Bandwings, or band-winged grasshoppers, are the

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...

Oedipodinae of

grasshoppers Grasshoppers are a group of insects belonging to the suborder Caelifera. They are among what is possibly the most ancient living group of chewing herbivorous insects, dating back to the early Triassic around 250 million years ago. Grasshop ...

classified under the

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

Acrididae The AcrididaeMacLeay WS (1821) ''Horae Entomologicae or Essays on the Annulose Animals'' 2 are the predominant family of grasshoppers, comprising some 10,000 of the 11,000 species of the entire suborder Caelifera. The Acrididae are best known bec ...

. They have a worldwide distribution and were originally elevated to full family status as the Oedipodidae. Many species primarily inhabit

xeric Deserts and xeric shrublands are a biome defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature. Deserts and xeric (ancient Greek xērós, “dry") shrublands form the largest terrestrial biome, covering 19% of Earth's land surface area. Ecoregions in this h ...

weedy fields, and some are considered to be important

locust Locusts (derived from the Vulgar Latin ''locusta'', meaning grasshopper) are various species of short-horned grasshoppers in the family Acrididae that have a swarming phase. These insects are usually solitary, but under certain circumstanc ...

s: * ''

Locusta migratoria The migratory locust (''Locusta migratoria'') is the most widespread locust species, and the only species in the genus ''Locusta''. It occurs throughout Africa, Asia, Australia and New Zealand. It used to be common in Europe but has now become ...

'': the migratory locust * '' Chortoicetes terminifera'': the Australian plague locust * ''

Locustana pardalina The brown locust (''Locustana pardalina'') is a medium-sized small locust species in the monotypic genus ''Locustana''. It is found in Southern Africa and shows classic gregarious behaviour with phase Polymorphism (biology), polymorphism on crowd ...

'' the brown locust These grasshoppers often have colorful

hindwing Insect wings are adult outgrowths of the insect exoskeleton that enable insects to fly. They are found on the second and third thoracic segments (the mesothorax and metathorax), and the two pairs are often referred to as the forewings and hindwi ...

s that may be yellow or red and edged with black. Others have black hindwings with pale edges, and a few species (including the most economically important ones) have clear hindwings. The

arolium The arthropod leg is a form of jointed appendage of arthropods, usually used for walking. Many of the terms used for arthropod leg segments (called podomeres) are of Latin origin, and may be confused with terms for bones: ''coxa'' (meaning hip (anat ...

is extremely small or absent.

Defense

When bandwings feel safe, they appear drab. When they feel threatened, they leap out to reveal bold and bright colors. Some predators might even mistake the blue-winged grasshopper for a butterfly. But when the predator looks for the grasshopper, it is hiding in the grass. Bandwings continue this process if the predator tries to attack them.

Tribes and genera

The ''Orthoptera Species File'' lists the following:

Tribe Acrotylini

Auth. Shumakov 1963; distribution:

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...

# '' Acrotylus'' Fieber, 1853 # ''

Pusana ''Pusana'' is a genus of grasshoppers in the subfamily Oedipodinae with species found in the Indian subcontinent The Indian subcontinent is a list of the physiographic regions of the world, physiographical region in United Nations geosche ...

'' Uvarov, 1940

Tribe Anconiini

Auth. Otte, 1995; distribution: N. America (monotypic) # ''

Anconia ''Anconia'' is a genus of band-winged grasshopper Bandwings, or band-winged grasshoppers, are the subfamily Oedipodinae of grasshoppers classified under the family Acrididae. They have a worldwide distribution and were originally elevated to ...

'' Scudder, 1876

Tribe Arphiini

Auth. Otte, 1995; distribution: N. America Arphia xanthoptera P1130859a

# ''

Arphia ''Arphia'' is a genus of band-winged grasshoppers in the family Acrididae. There are at least 11 described species in ''Arphia''. Species * '' Arphia behrensi'' Saussure, 1884 (California sulphur-winged grasshopper) * '' Arphia conspersa'' Scu ...

'' Stål, 1873 # ''

Lactista ''Lactista'' is a genus of band-winged grasshopper Bandwings, or band-winged grasshoppers, are the subfamily Oedipodinae of grasshoppers classified under the family Acrididae. They have a worldwide distribution and were originally elevated t ...

'' Saussure, 1884 (synonym ''Rehnita'') # ''

Leuronotina ''Leuronotina'' is a genus of band-winged grasshopper Bandwings, or band-winged grasshoppers, are the subfamily Oedipodinae of grasshoppers classified under the family Acrididae. They have a worldwide distribution and were originally elevate ...

'' Hebard, 1932 # ''

Tomonotus ''Tomonotus'' is a genus of band-winged grasshopper Bandwings, or band-winged grasshoppers, are the subfamily Oedipodinae of grasshoppers classified under the family Acrididae. They have a worldwide distribution and were originally elevated ...

'' Saussure, 1861

Tribe Bryodemini

Auth. Bei-Bienko 1930; distribution: mostly central Asia B tuberculata-W

# ''

Andrea Andrea is a given name which is common worldwide for both males and females, cognate to Andreas, Andrej and Andrew. Origin of the name The name derives from the Greek word ἀνήρ (''anēr''), genitive ἀνδρός (''andrós''), that ref ...

'' Mishchenko, 1989 # '' Angaracris'' Bei-Bienko, 1930 # '' Bryodema'' Fieber, 1853 # '' Bryodemacris'' Benediktov, 1998 # '' Bryodemella'' Yin, 1982 (Eastern Europe and temperate Asia) # '' Compsorhipis'' Saussure, 1889 # '' Uvaroviola'' Bei-Bienko, 1930

Tribe Chortophagini

Auth. Otte, 1984; distribution: N. America Chortophaga viridifasciata P1390820a

# '' Chimarocephala'' Scudder, 1875 # '' Chortophaga'' Saussure, 1884 # '' Encoptolophus'' Scudder, 1875 # '' Nebulatettix'' Gómez, Lightfoot & Miller, 2012 # '' Shotwellia'' Gurney, 1940

Tribe Epacromiini

Auth. Brunner von Wattenwyl 1893; distribution: Africa, Europe, Asia through to New Caledonia Aiolopus thalassinus feeding on grass 2

# '' Aiolopus'' Fieber, 1853 # '' Demirsoyus'' Sirin & Çiplak, 2004 # '' Epacromius'' Uvarov, 1942 # '' Heteropternis'' Stål, 1873 # '' Hilethera'' Uvarov, 1923 # '' Jasomenia'' Bolívar, 1914 # ''

Paracinema Paracinema is an academic term to refer to a wide variety of film genres out of the mainstream, bearing the same relationship to 'legitimate' film as paraliterature like comic books and pulp fiction bears to literature. Definition In terms of tast ...

'' Fischer, 1853 # '' Parahilethera'' Zheng & Ren, 2007 # '' Platypygius'' Uvarov, 1942

Tribe Hippiscini

Auth. Otte, 1984; distribution: Americas Hippiscus ocelote P1240847a

* '' Agymnastus'' Scudder, 1897 * '' Camnula'' Stål, 1873 * '' Cratypedes'' Scudder, 1876 * '' Hadrotettix'' Scudder, 1876 * '' Heliastus'' Saussure, 1884 * '' Hippiscus'' Saussure, 1861 (monotypic) * '' Leprus'' Saussure, 1861 * '' Pardalophora'' Saussure, 1884 * '' Sticthippus'' Scudder, 1892 * '' Xanthippus (grasshopper)'' Saussure, 1884

Tribe Locustini

Auth. Kirby, 1825; distribution: Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia Locusta m

;subtribe Locustina Kirby, 1825 # ''

Locusta Locusta or Lucusta (died 69), was a notorious maker of poisons in the 1st-century Roman Empire, active in the final two reigns of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. She supposedly took part in the assassinations of Claudius and Britannicus. She was a f ...

'' Linnaeus, 1758 (

monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispec ...

) # '' Oedaleus'' Fieber, 1853 # '' Psophus'' Fieber, 1853 - monotypic '' Psophus stridulus'' ;subtribe undetermined # '' Brunnerella'' Saussure, 1888 # '' Chifanicus'' Benediktov, 2001 # '' Gastrimargus'' Saussure, 1884 # '' Grammoscapha'' Uvarov, 1942 # '' Locustana'' Uvarov, 1921 # '' Pternoscirta'' Saussure, 1884 # '' Ptetica'' Saussure, 1884 # '' Pycnodictya'' Stål, 1873 # '' Pyrgodera'' Fischer von Waldheim, 1846 # '' Scintharista'' Saussure, 1884

Tribe Macherocerini

Auth. Otte, 1995; distribution: N. America (monotypic) # '' Machaerocera'' Saussure, 1859

Tribe Oedipodini

Auth. Walker, 1871; distribution: N. Africa, Europe, Asia Oedipoda caerulescens 1

# ''

Celes (grasshopper) ''Celes'' is a genus of Palaearctic grasshoppers in the tribe Oedipodini, erected by Henri Louis Frédéric de Saussure Henri Louis Frédéric de Saussure (; ; 27 November 1829 – 20 February 1905) was a Swiss mineralogist and entomol ...

'' Saussure, 1884 # '' Mioscirtus'' Saussure, 1888 # '' Ochyracris'' Zheng, 1991 # '' Oedipoda'' Latreille, 1829 # '' Oedipodacris'' Willemse, 1932

Tribe Parapleurini

Auth. Brunner von Wattenwyl 1893 (synonym Parapleuri); distribution: N. America, Europe, Asia Stethophyma magister 01

# '' Ceracris'' Walker, 1870 # '' Ceracrisoides'' Liu, 1985 # '' Formosacris'' Willemse, 1951 # '' Mecostethus'' Fieber, 1852 # '' Parapleurodes'' Ramme, 1941 # '' Stethophyma'' Fischer, 1853 # '' Yiacris'' Zheng & Chen, 1993

Tribe Psinidiini

Auth. Otte, 1984; distribution: N. America * '' Derotmema'' Scudder, 1876 * ''

Hippopedon ''Hippopedon'' is a genus of band-winged grasshopper Bandwings, or band-winged grasshoppers, are the subfamily Oedipodinae of grasshoppers classified under the family Acrididae. They have a worldwide distribution and were originally elevated ...

'' Saussure, 1861 (synonym ''Platylactista'') * '' Mestobregma'' Scudder, 1876 * '' Metator'' McNeill, 1901 * '' Psinidia'' Stål, 1873 * '' Trachyrhachys'' Scudder, 1876 * '' Trepidulus'' McNeill, 1901

Tribe Sphingonotini

Auth. Johnston, 1956; distribution: worldwide, esp. Africa, Europe, Asia Sphingonotus caerulans 0550

# '' Conipoda'' Saussure, 1884 # '' Cophotylus'' Krauss, 1902 # '' Eusphingoderus'' Bei-Bienko, 1950 # '' Eusphingonotus'' Bey-Bienko, 1950 # '' Heliopteryx'' Uvarov, 1914 # '' Helioscirtus'' Saussure, 1884 # '' Hyalorrhipis'' Saussure, 1884 # '' Microtes'' Scudder, 1900 # '' Phaeonotus'' Popov, 1951 # '' Pseudoceles'' Bolívar, 1899 # '' Quadriverticis'' Zheng, 1999 # '' Sphingoderus'' Bei-Bienko, 1950 # '' Sphingonotus'' Fieber, 1852 -

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...

: '' Sphingonotus caerulans'' # '' Tetramerotropis'' Saussure, 1888 # '' Thalpomena'' Saussure, 1884 # '' Vosseleriana'' Uvarov, 1924

Tribe Trilophidiini

Auth. Shumakov 1963; distribution: Africa, Asia (monotypic tribe) Trilophidia conturbata2

# '' Trilophidia'' Stål, 1873

Tribe Trimerotropini

Auth. Blatchley, 1920; distribution: Americas # '' Circotettix'' Scudder, 1876 # '' Conozoa'' Saussure, 1884 # '' Dissosteira'' Scudder, 1876 # '' Spharagemon'' Scudder, 1875 # ''

Trimerotropis ''Trimerotropis'' is a genus of band-winged grasshoppers in the family Acrididae The AcrididaeMacLeay WS (1821) ''Horae Entomologicae or Essays on the Annulose Animals'' 2 are the predominant family of grasshoppers, comprising some 10,000 of t ...

'' Stål, 1873

Tribe Tropidolophini

Auth. Otte, 1995; distribution: N. America (monotypic tribe) Tropidolophus formosus P1490430a

# '' Tropidolophus'' Thomas, 1873 - monotypic '' Tropidolophus formosus''

Genera ''
incertae sedis ' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...
''

CSIRO ScienceImage 40 An Australian plague locust Chortoicetes terminifera

* '' Angaracrisoides'' Gong & Zheng, 2003 * '' Asphingoderus'' Bei-Bienko, 1950 * '' Atympanum'' Yin, 1982 * '' Aulocaroides'' Werner, 1913 * '' Aurilobulus'' Yin, 1979 * '' Austroicetes'' Uvarov, 1925 * '' Brancsikellus'' Berg, 1899 * '' Chloebora'' Saussure, 1884 * '' Chondronotulus'' Uvarov, 1956 * '' Chortoicetes'' Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 * '' Crinita'' Dirsh, 1949 * '' Cyanicaudata'' Yin, 1979 * '' Diraneura'' Scudder, 1897 * '' Dittopternis'' Saussure, 1884 * '' Elmisia'' Dirsh, 1949 * '' Eokingdonella'' Yin, 1984 * '' Eremoscopus'' Bei-Bienko, 1951 * '' Eurysternacris'' Chopard, 1947 * '' Fitzgeraldia'' Uvarov, 1952 * '' Flatovertex'' Zheng, 1981 * '' Granada (insect)'' Koçak & Kemal, 2008 * '' Homoeopternis'' Uvarov, 1953 * '' Humbe (insect)'' Bolívar, 1882 * '' Jinabia'' Uvarov, 1952 * '' Kinshaties'' Zheng, 1977 * '' Leptopternis'' Saussure, 1884 * '' Mecistopteryx'' Saussure, 1888 * '' Morphacris'' Walker, 1870 * '' Nepalacris'' Balderson & Yin, 1987 * '' Oreacris'' Bolívar, 1911 * '' Promesosternus'' Yin, 1982 * '' Pseudaiolopus'' Hollis, 1967 * '' Pycnocrania'' Uvarov, 1941 * '' Pycnodella'' Descamps, 1965 * '' Pycnodictya'' Stål, 1873 * '' Pycnostictus'' Saussure, 1884 * '' Qualetta'' Sjöstedt, 1921 * '' Rashidia'' Uvarov, 1933 * '' Tibetacris'' Chen, 1964 * '' Tmetonota'' Saussure, 1884 * '' Zimbabwea'' Miller, 1949 * ''† Mioedipoda'' Stidham & Stidham, 2000 * ''† Nymphacrida'' Zhang, Sun & Zhang, 1994 * ''† Oedemastopoda'' Zhang, Sun & Zhang, 1994 The genus '' Cibolacris'' was originally placed in Oedipodinae, and later moved to

Gomphocerinae Gomphocerinae, sometimes called "slant-faced grasshoppers", are a subfamily of grasshoppers found on every continent but Antarctica and Australia. Tribes and genera Tribes and genera include: Arcypterini Auth.: Bolívar, 1914 - Africa, Palearc ...

. The genus '' Stethophyma'' is traditionally included in Oedipodinae, but North American authors in particular sometimes place it in the

Acridinae The grasshopper subfamily Acridinae, sometimes called silent slant-faced grasshoppers, belong of the large family Acrididae in the Orthoptera: Caelifera. Description In appearance, the species are often similar to those of the subfamily Gomphoc ...

. Some authors place all members of Oedipodinae within the subfamily Acridinae, and there has been much confusion and debate about the limits and relationships of the two subfamilies. DCF Rentz, RC Lewis, YN Su & MS Upton, 2003, 'A Guide to Australian Grasshoppers and Locusts', Natural History Publications (Borneo). ,

References

External links

* * {{Taxonbar, from=Q30107

Defense

Tribes and genera

Tribe Acrotylini

Tribe Anconiini

Tribe Arphiini

Tribe Bryodemini

Tribe Chortophagini

Tribe Epacromiini

Tribe Hippiscini

Tribe Locustini

Tribe Macherocerini

Tribe Oedipodini

Tribe Parapleurini

Tribe Psinidiini

Tribe Sphingonotini

Tribe Trilophidiini

Tribe Trimerotropini

Tribe Tropidolophini

Genera ''incertae sedis ' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...''

References

External links

Genera ''
incertae sedis ' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...
''