.jpg, West facade of Saint Paul's Cathedral by
Christopher Wren Sir Christopher Wren PRS FRS (; – ) was one of the most highly acclaimed English architects in history, as well as an anatomist, astronomer, geometer, and mathematician-physicist. He was accorded responsibility for rebuilding 52 churches ...
(1675–1702) File:Greenwich Hospital from Thames.jpg, Greenwich Hospital by Sir
Christopher Wren Sir Christopher Wren PRS FRS (; – ) was one of the most highly acclaimed English architects in history, as well as an anatomist, astronomer, geometer, and mathematician-physicist. He was accorded responsibility for rebuilding 52 churches ...
(1694) File:Castle Howard and garden.jpg,
Castle Howard Castle Howard is a stately home in North Yorkshire, England, within the civil parish of Henderskelfe, located north of York. It is a private residence and has been the home of the Carlisle branch of the Howard family for more than 300 years ...
, North Yorkshire by John Vanbrugh and
Nicholas Hawksmoor Nicholas Hawksmoor (probably 1661 – 25 March 1736) was an English architect. He was a leading figure of the English Baroque style of architecture in the late-seventeenth and early-eighteenth centuries. Hawksmoor worked alongside the principa ...
(1699–1712) File:Blenheim Palace cropped.jpg, Blenheim Palace by John Vanbrugh and
Nicholas Hawksmoor Nicholas Hawksmoor (probably 1661 – 25 March 1736) was an English architect. He was a leading figure of the English Baroque style of architecture in the late-seventeenth and early-eighteenth centuries. Hawksmoor worked alongside the principa ...


Central Europe

Many of the most extraordinary buildings of the Late Baroque were constructed in Austria, Germany, and Czechia. In Austria, the leading figure was
Fischer von Erlach Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach (20 July 1656 – 5 April 1723) was an Austrian architect, sculptor, engraver, and architectural historian whose Baroque architecture profoundly influenced and shaped the tastes of the Habsburg Empire. His infl ...
, who built the
Karlskirche The ''Rektoratskirche St. Karl Borromäus'', commonly called the ''Karlskirche'' (), is a Baroque church located on the south side of Karlsplatz in Vienna, Austria. Widely considered the most outstanding baroque church in Vienna, as well as one ...
, the largest church of
Vienna en, Viennese , iso_code = AT-9 , registration_plate = W , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = , timezone = CET , utc_offset = +1 , timezone_DST ...
, to glorify the Austrian Emperors. These works sometimes borrowed elements from Versailles combined with elements of the Italian Baroque to create grandiose new effects, as in the
Schwarzenberg Palace Palais Schwarzenberg is a Baroque palace in front of Schwarzenbergplatz, Landstraße, the 3rd district of Vienna, Austria. It is owned by the princely Schwarzenberg family. Construction started in 1697 under the architect Johann Lucas von Hild ...
(1715). Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt used grand stairways and ellipses to achieve his effects at the upper and lower
Belvedere Palace The Belvedere is a historic building complex in Vienna, Austria, consisting of two Baroque palaces (the Upper and Lower Belvedere), the Orangery, and the Palace Stables. The buildings are set in a Baroque park landscape in the third district o ...
in Vienna (1714–1722). In The
Abbey of Melk Melk Abbey (german: Stift Melk) is a Benedictine abbey above the town of Melk, Lower Austria, Austria, on a rocky outcrop overlooking the Danube river, adjoining the Wachau valley. The abbey contains the tomb of Saint Coloman of Stockerau and the ...
,
Jakob Prandtauer Jakob Prandtauer (baptized in Stanz bei Landeck (Tyrol) on 16 July 1660; died in Sankt Pölten on 16 September 1726) was an Austrian Baroque architect. Trained as a stonemason rather than as an architect, he designed and supervised the constru ...
used an abundance of polychrome marble and stucco, statuary and ceiling paintings to achieve harmonious and highly theatrical effects. Another important figure of German Baroque was Balthasar Neumann (1687–1753), whose works included the
Würzburg Residence The Würzburg Residence (German: ''Würzburger Residenz'') is a palace in Würzburg, Germany. Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt and Maximilian von Welsch, representatives of the Austrian/South German Baroque style, were involved in the construction, ...
for the Prince-Bishops at Würzburg, with its famous staircase. In
Bohemia Bohemia ( ; cs, Čechy ; ; hsb, Čěska; szl, Czechy) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech Republic. Bohemia can also refer to a wider area consisting of the historical Lands of the Bohemian Crown ruled by the Bohem ...
, the leading Baroque architect was
Christoph Dientzenhofer Christoph Dientzenhofer ( cs, Kryštof Dientzenhofer) (born 7 July 1655 in St. Margarethen near Brannenburg, Landkreis Rosenheim - 20 June 1722 in Prague)Prague Prague ( ; cs, Praha ; german: Prag, ; la, Praga) is the capital and largest city in the Czech Republic, and the historical capital of Bohemia. On the Vltava river, Prague is home to about 1.3 million people. The city has a temperate ...
, like Vienna, a capital of the late Baroque. File:Stift Melk church dsc01494.jpg, Interior of the church of the
Abbey of Melk Melk Abbey (german: Stift Melk) is a Benedictine abbey above the town of Melk, Lower Austria, Austria, on a rocky outcrop overlooking the Danube river, adjoining the Wachau valley. The abbey contains the tomb of Saint Coloman of Stockerau and the ...
by
Jakob Prandtauer Jakob Prandtauer (baptized in Stanz bei Landeck (Tyrol) on 16 July 1660; died in Sankt Pölten on 16 September 1726) was an Austrian Baroque architect. Trained as a stonemason rather than as an architect, he designed and supervised the constru ...
(1702–1736) File:Clementinum library2.jpg, Library of the
Clementinum The Clementinum (''Klementinum'' in Czech) is a historic complex of buildings in Prague. Until recently the complex hosted the National, University and Technical libraries; the City Library was also nearby on Mariánské Náměstí. In 2009, th ...
, the Jesuit university in
Prague Prague ( ; cs, Praha ; german: Prag, ; la, Praga) is the capital and largest city in the Czech Republic, and the historical capital of Bohemia. On the Vltava river, Prague is home to about 1.3 million people. The city has a temperate ...
(1722) File:Karlskirche Abendsonne 3.JPG,
Karlskirche The ''Rektoratskirche St. Karl Borromäus'', commonly called the ''Karlskirche'' (), is a Baroque church located on the south side of Karlsplatz in Vienna, Austria. Widely considered the most outstanding baroque church in Vienna, as well as one ...
, Vienna by
Fischer von Erlach Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach (20 July 1656 – 5 April 1723) was an Austrian architect, sculptor, engraver, and architectural historian whose Baroque architecture profoundly influenced and shaped the tastes of the Habsburg Empire. His infl ...
(consecrated 1737) File:Kaisersaal Würzburg.jpg, Kaisersaal of
Würzburg Residence The Würzburg Residence (German: ''Würzburger Residenz'') is a palace in Würzburg, Germany. Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt and Maximilian von Welsch, representatives of the Austrian/South German Baroque style, were involved in the construction, ...
by Balthasar Neumann (1749–51) File:Vierzehnheiligen-Basilika3-Asio.JPG, Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers by Balthasar Neumann (1743–1772) File:Grassalkovich-kastély (7051. számú műemlék) 6.jpg,
Royal Palace of Gödöllő The Royal Palace of Gödöllő (german: Schloss Gödöllő, hu, Gödöllői Királyi Kastély) or Grassalkovich Castle is an imperial and royal Hungarian palace located in the municipality of Gödöllő in Pest county, central Hungary. It is ...
(Hungary) by András Mayerhoffer (1730s–1785)


Spain

Political and economic crises in the 17th century largely delayed the arrival of the Baroque in Span until the late period, though the Jesuits strongly promoted it. Its early characteristics were a lavish exterior contrasting with a relatively simple interior and multiple spaces. They carefully planned lighting in the interior to give an impression of mystery. Early 18th century,Cabanne (1988) pp. 49–51 Notable Spanish examples included the new west facade of
Santiago de Compostela Cathedral The Santiago de Compostela Archcathedral Basilica ( Spanish and Galician: ) is part of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela and is an integral component of the Santiago de Compostela World Heritage Site in Galicia, Spain. The ...
, (1738–50), with its spectacular towers, by
Fernando de Casas Novoa Fernando de Casas Novoa was a Spanish architect. He was the chief representative of Baroque architecture in Galicia. In 1711 he succeeded his teacher, Brother Gabriel Casas, head of the works of the cloister of the cathedral of Lugo, completed ...
. In
Seville Seville (; es, Sevilla, ) is the capital and largest city of the Spanish autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville. It is situated on the lower reaches of the River Guadalquivir, in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula ...
,
Leonardo de Figueroa Leonardo de Figueroa (c. 1650, Utiel – 1730, Seville) was a Spanish architect active in Seville. Works In Seville Seville (; es, Sevilla, ) is the capital and largest city of the Spanish autonomous community of Andalusia and the pr ...
was the creator of the College of
San Telmo San Telmo ("Saint Pedro González Telmo") is the oldest ''barrio'' (neighborhood) of Buenos Aires, Argentina. It is a well-preserved area of the Argentine metropolis and is characterized by its colonial buildings. Cafes, tango parlors and antiqu ...
, with a facade inspired by Italian Baroque. The most ornate works of the Spanish Baroque were made by Jose Benito de Churriguera in Madrid and Salamanca. In his work, the buildings are nearly overwhelmed by the ornament of gilded wood, gigantic twisting columns, and sculpted vegetation. His two brothers, Joaquin and Alberto, also made important, if less ornamented, contributions to what became known simply as the
Churrigueresque Churrigueresque (; Spanish: ''Churrigueresco''), also but less commonly "Ultra Baroque", refers to a Spanish Baroque style of elaborate sculptural architectural ornament which emerged as a manner of stucco decoration in Spain in the late 17th ...
style. File:Catedral de Santiago de Compostela agosto 2018 (cropped).jpg, Late Baroque facade,
Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela The Santiago de Compostela Archcathedral Basilica (Spanish and Galician: ) is part of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela and is an integral component of the Santiago de Compostela World Heritage Site in Galicia, Spain. The c ...
(1738–1750) File:Palacio de San Telmo. Portada (1722-34).jpg,
Palacio de San Telmo The Palace of San Telmo ( es, Palacio de San Telmo) is a historical edifice in Seville, southern Spain, formerly the ''Universidad de Mareantes'' (a university for navigators), now is the seat of the presidency of the Andalusian Autonomous Governm ...
in
Seville Seville (; es, Sevilla, ) is the capital and largest city of the Spanish autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville. It is situated on the lower reaches of the River Guadalquivir, in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula ...
by
Leonardo de Figueroa Leonardo de Figueroa (c. 1650, Utiel – 1730, Seville) was a Spanish architect active in Seville. Works In Seville Seville (; es, Sevilla, ) is the capital and largest city of the Spanish autonomous community of Andalusia and the pr ...
(1682–1895) File:Retablo principal de la Capilla del Sagrario (Catedral de Segovia).jpg, Retable in the Sagrario Chapel of
Segovia Cathedral Segovia Cathedral is the Gothic-style Roman Catholic cathedral located in the main square ( Plaza Mayor) of the city of Segovia, in the community of Castile-Leon, Spain. The church, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, was built in the Flamboyant Go ...
(1686) by Jose Benito de Churriguera, the earliest architect of the
Churrigueresque Churrigueresque (; Spanish: ''Churrigueresco''), also but less commonly "Ultra Baroque", refers to a Spanish Baroque style of elaborate sculptural architectural ornament which emerged as a manner of stucco decoration in Spain in the late 17th ...
style


Latin America and North America

The Baroque style was imported into Latin America in the 17th century by the Spanish and the Portuguese, particularly by the Jesuits for the construction of churches. The style was sometimes called
Churrigueresque Churrigueresque (; Spanish: ''Churrigueresco''), also but less commonly "Ultra Baroque", refers to a Spanish Baroque style of elaborate sculptural architectural ornament which emerged as a manner of stucco decoration in Spain in the late 17th ...
, after the family of Baroque architects in
Salamanca Salamanca () is a city in western Spain and is the capital of the Province of Salamanca in the autonomous community of Castile and León. The city lies on several rolling hills by the Tormes River. Its Old City was declared a UNESCO World Herit ...
. A particularly fine example is Zacatecas Cathedral in Zacatecas City, in north-central Mexico, with its lavishly sculpted facade and twin bell towers. Another important example is San Cristobal de las Casas in Mexico. A notable example in Brazil is the Monastery of Sao Bento in Rio de Janeiro. begun in 1617, with additional decoration after 1668. The Metropolitan Tabernacle the Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral, to the right of the main cathedral, built by Lorenzo Rodríguez between 1749 and 1760, to house the archives and vestments of the archbishop, and to receive visitors. Portuguese colonial architecture was modeled after the architecture of Lisbon, different from the Spanish style. The most notable architect in Brazil was Aleijadinho, who was native of Brazil, half-Portuguese, and self-taught. His most famous work is the Church of Saint Francis of Assisi in Ouro Preto. File:SFrancisOuroPreto-CCBY.jpg, Church of Saint Francis of Assisi (Ouro Preto), Church of Saint Francis of Assisi in Ouro Preto, Brazil, built between 1765 and 1775, by Brazilian Aleijadinho File:Zocalo cathedral.jpg, Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral, Mexico City, built between 1571 and 1813, by several architects File:Catedral zacatecas.jpg, Cathedral Basilica of Zacatecas in Mexico, built between 1729 and 1772, an example of the
Churrigueresque Churrigueresque (; Spanish: ''Churrigueresco''), also but less commonly "Ultra Baroque", refers to a Spanish Baroque style of elaborate sculptural architectural ornament which emerged as a manner of stucco decoration in Spain in the late 17th ...
style File:Cathedral (3209489947).jpg, Havana Cathedral, Cuba, built between 1748 and 1777 File:Iglesia de El Sagrario, Quito, Ecuador, 2015-07-22, DD 103.JPG, High altar of the Iglesia de El Sagrario, Quito, church built between 1617 and 1747 by Spaniard José Jaime Ortiz. It is a World Heritage Site by UNESCO File:Iglesia de San Francisco, Quito, Ecuador, 2015-07-22, DD 152.JPG, Complete facade of the Iglesia y Convento de San Francisco, Quito, built between 1550 and 1680 File:Iglesia de la Compañía de Jesús, Plaza de Armas, Cusco, Perú, 2015-07-31, DD 51.JPG, Iglesia de la Compañía de Jesús, Cusco, Peru, built between 1576 and 1668, by Jean-Baptiste Gilles and Diego Martínez de Oviedo. File:Iglesia de San Francisco, Lima, Perú, 2015-07-28, DD 70.jpg, Panorama of the facade of the Basilica and Convent of San Francisco, Lima, built between 1657 and 1672 by the Portuguese Constantino de Vasconcellos and the Liman Manuel Escobar, is a World Heritage City by UNESCO File:Mission_Concepcion_San_Antonio.JPG, Mission Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de Acuña in Texas, built between 1711 and 1731 File:Mission_San_Jose_y_San_Miguel_de_Aguayo,_one_of_four_Spanish_missions_in_San_Antonio,_Texas_LCCN2014631965.tif, Mission San José y San Miguel de Aguayo in San Antonio, built between 1760 and 1782.


Characteristics

File:Borromini's coat of arms of Urban VIII in Bernini's Palazzo Barberini by Filippo Juvarra (1711).jpg, Decorative Cartouche (design), cartouche designed for the Palazzo Barberini by
Filippo Juvarra Filippo is an Italian language, Italian male given name, which is the equivalent of the English language, English name Philip (name), Philip, from the Greek language, Greek ''Philippos'', meaning "amante dei cavalli".''Behind the Name''"Given Name ...
(1711) File:Annibale Carracci, Farnese Ceiling (South Side).png, Ceiling of the Farnese Gallery by Annibale Carracci (1597–1704) Image:Fresco with Trompe l'oeuil - Andrea Pozzo -Jesuit Church Vienna.jpg, Illusionistic ceiling painting, Illusionistic painting on the ceiling of the Jesuitenkirche, Vienna, Jesuit church in Vienna by Andrea Pozzo (1703) TreppenhausResidenzWürzburgL1050248 (2).jpg, Grand staircase of the
Würzburg Residence The Würzburg Residence (German: ''Würzburger Residenz'') is a palace in Würzburg, Germany. Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt and Maximilian von Welsch, representatives of the Austrian/South German Baroque style, were involved in the construction, ...
(1720–1780) File:Chiesa del Gesù September 2015-7a.jpg, ''Trompe-l'œil'' effect on the ceiling of the Church of the Gesu, Rome, by Giovanni Battista Gaulli (completed 1679) File:Kasteel van Vaux-le-Vicomte - Maincy 06.jpg, Baroque garden at
Vaux-le-Vicomte The Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte (English: Palace of Vaux-le-Vicomte) is a Baroque French château located in Maincy, near Melun, southeast of Paris in the Seine-et-Marne department of Île-de-France. Built between 1658 and 1661 for Nicolas ...
. The parterre, designed to be viewed from above from the Chateau windows and terrace, was an extension of the interior architecture and design
Baroque architecture often used visual and theatrical effects, designed to surprise and awe the viewer: * domes were a common feature. Their interiors were often painted with a sky filled with angels and sculpted sunbeams, suggesting glory or a vision of heaven. Pear-shaped domes were sometimes used in the Bavarian, Czech Baroque architecture, Czech, Baroque in Poland, Polish and Ukrainian Baroque *
quadratura Illusionistic ceiling painting, which includes the techniques of perspective ''di sotto in sù'' and ''quadratura'', is the tradition in Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo art in which ''trompe-l'œil'', perspective tools such as foreshortening, an ...
. Paintings in ''
trompe-l'œil ''Trompe-l'œil'' ( , ; ) is an artistic term for the highly realistic optical illusion of three-dimensional space and objects on a two-dimensional surface. ''Trompe l'oeil'', which is most often associated with painting, tricks the viewer into ...
'' of angels and saints in the dome and on the ceiling, combined with stucco frames or decoration, which give the illusion of three dimensions, and of looking through the ceiling to the heavens. Sometimes painted or sculpted figures of Atlas (mythology), Atlantes appear to be holding up the ceiling. In some Baroque churches, illusionistic ceiling painting gave the illusion of three dimensions. * grand stairways. Stairways often occupied a central place and were used for dramatic effect. winding upwards in stages, giving changing views from different levels, serving as a setting for ceremonies.Ducher (1988), p. 102 * Cartouche (design), cartouche in elaborate forms and sculpted frames break up the surfaces and add three-dimensional effects to the walls. * mirrors to give the impression of depth and greater space, particularly when combined with windows, as in the
Hall of Mirrors The Hall of Mirrors (french: Grande Galerie, Galerie des Glaces, Galerie de Louis XIV) is a grand Baroque style gallery and one of the most emblematic rooms in the royal Palace of Versailles near Paris, France. The grandiose ensemble of the hal ...
at the Palace of Versailles. * incomplete architectural elements, such as frontons with sections missing, causing sections to merge and disorienting the eye. * chiaroscuro. Use of strong contrasts of darkness and light for dramatic effect. * overhead sculpture. Putto, Putti or figures on or just below the ceiling, made of wood (often gilded), plaster or stucco, marble or faux finishing, giving the impression of floating in the air. * Solomonic columns, which gave an illusion of motion. * elliptical or oval spaces, eliminating right angles. Sometimes an oval nave was surrounded by radiating circular chapels. This was a distinctive feature of the Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers of Balthasar Neumann.


Plans

File:LucaMartina.jpg, Cruciform plan of a high Baroque Church,
Santi Luca e Martina Santi Luca e Martina is a church in Rome, Italy, situated between the Roman Forum and the Forum of Caesar and close to the Arch of Septimus Severus. History The church was initially dedicated to Saint Martina, martyred in 228 AD during the reign ...
in Rome by
Pietro da Cortona Pietro da Cortona (; 1 November 1596 or 159716 May 1669) was an Italian Baroque painter and architect. Along with his contemporaries and rivals Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Francesco Borromini, he was one of the key figures in the emergence of Roman ...
(1639–1669) File:Floor Map Sant'Andrea al Quirinale, Rome.svg, Floor plan of Sant'Andrea al Quirinale by Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1658–1661) showing the entrance (below), altar (top) and radiating chapels File:VierzehnheiligenPlan.jpg, Plan of the Late Baroque Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers by Balthasar Neumann, constructed between 1743 and 1772. The altar is in an oval in the center.


Major Baroque architects and works, by country


Italy

*
Carlo Maderno Carlo Maderno (Maderna) (1556 – 30 January 1629) was an Italian architect, born in today's Ticino, who is remembered as one of the fathers of Baroque architecture. His façades of Santa Susanna, St. Peter's Basilica and Sant'Andrea della Vall ...
Santa Susanna The Church of Saint Susanna at the Baths of Diocletian ( it, Chiesa di Santa Susanna alle Terme di Diocleziano) is a Roman Catholic parish church located on the Quirinal Hill in Rome, Italy. There has been a titular church associated to its site ...
(1595–603);
St. Peter's Basilica The Papal Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican ( it, Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano), or simply Saint Peter's Basilica ( la, Basilica Sancti Petri), is a church built in the Renaissance style located in Vatican City, the papal e ...
and Sant'Andrea della Valle, Rome *
Pietro da Cortona Pietro da Cortona (; 1 November 1596 or 159716 May 1669) was an Italian Baroque painter and architect. Along with his contemporaries and rivals Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Francesco Borromini, he was one of the key figures in the emergence of Roman ...
– Santa Maria della Pace (1656–68),
Santi Luca e Martina Santi Luca e Martina is a church in Rome, Italy, situated between the Roman Forum and the Forum of Caesar and close to the Arch of Septimus Severus. History The church was initially dedicated to Saint Martina, martyred in 228 AD during the reign ...
, Rome * Gian Lorenzo Bernini – Saint Peter's Square, Palazzo Barberini, Sant'Andrea al Quirinale, Rome * Francesco Borromini
San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane The church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (Saint Charles at the Four Fountains), also called , is a Roman Catholic church in Rome, Italy. The church was designed by the architect Francesco Borromini and it was his first independent commission. ...
, Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza, Rome *
Carlo Fontana Carlo Fontana (1634 or 1638–1714) was an Italian architect originating from today's Canton Ticino, who was in part responsible for the classicizing direction taken by Late Baroque Roman architecture. Biography There seems to be no proof tha ...
– San Marcello al Corso (1692–1697) * Francesco de Sanctis (architect), Francesco de Sanctis – Spanish Steps (1723) * Luigi Vanvitelli – Caserta Palace (begun 1752) * Guarino Guarini –
Palazzo Carignano Palazzo Carignano is a historical building in the centre of Turin, Italy, which houses the Museum of the Risorgimento. It was a private residence of the Princes of Carignano, after whom it is named. Its rounded façade is different from other f ...
in Turin (1679), Chapel of the Holy Shroud, Turin *
Filippo Juvarra Filippo is an Italian language, Italian male given name, which is the equivalent of the English language, English name Philip (name), Philip, from the Greek language, Greek ''Philippos'', meaning "amante dei cavalli".''Behind the Name''"Given Name ...
Basilica of Superga The Basilica of Superga () is a church in Superga, in the vicinity of Turin. History It was built from 1717 to 1731 for Victor Amadeus II of Savoy, designed by Filippo Juvarra, at the top of the hill of Superga. This fulfilled a vow the duke ...
, Turin (1717–31)


France

*
Salomon de Brosse Salomon de Brosse (c. 1571 – 8 December 1626) was an early 17th-century French architect who moved away from late Mannerism to reassert the French classical style and was a major influence on François Mansart. Life Salomon was born in V ...
Luxembourg Palace The Luxembourg Palace (french: Palais du Luxembourg, ) is at 15 Rue de Vaugirard in the 6th arrondissement of Paris. It was originally built (1615–1645) to the designs of the French architect Salomon de Brosse to be the royal residence of th ...
(1615–1645) *
Louis Le Vau Louis Le Vau (1612 – 11 October 1670) was a French Baroque architect, who worked for Louis XIV of France. He was an architect that helped develop the French Classical style in the 17th Century.''Encyclopedia of World Biography''"Louis Le Vau", ...
– (
Vaux-le-Vicomte The Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte (English: Palace of Vaux-le-Vicomte) is a Baroque French château located in Maincy, near Melun, southeast of Paris in the Seine-et-Marne department of Île-de-France. Built between 1658 and 1661 for Nicolas ...
) (1658–1661), Collège des Quatre-Nations (1662–1688), Cour Carrée of the Louvre Palace (1668–1680) * Jules Hardouin-Mansart – domed chapel of Les Invalides (finished 1708); Garden facade and began
Hall of Mirrors The Hall of Mirrors (french: Grande Galerie, Galerie des Glaces, Galerie de Louis XIV) is a grand Baroque style gallery and one of the most emblematic rooms in the royal Palace of Versailles near Paris, France. The grandiose ensemble of the hal ...
of Palace of Versailles * Robert de Cotte – Chapels of Versailles, Chapel of Palace of Versailles (1643–1715), Grand Trianon (1643–1715)


England

*
Christopher Wren Sir Christopher Wren PRS FRS (; – ) was one of the most highly acclaimed English architects in history, as well as an anatomist, astronomer, geometer, and mathematician-physicist. He was accorded responsibility for rebuilding 52 churches ...
St. Paul's Cathedral (1675–1711), Hampton Court Palace (1690–1696), Greenwich Hospital (begun 1695) *
Nicholas Hawksmoor Nicholas Hawksmoor (probably 1661 – 25 March 1736) was an English architect. He was a leading figure of the English Baroque style of architecture in the late-seventeenth and early-eighteenth centuries. Hawksmoor worked alongside the principa ...
and John Vanbrugh
Castle Howard Castle Howard is a stately home in North Yorkshire, England, within the civil parish of Henderskelfe, located north of York. It is a private residence and has been the home of the Carlisle branch of the Howard family for more than 300 years ...
(1699–1712); Blenheim Palace (1705–1724) * James Gibbs – Radcliffe Camera, Oxford (1739–49)


The Netherlands

* Jacob Van Campen – Royal Palace of Amsterdam (then city hall) (begun 1648), Noordeinde Palace (1640) and Mauritshuis (1641) * Lieven de Key – City Hall (Haarlem) (1620) * Pieter Post – Huis ten Bosch (1645–1652) and Maastricht City Hall (1686) * Maurits Post – Soestdijk Palace (1650) * Daniël Stalpaert – Het Scheepvaartmuseum (1655–1656} * Daniel Marot – Het Loo Palace (1684–1686)) * Bartholomeus van Bassen – Nieuwe Kerk (The Hague) (1656) * Pierre Cuypers – Oudenbosch Basilica (1892)


Germany

* Agostino Barelli – Nymphenburg Palace, Munich (1664–1675) * Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann – Zwinger (Dresden), Zwinger, Dresden (1697–1716) * Georg Bahr – Dresden Frauenkirche, (1722–1738, destroyed in 1944, rebuilt 1994–2005) * Johann Arnold Nering – Charlottenburg Palace, Berlin (1695–1713) * Balthasar NeumannBasilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers (1743–1772),
Würzburg Residence The Würzburg Residence (German: ''Würzburger Residenz'') is a palace in Würzburg, Germany. Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt and Maximilian von Welsch, representatives of the Austrian/South German Baroque style, were involved in the construction, ...
(1735) * Johann Dientzenhofer and Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt – Schloss Weißenstein in Pommersfelden, Bavaria (1711–1718) * Augustusburg Palace


Austria

* Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt, Upper
Belvedere Palace The Belvedere is a historic building complex in Vienna, Austria, consisting of two Baroque palaces (the Upper and Lower Belvedere), the Orangery, and the Palace Stables. The buildings are set in a Baroque park landscape in the third district o ...
in Vienna (1721–23) * Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach – University Church, Salzburg (begun 1696);
Karlskirche The ''Rektoratskirche St. Karl Borromäus'', commonly called the ''Karlskirche'' (), is a Baroque church located on the south side of Karlsplatz in Vienna, Austria. Widely considered the most outstanding baroque church in Vienna, as well as one ...
, Vienna (1716–37); Austrian National Library (begun 1722) * Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach and Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt – Palais Auersperg in Vienna *
Jakob Prandtauer Jakob Prandtauer (baptized in Stanz bei Landeck (Tyrol) on 16 July 1660; died in Sankt Pölten on 16 September 1726) was an Austrian Baroque architect. Trained as a stonemason rather than as an architect, he designed and supervised the constru ...
and Josef Munggenast, Abbey of Melk (1702–1738) * Santino Solari, Salzburg Cathedral (Facade and interior of dome) (1614–1628)


Czech Republic

* Jean-Baptiste Mathey – Troja Palace, Prague (1679–1691)Toman (2015) p. 264 *
Christoph Dientzenhofer Christoph Dientzenhofer ( cs, Kryštof Dientzenhofer) (born 7 July 1655 in St. Margarethen near Brannenburg, Landkreis Rosenheim - 20 June 1722 in Prague) * Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer – Kinský Palace (Prague) (1755–1765)


Slovakia

* Pietro Spozzo – Jesuit Church of Trnava (1629–37)


Hungary

* András Mayerhoffer – Gödöllő Palace near Budapest (begun 1733) * Ignác Oraschek and Márton Wittwer: Eszterháza, Esterházy Palace in Fertőd


Romania

* Johann Eberhard Blaumann – Cluj-Napoca Bánffy Palace, Bánffy Palace in Cluj (1774–75) * Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt – Baroque Palace of Oradea, Bishopric Palace in Oradea. (1736–1750) * Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach – St. George's Cathedral, Timișoara, St. George's Cathedral of Timișoara * Anton Erhard Martinelli – Holy Trinity Cathedral, Blaj, Holy Trinity Cathedral of Blaj (1738–1749) * Samuel von Brukenthal – Brukenthal National Museum, Brukenthal Palace in Sibiu (1777–87) * Franz Burger – Brukenthal High School in Sibiu (1779–81) * Jesuit Church, Sibiu, Roman Catholic Church of Sibiu (1726–33) * Gheorghe Lazăr National College (Sibiu), Gheorghe Lazăr National College of Sibiu


Lithuania

* Johann Christoph Glaubitz – St. Johns' Church in Vilnius (1738–48) * Giovanni Battista Frediani, Jan Zaor – Church of St. Peter and St. Paul, Vilnius, Church of St. Peter and St. Paul in Vilnius (1668–1701) * Pietro Puttini, Carlo Puttini and Giovanni Battista Frediani – Pažaislis Monastery and the Church of the Visitation in Kaunas (1662–1674)


Poland

*
Giovanni Maria Bernardoni Giovanni Maria Bernardoni (1541–1605) was a Jesuit and an Italian architect who was the first to design the Baroque style in Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Michael J. Mikoś, ''Polish Baroque and Enlightenment Literature: An Ant ...
Saints Peter and Paul Church, Kraków The Church of Saints Peter and Paul ( pl, Kościół ŚŚ Piotra i Pawła) is a Roman Catholic Polish Baroque church located at 54 Grodzka Street in the Old Town district of Kraków, Poland. It was built between by Giovanni Maria Bernardoni ...
(1597–1619) * Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach – Chapel of the Holy Sacrament, Wroclaw Cathedral * Karl Friedrich Pöppelmann – Blue Palace in Warsaw (1728) * Tylman van Gameren – Krasinski Palace, Warsaw (1677–1682) * Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt – Wroclaw Palace, Warsaw (1711) * Friedrich Karcher – Enlargement of Royal Castle, Warsaw (1700) * Augustyn Wincenty Locci and Andreas Schlüter – Reconstruction of Wilanów Palace (1677–1696)


Portugal

* João Antunes – Church of Santa Engrácia, Lisbon (now National Pantheon of Portugal; begun 1681) * Nicolau Nasoni – Clérigos Church in Porto (1732–1763); Mateus Palace in Vila Real (1739–1743)


Portuguese Colonial Baroque

* Aleijadinho – Church of Saint Francis of Assisi (Ouro Preto), church of São Francisco in Ouro Preto, Brazil (1771–1794) * Basilica and Convent of Nossa Senhora do Carmo, Recife, Basilica and Convent of Nossa Senhora do Carmo in Recife, Brazil (1665–1767) * Church of St. Anne, Talaulim, Church of St. Anne in Goa, India (1577–1695) * Church of Saint Dominic, Macau, China (1587)


Spain

*
Fernando de Casas Novoa Fernando de Casas Novoa was a Spanish architect. He was the chief representative of Baroque architecture in Galicia. In 1711 he succeeded his teacher, Brother Gabriel Casas, head of the works of the cloister of the cathedral of Lugo, completed ...
– West facade of
Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela The Santiago de Compostela Archcathedral Basilica (Spanish and Galician: ) is part of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela and is an integral component of the Santiago de Compostela World Heritage Site in Galicia, Spain. The c ...
(1738–1750)Cabanne (1988) p. 49 * Alonzo Cano – Baroque additions to Granada Cathedral (1667) *
Leonardo de Figueroa Leonardo de Figueroa (c. 1650, Utiel – 1730, Seville) was a Spanish architect active in Seville. Works In Seville Seville (; es, Sevilla, ) is the capital and largest city of the Spanish autonomous community of Andalusia and the pr ...
– College of San Telmo, Seville, (1682) * Jose Benito de Churriguera – San Cayetano Church, Madrid – Altar of the Church of San Esteban,
Salamanca Salamanca () is a city in western Spain and is the capital of the Province of Salamanca in the autonomous community of Castile and León. The city lies on several rolling hills by the Tormes River. Its Old City was declared a UNESCO World Herit ...
(1693) * Francisco Hurtado Izquierdo – Granada Charterhouse, Granada (1727–1764)


Spanish Colonial Baroque

* Lorenzo Rodriguez – Metropolitan Tabernacle of Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral, Mexico (1749–1760) * Cathedral Basilica of Zacatecas in Zacatecas City, Mexico (1729–1772) * Spaniard José de la Cruz (writer), José de la Cruz, Antonio de Nava and Luigi Tomassi – Cathedral of Chihuahua, Mexico, (1725–1760) *Convent of San Francisco, Madero Street, Mexico City, Convent of San Francisco, Mexico City, built around the 16th century * Flemish Jean-Baptiste Gilles and Diego Martínez de Oviedo – Iglesia de la Compañía de Jesús, Cusco, Iglesia de la Compañía de Jesús in Cusco, Peru (1668) * Juan Miguel de Veramendi, Juan Correa, Miguel Gutiérrez Sencio – Cusco Cathedral, in Cusco, Peru (1560–1664) *Palacio de Torre Tagle, in Lima, Peru (1715) *Cathedral Basilica of Lima, Lima Cathedral, in Lima, Peru (1535–1649) *Basilica and Convent of Nuestra Señora de la Merced, Lima, Basilica and Convent of Nuestra Señora de la Merced, in Lima, Peru (1535) * Basilica of San Francisco, La Paz, Basilica of San Francisco in La Paz, Bolivia (1743–1772) * Havana Cathedral in Cuba, built between 1748 and 1777 * Basilica Menor de San Francisco de Asís in Havana, Cuba, built between 1580 and 1738. *San Agustin Church (Manila), San Agustin Church in Manila, Philippines (1586–1607) *Santa Maria Church in Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur, Philippines, built around the 18th century *Miagao Church in Miagao, Iloilo, Philippines, built around the 18th century. *Paoay Church in Paoay, Ilocos Norte, Philippines (1694–1710) *Daraga Church in Daraga, Albay, Philippines (1772–1773)


Nordic Countries

* Elias David Häusser (Denmark) – Christiansborg Palace (1st) * Lambert van Haven (Denmark) – Church of Our Saviour, Copenhagen (1682–1747) * Nicodemus Tessin the Elder (Sweden) – Drottningholm Palace (1662–1681) – Kalmar Cathedral in Småland, Sweden (1660–1703)


Russia

* Giovanni Maria Fontana – Menshikov Palace (Saint Petersburg), Menshikov Palace in Saint Petersburg (1710–1720s) * Georg Johann Mattarnovi – Kunstkamera in Petrine Baroque, Saint Petersburg, completed by 1727 * Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli – Facade of Smolny Convent, Saint Petersburg (1748–1754); Stroganov Palace (1753—1754); Vorontsov Palace (Saint Petersburg) (1749—1757); Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg (1754–1762) * Domenico Trezzini – Peter and Paul Fortress, Saint Petersburg (1706–1740) * Mikhail Zemtsov – Transfiguration Cathedral (Saint Petersburg) (1743–54)


Turkey

* Nuruosmaniye Mosque (1749–1755)


Ukraine

* Mariinskyi Palace in Kyiv (1744–1752) by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli * St Andrew's Church, Kyiv (1744–1767) by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli * Portions of Kyiv Pechersk Lavra (17th–18th century) * Portions of Vydubychi Monastery (17th 18th century)


Malta

*Bontadino de Bontadini – Wignacourt Aqueduct (1612–1615) and Wignacourt Arch * Francesco Bounamici – Church of the Jesuits, Valletta, Church of the Jesuits in Valletta (1635) * Mattia Preti – Saint John's Co-Cathedral (1660s); Our Lady of Victories Church, Valletta, Church of Our Lady of Victories (1752) * Lorenzo Gafà – Saint Lawrence's Church, Vittoriosa, Church of St. Lawrence in Birgu (1681–97); St. Paul's Cathedral, Mdina, St. Paul's Cathedral in Mdina (1696–1705); the Cathedral of the Assumption, Gozo, Cathedral of the Assumption in Victoria, Gozo (1697–1711) * Andrea Belli – Auberge de Castille (1741–45)


See also

* List of Baroque architecture * List of Baroque residences * Baroque music * Baroque sculpture * Earthquake Baroque * Baroque Churches of the Philippines


References


Bibliography

*Bailey, Gauvin Alexander. ''Baroque & Rococo''. London: Phaidon Press, 2012. * * *Ducher, Robert, ''Caractéristique des Styles'', (1988), Flammarion, Paris (In French); * * * * *Robbins Landon, H. C. and David Wyn Jones (1988) ''Haydn: His Life and Music''. Thames and Hudson.


External links


Siberian Baroque
{{DEFAULTSORT:Baroque Architecture Baroque architecture, Architectural styles Architectural history 16th-century architecture 17th-century architecture 18th-century architecture by style 16th century in the arts 17th century in the arts 18th century in the arts Baroque, Architecture Architecture in Italy