Baroque architecture is a highly decorative and theatrical style which appeared in Italy in the early 17th century and gradually spread across Europe. It was originally introduced by the
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
, particularly by the
Jesuits
The Society of Jesus ( la, Societas Iesu; abbreviation: SJ), also known as the Jesuits (; la, Iesuitæ), is a religious order (Catholic), religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rom ...
, as a means to combat the
Reformation and the
Protestant church with a new architecture that inspired surprise and awe. It reached its peak in the High Baroque (1625–1675), when it was used in churches and palaces in Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, Bavaria and Austria. In the
Late Baroque period (1675–1750), it reached as far as Russia and the
Spanish and
Portuguese colonies in Latin America. About 1730, an even more elaborately decorative variant called
Rococo appeared and flourished in Central Europe.
Baroque
The Baroque (, ; ) is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1750s. In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese empires includi ...
architects took the basic elements of
Renaissance architecture, including
dome
A dome () is an architectural element similar to the hollow upper half of a sphere. There is significant overlap with the term cupola, which may also refer to a dome or a structure on top of a dome. The precise definition of a dome has been a m ...
s and
colonnades, and made them higher, grander, more decorated, and more dramatic. The interior effects were often achieved with the use of ''
quadratura'', or ''
trompe-l'œil'' painting combined with sculpture; the eye is drawn upward, giving the illusion that one is looking into the heavens. Clusters of sculpted angels and painted figures crowd the ceiling. Light was also used for dramatic effect; it streamed down from
Cupola
In architecture, a cupola () is a relatively small, most often dome-like, tall structure on top of a building. Often used to provide a lookout or to admit light and air, it usually crowns a larger roof or dome.
The word derives, via Italian, fr ...
s, and was reflected from an abundance of
gilding
Gilding is a decorative technique for applying a very thin coating of gold over solid surfaces such as metal (most common), wood, porcelain, or stone. A gilded object is also described as "gilt". Where metal is gilded, the metal below was tradi ...
.
Twisted columns were also often used, to give an illusion of upwards motion, and
cartouches
In Egyptian hieroglyphs, a cartouche is an oval with a line at one end tangent to it, indicating that the text enclosed is a royal name. The first examples of the cartouche are associated with pharaohs at the end of the Third Dynasty, but the fea ...
and other decorative elements occupied every available space. In Baroque palaces, grand stairways became a central element.
The Early Baroque (1584–1625) was largely dominated by the work of Roman architects, notably the
Church of the Gesù by
Giacomo della Porta (consecrated 1584) facade and colonnade of
St. Peter's Basilica by
Carlo Maderno (completed 1612) and the lavish
Barberini Palace
The Palazzo Barberini ( en, Barberini Palace) is a 17th-century palace in Rome, facing the Piazza Barberini in Rione Trevi. Today, it houses the Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica, the main national collection of older paintings in Rome.
History
T ...
interiors by
Pietro da Cortona
Pietro da Cortona (; 1 November 1596 or 159716 May 1669) was an Italian Baroque painter and architect. Along with his contemporaries and rivals Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Francesco Borromini, he was one of the key figures in the emergence of Roman ...
(1633–1639).
Church of the Gesù by
Giacomo della Porta (consecrated 1584), interior, and
Santa Susanna (1603), by Carlo Maderno. In France, the
Luxembourg Palace (1615–45) built by
Salomon de Brosse for
Marie de Medici was an early example of the style.
The High Baroque (1625–1675) produced major works in Rome by Pietro da Cortona, including the (Church of
Santi Luca e Martina) (1635–50); by
Francesco Borromini
Francesco Borromini (, ), byname of Francesco Castelli (; 25 September 1599 – 2 August 1667), was an Italian architect born in the modern Swiss canton of Ticino (
San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (1634–1646)); and by
Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Gian Lorenzo (or Gianlorenzo) Bernini (, , ; Italian Giovanni Lorenzo; 7 December 159828 November 1680) was an Italian sculptor and architect. While a major figure in the world of architecture, he was more prominently the leading sculptor of his ...
(The colonnade of St. Peter's Basilica) (1656–57). In
Venice
Venice ( ; it, Venezia ; vec, Venesia or ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400 ...
, High Baroque works included
Santa Maria della Salute by
Baldassare Longhena
Baldassare Longhena (1598 – 18 February 1682) was an Italian architect, who worked mainly in Venice, where he was one of the greatest exponents of Baroque architecture of the period.
Biography
Born in Venice, Longhena studied under the architec ...
. Examples in France included the
Pavillon de l’Horloge
The Pavillon de l’Horloge ("Clock Pavilion"), also known as the Pavillon Sully, is a prominent architectural structure located in the center of the western wing of the Cour Carrée of the Palais du Louvre in Paris. Since the late 19th century ...
of the
Louvre Palace
The Louvre Palace (french: link=no, Palais du Louvre, ), often referred to simply as the Louvre, is an iconic French palace located on the Rive Droite, Right Bank of the Seine in Paris, occupying a vast expanse of land between the Tuileries Ga ...
by
Jacques Lemercier (1624–1645), the Chapel of the
Sorbonne by Jacques Lemercier (1626–35) and the
Château de Maisons by
François Mansart (1630–1651).
The Late Baroque (1675–1750) saw the style spread to all parts of Europe, and to the colonies of Spain and Portugal in the New World. National styles became more varied and distinct. The Late Baroque in France, under Louis XIV, was more ordered and classical; examples included the
Hall of Mirrors of the
Palace of Versailles
The Palace of Versailles ( ; french: Château de Versailles ) is a former royal residence built by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, Yvelines, Versailles, about west of Paris, France. The palace is owned by the French Republic and since 19 ...
and the dome of
Les Invalides
The Hôtel des Invalides ( en, "house of invalids"), commonly called Les Invalides (), is a complex of buildings in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, France, containing museums and monuments, all relating to the military history of France, as ...
. An especially ornate variant, appeared in the early 18th century; it was first called
Rocaille in France; then
Rococo in Spain and Central Europe. The sculpted and painted decoration covered every space on the walls and ceiling. Its most celebrated architect was
Balthasar Neumann
Johann Balthasar Neumann (; 27 January 1687 (?) – 19 August 1753), usually known as Balthasar Neumann, was a German architect and military artillery engineer who developed a refined brand of Baroque architecture, fusing Austrian, Bohemian, Ita ...
, noted for the
Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers and the
Würzburg Residence (1749–51).
[Toman (2015), pp. 190–194]
History
Early Baroque (1584–1625)
File:Church of the Gesù, Rome.jpg, Facade of the Church of the Gesù Rome (consecrated 1584)
File:Dome of Church of the Gesù (Rome).jpg, Interior view of Dome of the Church of the Gesù by Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola, and Giacomo della Porta
File:Нясвіж Касцёл Божага Цела.JPG, Corpus Christi Church, Grand Duchy of Lithuania (today Nyasvizh, Belarus
Belarus,, , ; alternatively and formerly known as Byelorussia (from Russian ). officially the Republic of Belarus,; rus, Республика Беларусь, Respublika Belarus. is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by ...
), 1586 and 1593
File:Église Santa Susanna Terme Diocleziano - Rome (IT62) - 2021-08-30 - 3.jpg, Facade of Santa Susanna, Rome by Carlo Maderno (1603)
File:20200512 Kościół Świętych Apostołów Piotra i Pawła w Krakowie 1731 9916 DxO.jpg, Saints Peter and Paul Church, Kraków, Poland by Giovanni Maria Bernardoni (1605–1619)
File:Facade St-Gervais St-Protais.jpg, The Church of St-Gervais-et-St-Protais
Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais () is a Roman Catholic parish church located in the 4th arrondissement of Paris, on Place Saint-Gervais in the Marais district, east of City Hall (Hôtel de Ville). The current church was built between 1494 and 1657, ...
, the first Paris church with a façade in the new Baroque style (1616–20)
File:Palais Luxembourg Sunset Edit.JPG, The Luxembourg Palace by Salomon de Brosse (1615–1624)
File:Basilika Bom Jesus.jpeg, Basilica of Bom Jesus
The Basilica of Bom Jesus ( pt, Basílica do Bom Jesus; Konkani: ''Borea Jezuchi Bajilika'') is a Catholic Church, Catholic basilica located in the Goa situated in the Konkan region of India. It is both a pilgrimage centre and also the most ...
. A World Heritage Site built in Baroque style and completed in 1604 AD. It has the body of St Francis Xavier.
Baroque architecture first appeared in the late 16th and early 17th century in religious architecture in Rome a means to counter the popular appeal of the
Protestant Reformation. It was a reaction against the more severe and academic earlier style of earlier churches, it aimed to inspire the common people with the effects of surprise, emotion and awe. To achieve this, it used a combination of contrast, movement, ''
trompe-l'œil'' and other dramatic and theatrical effects, such as ''
quadratura'' the use of painted ceilings that gave the illusion that one was looking up directly at the sky. The new style was particularly favored by the new religious orders, including the
Theatines and the
Jesuits
The Society of Jesus ( la, Societas Iesu; abbreviation: SJ), also known as the Jesuits (; la, Iesuitæ), is a religious order (Catholic), religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rom ...
, who built new churches designed to attract and inspire a wide popular audience.
Rome
One of the first Baroque architects,
Carlo Maderno, used Baroque effects of space and perspective in the new facade and colonnade of
Saint Peter's Basilica, which was designed to contrast with and complement the gigantic dome built earlier by
Michelangelo
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (; 6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564), known as Michelangelo (), was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance. Born in the Republic of Florence, his work was insp ...
. Other influential early examples in Rome included the
Church of the Gesù by
Giacomo della Porta (consecrated 1584), with the first Baroque facade and a highly ornate interior, and
Santa Susanna (1603), by Carlo Maderno.
Paris
The Jesuits soon imported the style to Paris. The Church of
Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais in Paris (1615–1621) had the first Baroque facade in France, the first facade in France, featuring, like the Italian Baroque facades, the three superimposed classical orders. The Italian style of palaces was also imported to Paris by
Marie de Medici for her new residence, the
Luxembourg Palace (1615–1624) by architect
Salomon de Brosse, and for a new wing of the
Chateau of Blois by
Francois Mansard (1635–38).
Nicolas Fouquet, the superintendent of finances for the young King
Louis XIV, chose the new style for his château at
Vaux-le-Vicomte (1612–1670) by
Louis Le Vau. He was later imprisoned by the King because of the extravagant cost of the palace.
Central Europe
The first example of early Baroque in Central Europe was the
Corpus Christi Church, Nesvizh
The Corpus Christi Church in Nesvizh, Belarus, is an early Jesuit church and one of the oldest Baroque structures outside Italy,Andrzej Piotrowski, Architecture of Thought. University of Minnesota Press, 2011, p.142-143, 297-298. influencing the ...
in the
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, built by the Jesuits on the Roman model between 1586 and 1593 in
Nieśwież
Nesvizh, Niasviž ( be, Нясві́ж ; lt, Nesvyžius; pl, Nieśwież; russian: Не́свиж; yi, ניעסוויז; la, Nesvisium) is a city in Belarus. It is the administrative centre of the Nyasvizh District (''rajon'') of Minsk Region ...
(after 1945 Niasvizh in Belarus).
The church also holds a distinction of being the first domed basilica with a Baroque façade in the Commonwealth and Eastern Europe.
Another early example in Poland is the Church of
Saints Peter and Paul Church, Kraków, built between 1597 and 1619 by the Italian Jesuit architect
Giovanni Maria Bernardoni.
High Baroque (1625–1675)
Italy
File:Bernini Baldachino.jpg, Baldaquin by Bernini
Gian Lorenzo (or Gianlorenzo) Bernini (, , ; Italian Giovanni Lorenzo; 7 December 159828 November 1680) was an Italian sculptor and architect. While a major figure in the world of architecture, he was more prominently the leading sculptor of his ...
in the Basilica of Saint Peter, Rome (1623–34)
File:Allegory of Divine Providence and Barberini Power (Cortona) in Palazzo Barberini (Roma).jpg, Fresco
Fresco (plural ''frescos'' or ''frescoes'') is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid ("wet") lime plaster. Water is used as the vehicle for the dry-powder pigment to merge with the plaster, and with the setting of the plast ...
on ceiling of the grand salon of Barberini Palace
The Palazzo Barberini ( en, Barberini Palace) is a 17th-century palace in Rome, facing the Piazza Barberini in Rione Trevi. Today, it houses the Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica, the main national collection of older paintings in Rome.
History
T ...
in Rome, by Pietro da Cortona
Pietro da Cortona (; 1 November 1596 or 159716 May 1669) was an Italian Baroque painter and architect. Along with his contemporaries and rivals Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Francesco Borromini, he was one of the key figures in the emergence of Roman ...
(1633–1639)
File:Santi Luca e Martina (seen from Tabularium) - Roman Forum - Rome 2016 (2).jpg, Church of Santi Luca e Martina, in Rome, by Pietro da Cortona
Pietro da Cortona (; 1 November 1596 or 159716 May 1669) was an Italian Baroque painter and architect. Along with his contemporaries and rivals Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Francesco Borromini, he was one of the key figures in the emergence of Roman ...
(1635–50)
File:Santa Maria della Salute (Venice).jpg, Santa Maria della Salute by Baldassare Longhena
Baldassare Longhena (1598 – 18 February 1682) was an Italian architect, who worked mainly in Venice, where he was one of the greatest exponents of Baroque architecture of the period.
Biography
Born in Venice, Longhena studied under the architec ...
in Venice (1630–31).
Pope
Urban VIII, who occupied the Papacy from 1623 to 1644, became the most influential patron of the Baroque style. After the death of
Carlo Maderno in 1629, Urban named the architect and sculptor
Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Gian Lorenzo (or Gianlorenzo) Bernini (, , ; Italian Giovanni Lorenzo; 7 December 159828 November 1680) was an Italian sculptor and architect. While a major figure in the world of architecture, he was more prominently the leading sculptor of his ...
as the chief Papal architect. Bernini created not only Baroque buildings, but also Baroque interiors, squares and fountains, transforming the center of Rome into an enormous theater. Bernini rebuilt the Church of
Santa Bibiana and the Church of
San Sebastiano al Palatino on the
Palatine Hill
The Palatine Hill (; la, Collis Palatium or Mons Palatinus; it, Palatino ), which relative to the seven hills of Rome is the centremost, is one of the most ancient parts of the city and has been called "the first nucleus of the Roman Empire." ...
into Baroque landmarks, planned the
Fontana del Tritone
Fontana del Tritone (''Triton Fountain'') is a seventeenth-century fountain in Rome, by the Baroque sculptor Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Commissioned by his patron, Pope Urban VIII, the fountain is located in the Piazza Barberini, near the entrance to ...
in the
Piazza Barberini, and created the soaring
baldacchino
A baldachin, or baldaquin (from it, baldacchino), is a canopy of state typically placed over an altar or throne. It had its beginnings as a cloth canopy, but in other cases it is a sturdy, permanent architectural feature, particularly over h ...
as the centerpiece
St Peter's Basilica.
The High Baroque spread gradually across Italy, beyond Rome. The period saw the construction of
Santa Maria della Salute by
Baldassare Longhena
Baldassare Longhena (1598 – 18 February 1682) was an Italian architect, who worked mainly in Venice, where he was one of the greatest exponents of Baroque architecture of the period.
Biography
Born in Venice, Longhena studied under the architec ...
in Venice (1630–31). Churches were not the only buildings to use the Baroque style. One of the finest monuments of the early Baroque is the
Barberini Palace
The Palazzo Barberini ( en, Barberini Palace) is a 17th-century palace in Rome, facing the Piazza Barberini in Rione Trevi. Today, it houses the Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica, the main national collection of older paintings in Rome.
History
T ...
(1626–1629), the residence of the family of Urban VIII, begun by Carlo Maderno, and completed and decorated by Bernini and
Francesco Borromini
Francesco Borromini (, ), byname of Francesco Castelli (; 25 September 1599 – 2 August 1667), was an Italian architect born in the modern Swiss canton of Ticino . The outside of the Pope's family residence, was relatively restrained, but the interiors, and especially the immense fresco on the ceiling of the salon, the ''
Allegory of Divine Providence and Barberini Power'' painted by
Pietro da Cortona
Pietro da Cortona (; 1 November 1596 or 159716 May 1669) was an Italian Baroque painter and architect. Along with his contemporaries and rivals Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Francesco Borromini, he was one of the key figures in the emergence of Roman ...
, are considered masterpieces of Baroque art and decoration. Curving facades and the illusion of movement were a speciality of Francesco Borromini, most notably in
San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (1634–1646), one of the landmarks of the high Baroque. Another important monument of the period was the Church of
Santi Luca e Martina in Rome by Pietro da Cortona (1635–50), in the form of a
Greek cross with an elegant dome. After the death or Urban VIII and the brief reign of his successor, the Papacy of Pope
Alexander VII
Pope Alexander VII ( it, Alessandro VII; 13 February 159922 May 1667), born Fabio Chigi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 7 April 1655 to his death in May 1667.
He began his career as a vice- papal legate, an ...
from 1666 until 1667 saw more construction of Baroque churches, squares and fountains in Rome by
Carlo Rainaldi
Carlo Rainaldi (4 May 1611 – 8 February 1691) was an Italian architect of the Baroque period.
Biography
Born in Rome, Rainaldi was one of the leading architects of 17th century Rome, known for a certain grandeur in his designs. He worked at f ...
, Bernini and
Carlo Fontana.
France
File:Pavillon Sully Louvre 2007 06 23.jpg, Pavillon de l’Horloge
The Pavillon de l’Horloge ("Clock Pavilion"), also known as the Pavillon Sully, is a prominent architectural structure located in the center of the western wing of the Cour Carrée of the Palais du Louvre in Paris. Since the late 19th century ...
of the Louvre Palace
The Louvre Palace (french: link=no, Palais du Louvre, ), often referred to simply as the Louvre, is an iconic French palace located on the Rive Droite, Right Bank of the Seine in Paris, occupying a vast expanse of land between the Tuileries Ga ...
by Jacques Lemercier (1624–1645)
File:Chapelle Ste Ursule Sorbonne Paris 3.jpg, Chapel of the Sorbonne by Jacques Lemercier (1626–35)
File:Château de Maisons-Laffitte 001.jpg, Château de Maisons by François Mansart (1630–1651)
King
Louis XIII had sent the architect
Jacques Lemercier to Rome between 1607 and 1614 to study the new style. On his return to France, he designed the
Pavillon de l’Horloge
The Pavillon de l’Horloge ("Clock Pavilion"), also known as the Pavillon Sully, is a prominent architectural structure located in the center of the western wing of the Cour Carrée of the Palais du Louvre in Paris. Since the late 19th century ...
of the
Louvre Palace
The Louvre Palace (french: link=no, Palais du Louvre, ), often referred to simply as the Louvre, is an iconic French palace located on the Rive Droite, Right Bank of the Seine in Paris, occupying a vast expanse of land between the Tuileries Ga ...
(beginning 1626), and, more importantly, the Church of the
Sorbonne, the first church dome in Paris. It was designed in 1626, and construction began in 1635. The next important French Baroque project was a much larger dome for the church of
Val-de-Grace begun in 1645 by Lemercier and
François Mansart, and finished in 1715. A third Baroque dome was soon added for the College of the Four Nations (now the
Institut de France).
In 1661, following the death of
Cardinal Mazarin, the young
Louis XIV took direct charge of the government. The arts were put under the direction of his controller of finance,
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Jean-Baptiste Colbert (; 29 August 1619 – 6 September 1683) was a French statesman who served as First Minister of State from 1661 until his death in 1683 under the rule of King Louis XIV. His lasting impact on the organization of the countr ...
.
Charles Le Brun, director of the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture, was named Superintendent of Buildings of the King, in charge of all royal architectural projects. The Royal Academy of Architecture was founded in 1671, with the mission of making Paris, not Rome, the artistic and architectural model for the world.
The first architectural project of Louis XIV was a proposed reconstruction of the facade of the east wing of the Louvre Palace.
Bernini
Gian Lorenzo (or Gianlorenzo) Bernini (, , ; Italian Giovanni Lorenzo; 7 December 159828 November 1680) was an Italian sculptor and architect. While a major figure in the world of architecture, he was more prominently the leading sculptor of his ...
, then Europe's most famous architect, was summoned to Paris to submit a project. Beginning in 1664, Bernini proposed several Baroque variants, but in the end the King selected a design by a French architect,
Charles Perrault
Charles Perrault ( , also , ; 12 January 1628 – 16 May 1703) was an iconic French author and member of the Académie Française. He laid the foundations for a new literary genre, the fairy tale, with his works derived from earlier folk tales ...
, in a more classical variant of Baroque. This gradually became the
Louis XIV style. Louis was soon engaged in an even larger project, the construction of the new
Palace of Versailles
The Palace of Versailles ( ; french: Château de Versailles ) is a former royal residence built by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, Yvelines, Versailles, about west of Paris, France. The palace is owned by the French Republic and since 19 ...
. The architects chosen were
Louis Le Vau and
Jules Hardouin-Mansart
Jules Hardouin-Mansart (; 16 April 1646 – 11 May 1708) was a French Baroque architect and builder whose major work included the Place des Victoires (1684–1690); Place Vendôme (1690); the domed chapel of Les Invalides (1690), and the Grand T ...
, and the facades of the new palace were constructed around the earlier Marble Court between 1668 and 1678. The Baroque grandeur of Versailles, particularly the facade facing the garden and the
Hall of Mirrors by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, became models for other palaces across Europe.
Late Baroque (1675–1750)
During the period of the Late Baroque (1675–1750), the style appeared across Europe, from England and France to Central Europe and Russia, from Spain and Portugal to Scandinavia, and in the colonies of Spain and Portugal in the New World and the Philippines. It often took different names, and the regional variations became more distinct. A particularly ornate variant appeared in the early 18th century, called
Rocaille in France and
Rococo in Spain and Central Europe. The sculpted and painted decoration covering every space on the walls and ceiling. The most prominent architects of this style included
Balthasar Neumann
Johann Balthasar Neumann (; 27 January 1687 (?) – 19 August 1753), usually known as Balthasar Neumann, was a German architect and military artillery engineer who developed a refined brand of Baroque architecture, fusing Austrian, Bohemian, Ita ...
, noted for the
Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers and the
Wurzburg Residence (1749–51). These works were among the final expressions of the Rococo or the Late Baroque.
Italy
File:Mg-k Basilica Superga2.jpg, The Basilica of Superga near Turin by Filippo Juvarra (1717–1731)
File:Basilica di Superga (Turin) - Interior.jpg, Interior of the Basilica of Superga by Filippo Juvarra
File:Museo del Risorgimento italiano.JPG, The Palazzo Carignano, now the Museum of the Italian Renaissance, Turin
By the early 18th century, Baroque buildings could be found in all parts of Italy, often with regional variations. Notable examples included the
Basilica of Superga, overlooking
Turin, by
Filippo Juvarra (1717–1731), which was later used as model for the
Panthéon in Paris. The
Stupinigi Palace (1729–31) was a hunting lodge and one of the
Residences of the Royal House of Savoy
The Residences of the Royal House of Savoy are a group of buildings in Turin and the Metropolitan City of Turin, in Piedmont (northern Italy). It was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list in 1997.
History
The House of Savoy is an ancient r ...
near Turin. It was also built
Filippo Juvarra.
France
File:Chateau Versailles Galerie des Glaces.jpg, Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles
The Palace of Versailles ( ; french: Château de Versailles ) is a former royal residence built by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, Yvelines, Versailles, about west of Paris, France. The palace is owned by the French Republic and since 19 ...
by Jules Hardouin-Mansart
Jules Hardouin-Mansart (; 16 April 1646 – 11 May 1708) was a French Baroque architect and builder whose major work included the Place des Victoires (1684–1690); Place Vendôme (1690); the domed chapel of Les Invalides (1690), and the Grand T ...
(begun 1678–1686)
File:Cathédrale Saint-Louis-des-Invalides, 140309 2.jpg, Chapel of Les Invalides
The Hôtel des Invalides ( en, "house of invalids"), commonly called Les Invalides (), is a complex of buildings in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, France, containing museums and monuments, all relating to the military history of France, as ...
, Jules Hardouin-Mansart
Jules Hardouin-Mansart (; 16 April 1646 – 11 May 1708) was a French Baroque architect and builder whose major work included the Place des Victoires (1684–1690); Place Vendôme (1690); the domed chapel of Les Invalides (1690), and the Grand T ...
(completed 1708)
File:Versailles Chapel - July 2006 edit.jpg, Chapel of the Palace of Versailles
The Palace of Versailles ( ; french: Château de Versailles ) is a former royal residence built by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, Yvelines, Versailles, about west of Paris, France. The palace is owned by the French Republic and since 19 ...
begun by Jules Hardouin-Mansart
Jules Hardouin-Mansart (; 16 April 1646 – 11 May 1708) was a French Baroque architect and builder whose major work included the Place des Victoires (1684–1690); Place Vendôme (1690); the domed chapel of Les Invalides (1690), and the Grand T ...
(1699 to 1710)
File:Salon de la princesse hotel de soubise.jpg, Salon of the Hôtel de Soubise in Paris (1735–40) by Germain Boffrand
The Late Baroque period in France saw the evolving decoration of the
Palace of Versailles
The Palace of Versailles ( ; french: Château de Versailles ) is a former royal residence built by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, Yvelines, Versailles, about west of Paris, France. The palace is owned by the French Republic and since 19 ...
, including the
Hall of Mirrors and the
Chapel
A chapel is a Christian place of prayer and worship that is usually relatively small. The term has several meanings. Firstly, smaller spaces inside a church that have their own altar are often called chapels; the Lady chapel is a common typ ...
. Later in the period, during the reign of
Louis XV, a new, more ornate variant, the
Rocaille style, or French Rococo, appeared in Paris and flourished between about 1723 and 1759. The most prominent example was the salon of the Princess in
Hôtel de Soubise in Paris, designed by
Germain Boffrand and
Charles-Joseph Natoire
Charles-Joseph Natoire (3 March 1700 – 23 August 1777) was a French painter in the Rococo manner, a pupil of François Lemoyne and director of the French Academy in Rome, 1751–1775. Considered during his lifetime the equal of François Bouc ...
(1735–40).
England
Christopher Wren
Sir Christopher Wren PRS FRS (; – ) was one of the most highly acclaimed English architects in history, as well as an anatomist, astronomer, geometer, and mathematician-physicist. He was accorded responsibility for rebuilding 52 churches ...
was the leading figure of the late Baroque in England, with his reconstruction of
St. Paul's Cathedral
St Paul's Cathedral is an Anglican cathedral in London and is the seat of the Bishop of London. The cathedral serves as the mother church of the Diocese of London. It is on Ludgate Hill at the highest point of the City of London and is a Gr ...
(1675–1711) inspired by the model of
St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, his plan for
Greenwich Hospital (begun 1695), and
Hampton Court Palace
Hampton Court Palace is a Grade I listed royal palace in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, southwest and upstream of central London on the River Thames. The building of the palace began in 1514 for Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, the chie ...
(1690–96). Other British figures of the late Baroque included
Inigo Jones
Inigo Jones (; 15 July 1573 – 21 June 1652) was the first significant architect in England and Wales in the early modern period, and the first to employ Vitruvian rules of proportion and symmetry in his buildings.
As the most notable archit ...
for
Wilton House (1632–1647 and two pupils of Wren,
John Vanbrugh
Sir John Vanbrugh (; 24 January 1664 (baptised) – 26 March 1726) was an English architect, dramatist and herald, perhaps best known as the designer of Blenheim Palace and Castle Howard. He wrote two argumentative and outspoken Restora ...
and
Nicholas Hawksmoor, for
Castle Howard (1699–1712) and
Blenheim Palace
Blenheim Palace (pronounced ) is a country house in Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England. It is the seat of the Dukes of Marlborough and the only non-royal, non- episcopal country house in England to hold the title of palace. The palace, on ...
(1705–1724).
File:St Paul's Cathedral, London, UK.jpg, West facade of Saint Paul's Cathedral by Christopher Wren
Sir Christopher Wren PRS FRS (; – ) was one of the most highly acclaimed English architects in history, as well as an anatomist, astronomer, geometer, and mathematician-physicist. He was accorded responsibility for rebuilding 52 churches ...
(1675–1702)
File:Greenwich Hospital from Thames.jpg, Greenwich Hospital by Sir Christopher Wren
Sir Christopher Wren PRS FRS (; – ) was one of the most highly acclaimed English architects in history, as well as an anatomist, astronomer, geometer, and mathematician-physicist. He was accorded responsibility for rebuilding 52 churches ...
(1694)
File:Castle Howard and garden.jpg, Castle Howard, North Yorkshire by John Vanbrugh
Sir John Vanbrugh (; 24 January 1664 (baptised) – 26 March 1726) was an English architect, dramatist and herald, perhaps best known as the designer of Blenheim Palace and Castle Howard. He wrote two argumentative and outspoken Restora ...
and Nicholas Hawksmoor (1699–1712)
File:Blenheim Palace cropped.jpg, Blenheim Palace
Blenheim Palace (pronounced ) is a country house in Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England. It is the seat of the Dukes of Marlborough and the only non-royal, non- episcopal country house in England to hold the title of palace. The palace, on ...
by John Vanbrugh
Sir John Vanbrugh (; 24 January 1664 (baptised) – 26 March 1726) was an English architect, dramatist and herald, perhaps best known as the designer of Blenheim Palace and Castle Howard. He wrote two argumentative and outspoken Restora ...
and Nicholas Hawksmoor
Central Europe
Many of the most extraordinary buildings of the Late Baroque were constructed in Austria, Germany, and Czechia. In Austria, the leading figure was
Fischer von Erlach, who built the
Karlskirche, the largest church of
Vienna, to glorify the Austrian Emperors. These works sometimes borrowed elements from Versailles combined with elements of the Italian Baroque to create grandiose new effects, as in the
Schwarzenberg Palace
Palais Schwarzenberg is a Baroque palace
A palace is a grand residence, especially a royal residence, or the home of a head of state or some other high-ranking dignitary, such as a bishop or archbishop. The word is derived from the Latin name p ...
(1715).
Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt
Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt (14 November 1668 – 16 November 1745) was an Austrian baroque architect and military engineer who designed stately buildings and churches and whose work had a profound influence on the architecture of the Habsburg E ...
used grand stairways and ellipses to achieve his effects at the upper and lower
Belvedere Palace in Vienna (1714–1722). In The
Abbey of Melk,
Jakob Prandtauer used an abundance of polychrome marble and stucco, statuary and ceiling paintings to achieve harmonious and highly theatrical effects.
Another important figure of German Baroque was
Balthasar Neumann
Johann Balthasar Neumann (; 27 January 1687 (?) – 19 August 1753), usually known as Balthasar Neumann, was a German architect and military artillery engineer who developed a refined brand of Baroque architecture, fusing Austrian, Bohemian, Ita ...
(1687–1753), whose works included the
Würzburg Residence for the Prince-Bishops at Würzburg, with its famous staircase.
In
Bohemia
Bohemia ( ; cs, Čechy ; ; hsb, Čěska; szl, Czechy) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech Republic. Bohemia can also refer to a wider area consisting of the historical Lands of the Bohemian Crown ruled by the Bo ...
, the leading Baroque architect was
Christoph Dientzenhofer, whose building featured complex curves and counter-curves and elliptical forms, making
Prague, like Vienna, a capital of the late Baroque.
File:Stift Melk church dsc01494.jpg, Interior of the church of the Abbey of Melk by Jakob Prandtauer (1702–1736)
File:Clementinum library2.jpg, Library of the Clementinum, the Jesuit university in Prague (1722)
File:Karlskirche Abendsonne 3.JPG, Karlskirche, Vienna by Fischer von Erlach (consecrated 1737)
File:Kaisersaal Würzburg.jpg, Kaisersaal of Würzburg Residence by Balthasar Neumann
Johann Balthasar Neumann (; 27 January 1687 (?) – 19 August 1753), usually known as Balthasar Neumann, was a German architect and military artillery engineer who developed a refined brand of Baroque architecture, fusing Austrian, Bohemian, Ita ...
(1749–51)
File:Vierzehnheiligen-Basilika3-Asio.JPG, Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers by Balthasar Neumann
Johann Balthasar Neumann (; 27 January 1687 (?) – 19 August 1753), usually known as Balthasar Neumann, was a German architect and military artillery engineer who developed a refined brand of Baroque architecture, fusing Austrian, Bohemian, Ita ...
(1743–1772)
File:Grassalkovich-kastély (7051. számú műemlék) 6.jpg, Royal Palace of Gödöllő (Hungary) by András Mayerhoffer (1730s–1785)
Spain
Political and economic crises in the 17th century largely delayed the arrival of the Baroque in Span until the late period, though the Jesuits strongly promoted it. Its early characteristics were a lavish exterior contrasting with a relatively simple interior and multiple spaces. They carefully planned lighting in the interior to give an impression of mystery. Early 18th century,
[Cabanne (1988) pp. 49–51] Notable Spanish examples included the new west facade of
Santiago de Compostela Cathedral, (1738–50), with its spectacular towers, by
Fernando de Casas Novoa. In
Seville,
Leonardo de Figueroa was the creator of the College of
San Telmo, with a facade inspired by Italian Baroque. The most ornate works of the Spanish Baroque were made by
Jose Benito de Churriguera
Jose is the English transliteration of the Hebrew and Aramaic name ''Yose'', which is etymologically linked to ''Yosef'' or Joseph. The name was popular during the Mishnaic and Talmudic periods.
* Jose ben Abin
* Jose ben Akabya
*Jose the Galile ...
in Madrid and Salamanca. In his work, the buildings are nearly overwhelmed by the ornament of gilded wood, gigantic twisting columns, and sculpted vegetation. His two brothers, Joaquin and Alberto, also made important, if less ornamented, contributions to what became known simply as the
Churrigueresque style.
File:Catedral de Santiago de Compostela agosto 2018 (cropped).jpg, Late Baroque facade, Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela (1738–1750)
File:Palacio de San Telmo. Portada (1722-34).jpg, Palacio de San Telmo in Seville by Leonardo de Figueroa (1682–1895)
File:Retablo principal de la Capilla del Sagrario (Catedral de Segovia).jpg, Retable in the Sagrario Chapel of Segovia Cathedral (1686) by Jose Benito de Churriguera
Jose is the English transliteration of the Hebrew and Aramaic name ''Yose'', which is etymologically linked to ''Yosef'' or Joseph. The name was popular during the Mishnaic and Talmudic periods.
* Jose ben Abin
* Jose ben Akabya
*Jose the Galile ...
, the earliest architect of the Churrigueresque style
Latin America and North America
The Baroque style was imported into Latin America in the 17th century by the Spanish and the Portuguese, particularly by the Jesuits for the construction of churches. The style was sometimes called
Churrigueresque, after the family of Baroque architects in
Salamanca. A particularly fine example is
Zacatecas Cathedral in
Zacatecas City, in north-central Mexico, with its lavishly sculpted facade and twin bell towers. Another important example is
San Cristobal de las Casas in Mexico. A notable example in Brazil is the Monastery of Sao Bento in
Rio de Janeiro. begun in 1617, with additional decoration after 1668. The Metropolitan Tabernacle the
Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral, to the right of the main cathedral, built by Lorenzo Rodríguez between 1749 and 1760, to house the archives and vestments of the archbishop, and to receive visitors.
Portuguese colonial architecture was modeled after the architecture of
Lisbon
Lisbon (; pt, Lisboa ) is the capital and largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 544,851 within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km2. Grande Lisboa, Lisbon's urban area extends beyond the city's administr ...
, different from the Spanish style. The most notable architect in Brazil was
Aleijadinho, who was native of Brazil, half-Portuguese, and self-taught. His most famous work is the Church of Saint Francis of Assisi in
Ouro Preto.
File:SFrancisOuroPreto-CCBY.jpg, Church of Saint Francis of Assisi in Ouro Preto, Brazil, built between 1765 and 1775, by Brazilian Aleijadinho
File:Zocalo cathedral.jpg, Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral, Mexico City, built between 1571 and 1813, by several architects
File:Catedral zacatecas.jpg, Cathedral Basilica of Zacatecas
The Cathedral of Zacatecas, dedicated to the Assumption of Mary, Virgin of the Assumption, is the main temple of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Zacatecas, Diocese of Zacatecas. Located in the historic center of the Zacatecas City, city, declared W ...
in Mexico, built between 1729 and 1772, an example of the Churrigueresque style
File:Cathedral (3209489947).jpg, Havana Cathedral
Havana Cathedral (''Catedral de San Cristóbal'') is one of eleven Catholic cathedrals on the island. It is located in the Plaza de la Catedral on Calle Empedrado, between San Ignacio y Mercaderes, Old Havana. The thirty by forty-nine meters rec ...
, Cuba, built between 1748 and 1777
File:Iglesia de El Sagrario, Quito, Ecuador, 2015-07-22, DD 103.JPG, High altar of the Iglesia de El Sagrario, Quito, church built between 1617 and 1747 by Spaniard José Jaime Ortiz. It is a World Heritage Site by UNESCO
File:Iglesia de San Francisco, Quito, Ecuador, 2015-07-22, DD 152.JPG, Complete facade of the Iglesia y Convento de San Francisco, Quito
The Basilica and Convent of San Francisco ( es, Iglesia y Convento de San Francisco), commonly known as ''el San Francisco'', is a Catholic basilica that stands in the middle of the historic center of Quito, in front of the square of the same n ...
, built between 1550 and 1680
File:Iglesia de la Compañía de Jesús, Plaza de Armas, Cusco, Perú, 2015-07-31, DD 51.JPG, Iglesia de la Compañía de Jesús, Cusco, Peru, built between 1576 and 1668, by Jean-Baptiste Gilles and Diego Martínez de Oviedo.
File:Iglesia de San Francisco, Lima, Perú, 2015-07-28, DD 70.jpg, Panorama of the facade of the Basilica and Convent of San Francisco, Lima, built between 1657 and 1672 by the Portuguese Constantino de Vasconcellos and the Liman Manuel Escobar, is a World Heritage City by UNESCO
File:Mission_Concepcion_San_Antonio.JPG, Mission Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de Acuña in Texas, built between 1711 and 1731
File:Mission_San_Jose_y_San_Miguel_de_Aguayo,_one_of_four_Spanish_missions_in_San_Antonio,_Texas_LCCN2014631965.tif, Mission San José y San Miguel de Aguayo
Mission (from Latin ''missio'' "the act of sending out") may refer to:
Organised activities Religion
*Christian mission, an organized effort to spread Christianity
*Mission (LDS Church), an administrative area of The Church of Jesus Christ of ...
in San Antonio, built between 1760 and 1782.
Characteristics
File:Borromini's coat of arms of Urban VIII in Bernini's Palazzo Barberini by Filippo Juvarra (1711).jpg, Decorative cartouche designed for the Palazzo Barberini by Filippo Juvarra (1711)
File:Annibale Carracci, Farnese Ceiling (South Side).png, Ceiling of the Farnese Gallery
''The Loves of the Gods'' is a monumental fresco cycle, completed by the Bolognese artist Annibale Carracci and his studio, in the Farnese Gallery which is located in the west wing of the Palazzo Farnese, now the French Embassy, in Rome. The f ...
by Annibale Carracci
Annibale Carracci (; November 3, 1560 – July 15, 1609) was an Italian painter and instructor, active in Bologna and later in Rome. Along with his brother and cousin, Annibale was one of the progenitors, if not founders of a leading strand of th ...
(1597–1704)
Image:Fresco with Trompe l'oeuil - Andrea Pozzo -Jesuit Church Vienna.jpg, Illusionistic painting
Illusionism in art history means either the artistic tradition in which artists create a work of art that appears to share the physical space with the viewer"Illusionism," ''Grove Art Online''. Oxford University Press, ccessed 17 March 2008 or ...
on the ceiling of the Jesuit church in Vienna by Andrea Pozzo (1703)
TreppenhausResidenzWürzburgL1050248 (2).jpg, Grand staircase of the Würzburg Residence (1720–1780)
File:Chiesa del Gesù September 2015-7a.jpg, '' Trompe-l'œil'' effect on the ceiling of the Church of the Gesu, Rome, by Giovanni Battista Gaulli (completed 1679)
File:Kasteel van Vaux-le-Vicomte - Maincy 06.jpg, Baroque garden
The Baroque garden was a style of garden based upon symmetry and the principle of imposing order on nature. The style originated in the late-16th century in Italy, in the gardens of the Vatican and the Villa Borghese gardens in Rome and in the ga ...
at Vaux-le-Vicomte. The parterre, designed to be viewed from above from the Chateau windows and terrace, was an extension of the interior architecture and design
Baroque architecture often used visual and theatrical effects, designed to surprise and awe the viewer:
*
domes were a common feature. Their interiors were often painted with a sky filled with angels and sculpted sunbeams, suggesting glory or a vision of heaven. Pear-shaped domes were sometimes used in the
Bavaria
Bavaria ( ; ), officially the Free State of Bavaria (german: Freistaat Bayern, link=no ), is a state in the south-east of Germany. With an area of , Bavaria is the largest German state by land area, comprising roughly a fifth of the total l ...
n,
Czech,
Polish and
Ukrainian Baroque
*
quadratura. Paintings in ''
trompe-l'œil'' of angels and saints in the dome and on the ceiling, combined with stucco frames or decoration, which give the illusion of three dimensions, and of looking through the ceiling to the heavens. Sometimes painted or sculpted figures of
Atlantes appear to be holding up the ceiling. In some Baroque churches,
illusionistic ceiling painting gave the illusion of three dimensions.
* grand stairways. Stairways often occupied a central place and were used for dramatic effect. winding upwards in stages, giving changing views from different levels, serving as a setting for ceremonies.
[Ducher (1988), p. 102]
*
cartouche in elaborate forms and sculpted frames break up the surfaces and add three-dimensional effects to the walls.
* mirrors to give the impression of depth and greater space, particularly when combined with windows, as in the
Hall of Mirrors at the
Palace of Versailles
The Palace of Versailles ( ; french: Château de Versailles ) is a former royal residence built by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, Yvelines, Versailles, about west of Paris, France. The palace is owned by the French Republic and since 19 ...
.
* incomplete architectural elements, such as frontons with sections missing, causing sections to merge and disorienting the eye.
*
chiaroscuro. Use of strong contrasts of darkness and light for dramatic effect.
* overhead sculpture.
Putti or figures on or just below the ceiling, made of wood (often gilded), plaster or stucco, marble or faux finishing, giving the impression of floating in the air.
*
Solomonic columns, which gave an illusion of motion.
* elliptical or oval spaces, eliminating right angles. Sometimes an oval nave was surrounded by radiating circular chapels. This was a distinctive feature of the
Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers of
Balthasar Neumann
Johann Balthasar Neumann (; 27 January 1687 (?) – 19 August 1753), usually known as Balthasar Neumann, was a German architect and military artillery engineer who developed a refined brand of Baroque architecture, fusing Austrian, Bohemian, Ita ...
.
Plans
File:LucaMartina.jpg, Cruciform plan of a high Baroque Church, Santi Luca e Martina in Rome by Pietro da Cortona
Pietro da Cortona (; 1 November 1596 or 159716 May 1669) was an Italian Baroque painter and architect. Along with his contemporaries and rivals Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Francesco Borromini, he was one of the key figures in the emergence of Roman ...
(1639–1669)
File:Floor Map Sant'Andrea al Quirinale, Rome.svg, Floor plan of Sant'Andrea al Quirinale by Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Gian Lorenzo (or Gianlorenzo) Bernini (, , ; Italian Giovanni Lorenzo; 7 December 159828 November 1680) was an Italian sculptor and architect. While a major figure in the world of architecture, he was more prominently the leading sculptor of his ...
(1658–1661) showing the entrance (below), altar (top) and radiating chapels
File:VierzehnheiligenPlan.jpg, Plan of the Late Baroque Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers by Balthasar Neumann
Johann Balthasar Neumann (; 27 January 1687 (?) – 19 August 1753), usually known as Balthasar Neumann, was a German architect and military artillery engineer who developed a refined brand of Baroque architecture, fusing Austrian, Bohemian, Ita ...
, constructed between 1743 and 1772. The altar is in an oval in the center.
Major Baroque architects and works, by country
Italy
*
Carlo Maderno –
Santa Susanna (1595–603);
St. Peter's Basilica and
Sant'Andrea della Valle, Rome
*
Pietro da Cortona
Pietro da Cortona (; 1 November 1596 or 159716 May 1669) was an Italian Baroque painter and architect. Along with his contemporaries and rivals Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Francesco Borromini, he was one of the key figures in the emergence of Roman ...
–
Santa Maria della Pace (1656–68),
Santi Luca e Martina, Rome
*
Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Gian Lorenzo (or Gianlorenzo) Bernini (, , ; Italian Giovanni Lorenzo; 7 December 159828 November 1680) was an Italian sculptor and architect. While a major figure in the world of architecture, he was more prominently the leading sculptor of his ...
–
Saint Peter's Square
Saint Peter's Square ( la, Forum Sancti Petri, it, Piazza San Pietro ,) is a large plaza located directly in front of St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, the papal enclave inside Rome, directly west of the neighborhood (rione) of Borgo. Bot ...
,
Palazzo Barberini,
Sant'Andrea al Quirinale, Rome
*
Francesco Borromini
Francesco Borromini (, ), byname of Francesco Castelli (; 25 September 1599 – 2 August 1667), was an Italian architect born in the modern Swiss canton of Ticino –
San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane,
Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza, Rome
*
Carlo Fontana –
San Marcello al Corso (1692–1697)
*
Francesco de Sanctis –
Spanish Steps (1723)
*
Luigi Vanvitelli –
Caserta Palace (begun 1752)
*
Guarino Guarini
Camillo Guarino Guarini (17 January 1624 – 6 March 1683) was an Italian architect of the Piedmontese Baroque, active in Turin as well as Sicily, France, and Portugal. He was a Theatine priest, mathematician, and writer..
Biography
Guarini wa ...
–
Palazzo Carignano in Turin (1679),
Chapel of the Holy Shroud, Turin
*
Filippo Juvarra –
Basilica of Superga, Turin (1717–31)
France
*
Salomon de Brosse –
Luxembourg Palace (1615–1645)
*
Louis Le Vau – (
Vaux-le-Vicomte) (1658–1661),
Collège des Quatre-Nations (1662–1688),
Cour Carrée of the
Louvre Palace
The Louvre Palace (french: link=no, Palais du Louvre, ), often referred to simply as the Louvre, is an iconic French palace located on the Rive Droite, Right Bank of the Seine in Paris, occupying a vast expanse of land between the Tuileries Ga ...
(1668–1680)
*
Jules Hardouin-Mansart
Jules Hardouin-Mansart (; 16 April 1646 – 11 May 1708) was a French Baroque architect and builder whose major work included the Place des Victoires (1684–1690); Place Vendôme (1690); the domed chapel of Les Invalides (1690), and the Grand T ...
– domed chapel of
Les Invalides
The Hôtel des Invalides ( en, "house of invalids"), commonly called Les Invalides (), is a complex of buildings in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, France, containing museums and monuments, all relating to the military history of France, as ...
(finished 1708); Garden facade and began
Hall of Mirrors of
Palace of Versailles
The Palace of Versailles ( ; french: Château de Versailles ) is a former royal residence built by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, Yvelines, Versailles, about west of Paris, France. The palace is owned by the French Republic and since 19 ...
*
Robert de Cotte
Robert de Cotte (1656 – 15 July 1735) was a French architect-administrator, under whose design control of the royal buildings of France from 1699, the earliest notes presaging the Rococo style were introduced. First a pupil of Jules Hard ...
–
Chapel of Palace of Versailles (1643–1715),
Grand Trianon (1643–1715)
England
*
Christopher Wren
Sir Christopher Wren PRS FRS (; – ) was one of the most highly acclaimed English architects in history, as well as an anatomist, astronomer, geometer, and mathematician-physicist. He was accorded responsibility for rebuilding 52 churches ...
–
St. Paul's Cathedral
St Paul's Cathedral is an Anglican cathedral in London and is the seat of the Bishop of London. The cathedral serves as the mother church of the Diocese of London. It is on Ludgate Hill at the highest point of the City of London and is a Gr ...
(1675–1711),
Hampton Court Palace
Hampton Court Palace is a Grade I listed royal palace in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, southwest and upstream of central London on the River Thames. The building of the palace began in 1514 for Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, the chie ...
(1690–1696),
Greenwich Hospital (begun 1695)
*
Nicholas Hawksmoor and
John Vanbrugh
Sir John Vanbrugh (; 24 January 1664 (baptised) – 26 March 1726) was an English architect, dramatist and herald, perhaps best known as the designer of Blenheim Palace and Castle Howard. He wrote two argumentative and outspoken Restora ...
–
Castle Howard (1699–1712);
Blenheim Palace
Blenheim Palace (pronounced ) is a country house in Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England. It is the seat of the Dukes of Marlborough and the only non-royal, non- episcopal country house in England to hold the title of palace. The palace, on ...
(1705–1724)
*
James Gibbs –
Radcliffe Camera, Oxford (1739–49)
The Netherlands
*
Jacob Van Campen –
Royal Palace of Amsterdam (then city hall) (begun 1648),
Noordeinde Palace (1640) and
Mauritshuis
The Mauritshuis (; en, Maurice House) is an art museum in The Hague, Netherlands. The museum houses the Royal Cabinet of Paintings which consists of 854 objects, mostly Dutch Golden Age paintings. The collection contains works by Johannes Vermeer ...
(1641)
*
Lieven de Key –
City Hall (Haarlem) (1620)
*
Pieter Post –
Huis ten Bosch (1645–1652) and
Maastricht City Hall (1686)
*
Maurits Post –
Soestdijk Palace (1650)
*
Daniël Stalpaert –
Het Scheepvaartmuseum (1655–1656}
*
Daniel Marot
Daniel Marot or Daniel Marot the Elder (1661–1752) was a French-born Dutch architect, furniture designer and engraver at the forefront of the classicizing Late Baroque Louis XIV style. He worked for a long time in England and the Dutch Republic ...
–
Het Loo Palace (1684–1686))
*
Bartholomeus van Bassen –
Nieuwe Kerk (The Hague) (1656)
*
Pierre Cuypers –
Oudenbosch Basilica (1892)
Germany
*
Agostino Barelli –
Nymphenburg Palace, Munich (1664–1675)
*
Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann –
Zwinger,
Dresden
Dresden (, ; Upper Saxon: ''Dräsdn''; wen, label=Upper Sorbian, Drježdźany) is the capital city of the German state of Saxony and its second most populous city, after Leipzig. It is the 12th most populous city of Germany, the fourth ...
(1697–1716)
*
Georg Bahr
Georg may refer to:
* Georg (film), ''Georg'' (film), 1997
*Georg (musical), Estonian musical
* Georg (given name)
* Georg (surname)
* , a Kriegsmarine coastal tanker
See also
* George (disambiguation)
{{disambiguation ...
–
Dresden Frauenkirche, (1722–1738, destroyed in 1944, rebuilt 1994–2005)
*
Johann Arnold Nering –
Charlottenburg Palace, Berlin (1695–1713)
*
Balthasar Neumann
Johann Balthasar Neumann (; 27 January 1687 (?) – 19 August 1753), usually known as Balthasar Neumann, was a German architect and military artillery engineer who developed a refined brand of Baroque architecture, fusing Austrian, Bohemian, Ita ...
–
Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers (1743–1772),
Würzburg Residence (1735)
*
Johann Dientzenhofer and
Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt
Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt (14 November 1668 – 16 November 1745) was an Austrian baroque architect and military engineer who designed stately buildings and churches and whose work had a profound influence on the architecture of the Habsburg E ...
–
Schloss Weißenstein in
Pommersfelden, Bavaria (1711–1718)
*
Augustusburg Palace
Augustusburg () is a town in the district of Mittelsachsen, in Saxony, Germany. It is situated 12 km east of Chemnitz. Augustusburg is known for its ''Jagdschloss'', the hunting lodge of the same name.
The town includes the ortsteil or to ...
Austria
*
Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt
Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt (14 November 1668 – 16 November 1745) was an Austrian baroque architect and military engineer who designed stately buildings and churches and whose work had a profound influence on the architecture of the Habsburg E ...
, Upper
Belvedere Palace in Vienna (1721–23)
*
Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach – University Church, Salzburg (begun 1696);
Karlskirche, Vienna (1716–37);
Austrian National Library (begun 1722)
* Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach and
Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt
Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt (14 November 1668 – 16 November 1745) was an Austrian baroque architect and military engineer who designed stately buildings and churches and whose work had a profound influence on the architecture of the Habsburg E ...
–
Palais Auersperg in Vienna
*
Jakob Prandtauer and
Josef Munggenast, Abbey of
Melk (1702–1738)
*
Santino Solari,
Salzburg Cathedral (Facade and interior of dome) (1614–1628)
Czech Republic
*
Jean-Baptiste Mathey
Jean Baptiste Mathey (1630–1696) was a French architect and painter born in Dijon.
Between 1675 and 1694 Mathey enjoyed a remarkable career in which his French planning and devotion to classical rationality (as opposed to the luxuriance of It ...
–
Troja Palace
Troja Palace ( cs, Zámek Troja) is a Baroque palace located in Troja, Prague's north-west borough (Czech Republic). It was built for the Counts of Sternberg from 1679 to 1691. The palace is owned by the city of Prague and hosts the 19th century ...
, Prague (1679–1691)
[Toman (2015) p. 264]
*
Christoph Dientzenhofer –
Břevnov Monastery, Prague (1708–1721) –
Church of St Nicholas. Prague (1704–55)
*
Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer –
Kinský Palace (Prague)
Kinský Palace ( cs, Palác Kinských, german: Palais Goltz-Kinsky) is a former palace, now an art museum, located on Old Town Square in the Old Town area of Prague, Czech Republic. The palace's name refers to its former ownership by the Kinsk ...
(1755–1765)
Slovakia
* Pietro Spozzo – Jesuit Church of
Trnava (1629–37)
Hungary
* András Mayerhoffer –
Gödöllő Palace near
Budapest
Budapest (, ; ) is the capital and most populous city of Hungary. It is the ninth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits and the second-largest city on the Danube river; the city has an estimated population ...
(begun 1733)
* Ignác Oraschek and Márton Wittwer:
Esterházy Palace
The House of Esterházy, also spelled Eszterházy (), is a Hungarian noble family with origins in the Middle Ages. From the 17th century, the Esterházys were the greatest landowner magnates of the Kingdom of Hungary, during the time that it ...
in
Fertőd
Romania
* Johann Eberhard Blaumann –
Bánffy Palace Bánffy is a Hungarian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Katalin Bánffy, 16th-century Hungarian noblewoman
* Dezső Bánffy (1843–1911), Hungarian politician
* Eszter Bánffy (born 1957), Hungarian prehistorian, archaeologist, ...
in
Cluj (1774–75)
*
Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt
Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt (14 November 1668 – 16 November 1745) was an Austrian baroque architect and military engineer who designed stately buildings and churches and whose work had a profound influence on the architecture of the Habsburg E ...
–
Bishopric Palace in
Oradea
Oradea (, , ; german: Großwardein ; hu, Nagyvárad ) is a city in Romania, located in Crișana, a sub-region of Transylvania. The county seat, seat of Bihor County, Oradea is one of the most important economic, social and cultural centers in the ...
. (1736–1750)
*
Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach –
St. George's Cathedral of
Timișoara
*
Anton Erhard Martinelli
Anton Erhard Martinelli (1684 – September 15, 1747) was an Austrian architect and master-builder of Italian descent.
Martinelli was born in Vienna. He was the son of architect Franz Martinelli.
Anton Erhard Martinelli supervised the construct ...
–
Holy Trinity Cathedral of
Blaj
Blaj (; archaically spelled as ''Blaș''; hu, Balázsfalva; german: Blasendorf; Transylvanian Saxon: ''Blußendref'') is a city in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania. It has a population of 20,630 inhabitants.
The landmark of the city is the ...
(1738–1749)
*
Samuel von Brukenthal –
Brukenthal Palace in
Sibiu (1777–87)
* Franz Burger –
Brukenthal High School
Samuel von Brukenthal National College (german: Samuel-von-Brukenthal-Gymnasium, ro, Colegiul Național „Samuel von Brukenthal”, hu, Samuel von Brukenthal Főgimnázium ) is a German-language high school founded in Nagyszeben, Transylvania ...
in
Sibiu (1779–81)
*
Roman Catholic Church of
Sibiu (1726–33)
*
Gheorghe Lazăr National College of
Sibiu
Lithuania
*
Johann Christoph Glaubitz –
St. Johns' Church in Vilnius
The Church of St. Johns, St. John the Baptist and St. John the Apostle and Evangelist ( lt, Vilniaus Šv. Jono Krikštytojo ir Šv. Jono apaštalo ir evangelisto bažnyčia) is located at the Old Town of Vilnius, Lithuania and dominates the unive ...
(1738–48)
* Giovanni Battista Frediani,
Jan Zaor –
Church of St. Peter and St. Paul in
Vilnius (1668–1701)
* Pietro Puttini, Carlo Puttini and Giovanni Battista Frediani –
Pažaislis Monastery and the Church of the Visitation in
Kaunas
Kaunas (; ; also see other names) is the second-largest city in Lithuania after Vilnius and an important centre of Lithuanian economic, academic, and cultural life. Kaunas was the largest city and the centre of a county in the Duchy of Trakai ...
(1662–1674)
Poland
*
Giovanni Maria Bernardoni –
Saints Peter and Paul Church, Kraków (1597–1619)
*
Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach – Chapel of the Holy Sacrament,
Wroclaw Cathedral
* Karl Friedrich Pöppelmann – Blue Palace in
Warsaw (1728)
*
Tylman van Gameren –
Krasinski Palace, Warsaw (1677–1682)
*
Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt
Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt (14 November 1668 – 16 November 1745) was an Austrian baroque architect and military engineer who designed stately buildings and churches and whose work had a profound influence on the architecture of the Habsburg E ...
– Wroclaw Palace, Warsaw (1711)
* Friedrich Karcher – Enlargement of
Royal Castle, Warsaw (1700)
* Augustyn Wincenty Locci and
Andreas Schlüter – Reconstruction of
Wilanów Palace (1677–1696)
Portugal
*
João Antunes
João Antunes (1642–1712) was a Portuguese architect and master mason, considered to be one of the most important architects of Baroque architecture. Antunes served as royal architect during the reign of King Pedro II of Portugal and is respons ...
–
Church of Santa Engrácia
The Church of Santa Engrácia ( pt, Igreja de Santa Engrácia, ) is a 17th-century monument in Lisbon, Portugal. Originally a church it was converted into the National Pantheon (''Panteão Nacional'', ), in which important Portuguese personaliti ...
, Lisbon (now National Pantheon of Portugal; begun 1681)
*
Nicolau Nasoni –
Clérigos Church
The Clérigos Church ( pt, Igreja dos Clérigos, ; "Church of the Clergymen") is a Baroque church in the city of Porto, in Portugal. Its 75-meter-tall bell tower, the Torre dos Clérigos, can be seen from various points of the city and is one of ...
in
Porto (1732–1763);
Mateus Palace
The Mateus Palace ( pt, Palácio de Mateus, Solar de Mateus or Casa de Mateus) is a palace located in the civil parish of Mateus, municipality of Vila Real, Portugal. The three primary buildings are the manor, the winery and the chapel.
The winery ...
in
Vila Real (1739–1743)
Portuguese Colonial Baroque
*
Aleijadinho –
church of São Francisco in Ouro Preto, Brazil (1771–1794)
*
Basilica and Convent of Nossa Senhora do Carmo in Recife, Brazil (1665–1767)
*
Church of St. Anne in Goa, India (1577–1695)
*
Church of Saint Dominic, Macau
Saint Dominic's Church (; pt, Igreja de São Domingos) is a late 16th-century Baroque-style church that serves within the Cathedral Parish of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Macau. It is in the peninsular part of the city at the ''Largo de Sã ...
, China (1587)
Spain
*
Fernando de Casas Novoa – West facade of
Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela (1738–1750)
[Cabanne (1988) p. 49]
*
Alonzo Cano – Baroque additions to
Granada Cathedral (1667)
*
Leonardo de Figueroa – College of San Telmo, Seville, (1682)
*
Jose Benito de Churriguera
Jose is the English transliteration of the Hebrew and Aramaic name ''Yose'', which is etymologically linked to ''Yosef'' or Joseph. The name was popular during the Mishnaic and Talmudic periods.
* Jose ben Abin
* Jose ben Akabya
*Jose the Galile ...
–
San Cayetano Church, Madrid – Altar of the Church of San Esteban,
Salamanca (1693)
*
Francisco Hurtado Izquierdo
Francisco Hurtado Izquierdo y Fernández (10 February 1669 – 30 June 1725) was a Spanish architect of the Baroque period, author of the Sancta Sanctorum (sacristy) in the Granada Charterhouse. He was born and educated in Priego de Córdob ...
–
Granada Charterhouse,
Granada
Granada (,, DIN 31635, DIN: ; grc, Ἐλιβύργη, Elibýrgē; la, Illiberis or . ) is the capital city of the province of Granada, in the autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain. Granada is located at the fo ...
(1727–1764)
Spanish Colonial Baroque
* Lorenzo Rodriguez – Metropolitan Tabernacle of
Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral, Mexico (1749–1760)
*
Cathedral Basilica of Zacatecas
The Cathedral of Zacatecas, dedicated to the Assumption of Mary, Virgin of the Assumption, is the main temple of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Zacatecas, Diocese of Zacatecas. Located in the historic center of the Zacatecas City, city, declared W ...
in Zacatecas City, Mexico (1729–1772)
* Spaniard
José de la Cruz, Antonio de Nava and Luigi Tomassi –
Cathedral of Chihuahua, Mexico, (1725–1760)
*
Convent of San Francisco
A convent is a community of monks, nuns, religious brothers or, sisters or priests. Alternatively, ''convent'' means the building used by the community. The word is particularly used in the Catholic Church, Lutheran churches, and the Anglican C ...
, Mexico City, built around the 16th century
* Flemish Jean-Baptiste Gilles and Diego Martínez de Oviedo –
Iglesia de la Compañía de Jesús in Cusco, Peru (1668)
* Juan Miguel de Veramendi, Juan Correa, Miguel Gutiérrez Sencio –
Cusco Cathedral, in Cusco, Peru (1560–1664)
*
Palacio de Torre Tagle, in
Lima, Peru (1715)
*
Lima Cathedral
The Basilica Metropolitan Cathedral of Lima and Primate of Peru, otherwise Lima Metropolitan Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic cathedral located in the Plaza Mayor of downtown Lima, Peru. This third and current Cathedral of Lima was built between 1 ...
, in Lima, Peru (1535–1649)
*
Basilica and Convent of Nuestra Señora de la Merced, in Lima, Peru (1535)
*
Basilica of San Francisco
In Ancient Roman architecture, a basilica is a large public building with multiple functions, typically built alongside the town's forum. The basilica was in the Latin West equivalent to a stoa in the Greek East. The building gave its name t ...
in La Paz, Bolivia (1743–1772)
*
Havana Cathedral
Havana Cathedral (''Catedral de San Cristóbal'') is one of eleven Catholic cathedrals on the island. It is located in the Plaza de la Catedral on Calle Empedrado, between San Ignacio y Mercaderes, Old Havana. The thirty by forty-nine meters rec ...
in Cuba, built between 1748 and 1777
*
Basilica Menor de San Francisco de Asís
In Ancient Roman architecture, a basilica is a large public building with multiple functions, typically built alongside the town's forum. The basilica was in the Latin West equivalent to a stoa in the Greek East. The building gave its name t ...
in Havana, Cuba, built between 1580 and 1738.
*
San Agustin Church in
Manila, Philippines (1586–1607)
*
Santa Maria Church in
Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur, Philippines, built around the 18th century
*
Miagao Church in
Miagao, Iloilo, Philippines, built around the 18th century.
*
Paoay Church in
Paoay, Ilocos Norte, Philippines (1694–1710)
*
Daraga Church in
Daraga, Albay, Philippines (1772–1773)
Nordic Countries
*
Elias David Häusser (Denmark) –
Christiansborg Palace (1st)
*
Lambert van Haven (Denmark) –
Church of Our Saviour, Copenhagen (1682–1747)
*
Nicodemus Tessin the Elder (Sweden) –
Drottningholm Palace (1662–1681) –
Kalmar Cathedral in
Småland
Småland () is a historical province () in southern Sweden.
Småland borders Blekinge, Scania, Halland, Västergötland, Östergötland and the island Öland in the Baltic Sea. The name Småland literally means ''Small Lands''. The Latinized fo ...
, Sweden (1660–1703)
Russia
*
Giovanni Maria Fontana –
Menshikov Palace in
Saint Petersburg (1710–1720s)
*
Georg Johann Mattarnovi
Georg Johann Mattarnovi (russian: Георг Иванович Маттарнови, ''Georg Ivanovich Mattarnovi''; died 2 November 1719) was a German Baroque architect and sculptor, notable for his work in Saint Petersburg.V.K. Dmitriyev А ...
–
Kunstkamera in
Petrine Baroque, Saint Petersburg, completed by 1727
*
Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli – Facade of
Smolny Convent, Saint Petersburg (1748–1754);
Stroganov Palace (1753—1754);
Vorontsov Palace (Saint Petersburg) (1749—1757);
Winter Palace in
Saint Petersburg (1754–1762)
*
Domenico Trezzini –
Peter and Paul Fortress
The Peter and Paul Fortress is the original citadel of St. Petersburg, Russia, founded by Peter the Great in 1703 and built to Domenico Trezzini's designs from 1706 to 1740 as a star fortress. Between the first half of the 1700s and early 1920s i ...
, Saint Petersburg (1706–1740)
*
Mikhail Zemtsov Mikhail Grigorievich Zemtsov (russian: Михаи́л Григо́рьевич Земцо́в; 1688 – 1743) was a Russian Empire, Russian Imperial architect who practiced a sober, restrained Petrine Baroque style, which he learned from his peer Do ...
–
Transfiguration Cathedral (Saint Petersburg) (1743–54)
Turkey
*
Nuruosmaniye Mosque (1749–1755)
Ukraine
*
Mariinskyi Palace in
Kyiv (1744–1752) by
Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli
*
St Andrew's Church, Kyiv (1744–1767) by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli
* Portions of
Kyiv Pechersk Lavra (17th–18th century)
* Portions of
Vydubychi Monastery (17th 18th century)
Malta
*
Bontadino de Bontadini
Vittorio Bontadini, better known as Bontadino de Bontadini (died 1620), was a Bolognese hydraulic engineer, architect, mathematician and wood carver. He is mostly known for designing the Wignacourt Aqueduct in Malta.
The Order of St. John had b ...
–
Wignacourt Aqueduct (1612–1615) and
Wignacourt Arch
* Francesco Bounamici –
Church of the Jesuits in
Valletta (1635)
*
Mattia Preti –
Saint John's Co-Cathedral (1660s);
Church of Our Lady of Victories
The Church of Our Lady of Victories (''Kostel Panny Marie Vítězné''), also referred as the Shrine of the Infant Jesus of Prague, in Malá Strana, the "Lesser Quarter" of Prague, is a church governed and administered by the Discalced Carmelites ...
(1752)
*
Lorenzo Gafà –
Church of St. Lawrence in
Birgu (1681–97);
St. Paul's Cathedral
St Paul's Cathedral is an Anglican cathedral in London and is the seat of the Bishop of London. The cathedral serves as the mother church of the Diocese of London. It is on Ludgate Hill at the highest point of the City of London and is a Gr ...
in
Mdina
Mdina ( mt, L-Imdina ; phn, 𐤌𐤋𐤈, Maleṭ; grc, Μελίττη, Melite (ancient city), Melíttē; ar, مدينة, Madīnah; ), also known by its Italian-language titles ("Old City") and ("Notable City"), is a fortifications of Mdin ...
(1696–1705); the
Cathedral of the Assumption in
Victoria, Gozo (1697–1711)
*
Andrea Belli –
Auberge de Castille (1741–45)
See also
*
List of Baroque architecture
*
List of Baroque residences
*
Baroque music
Baroque music ( or ) refers to the period or dominant style of Western classical music composed from about 1600 to 1750. The Baroque style followed the Renaissance period, and was followed in turn by the Classical period after a short transi ...
*
Baroque sculpture
Baroque sculpture is the sculpture associated with the Baroque style of the period between the early 17th and mid 18th centuries. In Baroque sculpture, groups of figures assumed new importance, and there was a dynamic movement and energy of human ...
*
Earthquake Baroque
*
Baroque Churches of the Philippines
The Baroque Churches of the Philippines are a collection of four Spanish Colonial-era baroque churches in the Philippines, which were included in UNESCO's World Heritage List in 1993. The churches are also considered as national cultural treas ...
References
Bibliography
*Bailey, Gauvin Alexander. ''Baroque & Rococo''. London: Phaidon Press, 2012.
*
*
*Ducher, Robert, ''Caractéristique des Styles'', (1988), Flammarion, Paris (In French);
*
*
*
*
*Robbins Landon, H. C. and David Wyn Jones (1988) ''Haydn: His Life and Music''. Thames and Hudson.
External links
Siberian Baroque
{{DEFAULTSORT:Baroque Architecture
Architectural styles
Architectural history
16th-century architecture
17th-century architecture
18th-century architecture by style
16th century in the arts
17th century in the arts
18th century in the arts
Architecture
Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving, planning, designing, and constructing buildings ...
Architecture in Italy