The British Aerospace Jetstream is a small twin-
turboprop
A turboprop is a turbine engine that drives an aircraft propeller.
A turboprop consists of an intake, reduction gearbox, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle. Air enters the intake and is compressed by the compressor. Fuel ...
airliner
An airliner is a type of aircraft for transporting passengers and air cargo. Such aircraft are most often operated by airlines. Although the definition of an airliner can vary from country to country, an airliner is typically defined as an ...
, with a
pressurised
{{Wiktionary
Pressurization or pressurisation is the application of pressure in a given situation or environment.
Industrial
Industrial equipment is often maintained at pressures above or below atmospheric.
Atmospheric
This is the process by ...
fuselage
The fuselage (; from the French ''fuselé'' "spindle-shaped") is an aircraft's main body section. It holds crew, passengers, or cargo. In single-engine aircraft, it will usually contain an engine as well, although in some amphibious aircraft t ...
, developed as the ''Jetstream 31'' from the earlier
Handley Page Jetstream
The Handley Page HP.137 Jetstream is a small twin-turboprop airliner, with a pressurised fuselage. The aircraft was designed to meet the requirements of the United States commuter and regional airline market. The design was later improved and b ...
. A larger version of the Jetstream was also manufactured, the
British Aerospace Jetstream 41
The British Aerospace Jetstream 41 is a turboprop-powered feederliner and regional airliner, designed by British Aerospace as a stretched version of the popular Jetstream 31. Intended to compete directly with 30-seat aircraft like the Embraer ...
.
Development
Scottish Aviation
Scottish Aviation Limited was an aircraft manufacturer based at Prestwick, Scotland.
History
The company was founded in 1935. Originally a flying school operator, the company took on maintenance work in 1938.
During the Second World War, Scotti ...
had taken over production of the original Jetstream design from
Handley Page
Handley Page Limited was a British aerospace manufacturer. Founded by Frederick Handley Page (later Sir Frederick) in 1909, it was the United Kingdom's first publicly traded aircraft manufacturing company. It went into voluntary liquidation a ...
, and when it was nationalised along with other British companies into
British Aerospace
British Aerospace plc (BAe) was a British aircraft, munitions and defence-systems manufacturer. Its head office was at Warwick House in the Farnborough Aerospace Centre in Farnborough, Hampshire. Formed in 1977, in 1999 it purchased Marconi ...
(later
BAE Systems
BAE Systems plc (BAE) is a British multinational arms, security, and aerospace company based in London, England. It is the largest defence contractor in Europe, and ranked the seventh-largest in the world based on applicable 2021 revenues. ...
) in 1978, British Aerospace decided the design was worth further development, and started work on a "Mark 3" Jetstream. As with the earlier 3M version for the USAF, the new version was re-engined with newer Garrett turboprops (now Honeywell TPE331) which offered more power (flat rated to 1,020
shp/760 kW with a thermodynamic limit of 1,100 shp/820 kW) and longer overhaul intervals over the original
Turbomeca Astazou
The Turbomeca Astazou is a highly successful series of turboprop and turboshaft engines, first run in 1957. The original version weighed and developed at 40,000 rpm. It was admitted for aviation service on May 29, 1961, after a 150-hour test ru ...
engines. This allowed the aircraft to be offered in an 18-seat option (six rows, 2+1), with an offset aisle, and with a water methanol option for the engine to allow the ability to operate at maximum load from a greater range of airfields, particularly in the continental United States and Australia.
The result was the Jetstream 31, which first flew on 28 March 1980,
being certificated in the UK on 29 June 1982. The new version proved to be as popular as Handley Page hoped the original model would be, and several hundred 31s were built during the 1980s. In 1985, a further engine upgrade was planned, which flew in 1988 as the Jetstream Super 31, also known as the Jetstream 32. Production continued until 1993, by which time 386 31/32s had been produced. Four Jetstream 31s were ordered for the Royal Navy in 1985 as radar observer trainers, the Jetstream T.3, but were later used for
VIP
A very important person or personage (VIP or V.I.P.) is a person who is accorded special privileges due to their high social status, influence or importance. The term was not common until sometime after World War 2 by RAF pilots.
Examples incl ...
transport.
In 1993, British Aerospace adopted the ''Jetstream'' name as its brand name for all twin turboprop aircraft. As well as the Jetstream 31 and Jetstream 32, it also built the related
Jetstream 41
The British Aerospace Jetstream 41 is a turboprop-powered feederliner and regional airliner, designed by British Aerospace as a stretched version of the popular Jetstream 31. Intended to compete directly with 30-seat aircraft like the Embraer ...
and the unrelated, but co-branded
BAe ATP/Jetstream 61. The Jetstream 61 name was never used in service, and retained its "ATP" marketing name. The company also proposed but never built the Jetstream 51 and Jetstream 71.
Variants
![Cockpit Jetstream 31](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Cockpit_Jetstream_31.jpg)
* Jetstream 31 Airliner: 18/19 passenger commuter airliner.
* Jetstream 31 Corporate: 12-passenger executive transport aircraft.
* Jetstream 31EP: Enhanced performance.
* Jetstream 31EZ: EEZ or maritime patrol version.
* Jetstream Executive Shuttle: 12-seat executive transport aircraft.
* Jetstream 31 Special: Utility transport aircraft.
* Jetstream 32EP: Enhanced performance, 19-passenger.
* Jetstream QC (Quick Change)
Operators
![Pascan Aviation - BAe Jetstream 32 - C-GPPS (Quintin Soloviev)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Pascan_Aviation_-_BAe_Jetstream_32_-_C-GPPS_%28Quintin_Soloviev%29.jpg)
In July 2019, 70 Jetstream 31s were in airline service : 49 in Americas, 15 in Europe, 5 in Asia Pacific and 1 in Africa. Airline operators with five or more aircraft were:
*
Northwestern Air
Northwestern Air is an airline based in Fort Smith, Northwest Territories, Canada. It operates scheduled passenger services to seven destinations in two territories / provinces, as well as undertaking ad hoc charters and long term charter contra ...
*
Pascan Aviation
9736140 Canada Inc., doing business as Pascan Aviation, is a regional airline based in Longueuil, Quebec, Canada. Based at Montreal Saint-Hubert Longueuil Airport in the Saint-Hubert borough of Longueuil, Pascan operates scheduled flights within ...
*
SARPA
SARPA S.A.S. (''Servicios Aéreos Panamericanos S.A.S.'') is an air charter and air ambulance operator, with its main base at El Dorado International Airport in Bogotá, and an auxiliary base in Medellín.
History
The airline was founded in June ...
*
AIS Airlines
AIS Airlines is a Dutch airline headquartered at Lelystad Airport in the Netherlands. In addition to scheduled flights, it operates charter and wet lease services. The company operates international charters and scheduled services between Denmar ...
*
Transmandu
*
FlyPelican
Pelican Airlines Pty Ltd, operating as FlyPelican, is an Australian regional airline. It initially operated air charter services and subsequently commenced scheduled flights on 1 June 2015. The airline is based in Newcastle in New South Wales. ...
Accidents and incidents
* On May 26, 1987, a
Continental Express
Continental Express was the operating brand name used by a number of independently owned regional airlines providing commuter airliner and regional jet feeder service under agreement with Continental Airlines. In 2012 at the time of the merger be ...
flight, operated by
Air New Orleans
Air New Orleans was an airline based in Birmingham, Alabama that was conceived as a commuter air carrier to provide scheduled passenger service to cities throughout the Southeastern United States from Texas to Florida. The airline was founded in 1 ...
as flight 2962 (registration N331CY), crash landed just after takeoff from New Orleans International Airport. The plane crashed into eight lanes of traffic and subsequently injured two persons on the ground. Of the 11 occupants on board, there were zero fatalities.
The cause of the crash was attributed to pilot error, including failing to follow checklists.
* On 26 December 1989,
United Express Flight 2415
United Express Flight 2415 was a regularly scheduled flight in the northwest United States from Seattle to Pasco, Washington, operated using a BAe Jetstream 31. Late on Tuesday, December 26, 1989, Flight 2415 crashed while attempting to land at ...
operated by N410UE of
North Pacific Airlines
North Pacific Airlines (NPA) was a commuter air carrier formed in 1987 which operated scheduled passenger service on behalf United Airlines via a code sharing agreement as a United Express carrier initially from the Seattle–Tacoma Internationa ...
crashed short of the runway at
Tri-Cities Airport, Washington, USA. The crew executed an excessively steep and unstabilized ILS approach. That approach, along with improper air traffic control commands and aircraft icing, caused the aircraft to stall. Both crew members and all four passengers were killed.
* On 12 March 1992, a
deadheading USAir Express
US Airways Express was the brand name for the regional affiliate of US Airways, under which a number of individually owned commuter air carriers and regional airlines operate short and medium haul routes. This code sharing service was previously o ...
Jetstream 31
The British Aerospace Jetstream is a small twin-turboprop airliner, with a pressurised fuselage, developed as the ''Jetstream 31'' from the earlier Handley Page Jetstream. A larger version of the Jetstream was also manufactured, the British ...
crashed on landing at
McGhee Tyson Airport
McGhee Tyson Airport is a public/military airport 12 miles south of Knoxville,. Federal Aviation Administration. effective November 15, 2012. in Alcoa, Blount County, Tennessee, United States. It is named for United States Navy pilot Charles Mc ...
near
Knoxville, Tennessee
Knoxville is a city in and the county seat of Knox County, Tennessee, Knox County in the U.S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2020 United States census, Knoxville's population was 190,740, making it the largest city in the East Tennessee Grand Di ...
after the pilot failed to lower the landing gear. There were no passengers aboard, but the two crew members were killed.
* On 1 December 1993,
Northwest Airlink Flight 5719
Northwest Airlink Flight 5719 was a flight from Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport to International Falls Airport in International Falls, Minnesota with a scheduled intermediate stop at Chisholm-Hibbing Airport in Hibbing, Minnesota. ...
had a
controlled flight into terrain
In aviation, a controlled flight into terrain (CFIT; usually ) is an aviation accidents and incidents, accident in which an airworthy aircraft, under aircraft pilot, pilot control, is unintentionally flown into the ground, a mountain, a body of ...
killing all crew and passengers.
* On 13 December 1994,
Flagship Airlines Flight 3379
Flagship Airlines Flight 3379 was a scheduled flight under the American Eagle branding from Piedmont Triad International Airport to Raleigh–Durham International Airport during which a British Aerospace Jetstream crashed while executing a miss ...
stalled and crashed while on approach to
Raleigh-Durham International Airport
The Research Triangle, or simply The Triangle, are both common nicknames for a metropolitan area in the Piedmont region of North Carolina in the United States, anchored by the cities of Raleigh and Durham and the town of Chapel Hill, home to th ...
in the United States, killing 13 of the 18 passengers and both crewmembers. The captain mistakenly thought that an engine had failed and decided to
abandon the landing approach, then lost control of the aircraft.
* On 21 May 2000, an East Coast Aviation Services Jetstream (N16EJ)
crashed
"Crashed" is the third U.S. rock Single (music), single, (the fifth overall), from the band Daughtry (band), Daughtry's debut album. It was released only to U.S. rock stations on September 5, 2007. Upon its release the song got adds at those stat ...
into terrain after running out of fuel on the flight's second approach into
Wilkes-Barre/Scranton International Airport
Wilkes-Barre/Scranton International Airport is mostly in Pittston Township, Pennsylvania, and spans the border between Luzerne County and Lackawanna County. It is owned and operated by the two counties; it is about 7 miles from Scranton and 8 m ...
, killing all 19 occupants.
* On 8 July 2000,
Aerocaribe Flight 7831 crashed into a mountainous area as the aircraft was on approach into
Carlos Rovirosa Pérez International Airport
Carlos Rovirosa Pérez International Airport or Villahermosa International Airport is an international airport serving Villahermosa, the capital of the Mexican state of Tabasco. It is also commonly used to access the Maya ruins of Palenque, a po ...
and killed all 19 passengers and crew.
* On 19 October 2004,
Corporate Airlines Flight 5966
Corporate Airlines Flight 5966 was a scheduled passenger flight from St. Louis, Missouri, to Kirksville, Missouri. On October 19, 2004, the Jetstream 32 operating the flight crashed on approach to Kirksville Regional Airport due to pilot erro ...
crashed on approach to
Kirksville Regional Airport
Kirksville Regional Airport is four miles south of Kirksville, on the west side of US highway 63. One airline schedules passenger flights, subsidized by the Essential Air Service program.
Federal Aviation Administration records say the airport ...
killing 13 out of 15 passengers and crew. The
NTSB
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is an independent U.S. government investigative agency responsible for civil transportation accident investigation. In this role, the NTSB investigates and reports on aviation accidents and incid ...
deduced pilot error.
* On 18 November 2004, Venezolana Flight 213 crashed into a fire station on landing at
Simón Bolívar International Airport (Venezuela)
Maiquetía "Simón Bolívar" International Airport (, es, link=no, Aeropuerto Internacional de Maiquetía "Simón Bolívar") is an international airport located in Maiquetía, Vargas, Venezuela, about west of downtown Caracas, the capital of ...
after a flight from
Juan Pablo Perez Alfonso Airport. Four passengers were killed out of 21 passengers and crew.
* On 8 February 2008,
Eagle Airways Flight 2279
Air New Zealand Flight 2279 (also known as Eagle Airways Flight 2279) was a commuter flight operated by Air National on behalf of Eagle Airways, a regional carrier division of Air New Zealand. The flight was the subject of an unsuccessful hijac ...
was
hijacked
Hijacking may refer to:
Common usage
Computing and technology
* Bluejacking, the unsolicited transmission of data via Bluetooth
* Brandjacking, the unauthorized use of a company's brand
* Browser hijacking
* Clickjacking (including ''like ...
by a passenger over New Zealand just after taking off from
Woodbourne Airport
Woodbourne Airport trading as Marlborough Airport is a small, controlled airport located 8 km west of Blenheim in the Marlborough region of New Zealand, on , Middle Renwick Road. It is co-located with RNZAF Base Woodbourne in the Wairau V ...
. The pilot managed to restrain the hijacker eventually and the aircraft landed safely at
Christchurch International Airport
Christchurch Airport is the main airport that serves Christchurch, New Zealand. It is located to the northwest of the city centre, in the suburb of Harewood. Christchurch (Harewood) Airport officially opened on 18 May 1940 and became New Zea ...
. The two pilots and one passenger were injured in the hijacking.
* On 8 March 2012, BAe Jetstream 3102 G-CCPW of Links Air, operating
Manx2
Manx2 was a virtual commuter airline with its head office in Hangar 9, Isle of Man Airport in Ballasalla, Malew, Isle of Man. It sold flights and services from several airports in the UK with bases in Belfast City, Blackpool, Cardiff and Isl ...
Flight 302 from
Leeds-Bradford Airport
Leeds Bradford Airport is located in Yeadon, West Yorkshire, Yeadon, in the City of Leeds, City of Leeds Metropolitan District in West Yorkshire, England, about northwest of Leeds city centre, and about northeast from Bradford city centre. ...
, United Kingdom to
Ronaldsway Airport
Ronaldsway () is a place in the parish of Malew in the south of the Isle of Man, between the village of Ballasalla and the town of Castletown.
Features
It is notable as the location of Isle of Man Airport and historically of RNAS Ronaldsway, to ...
,
Isle of Man
)
, anthem = "O Land of Our Birth"
, image = Isle of Man by Sentinel-2.jpg
, image_map = Europe-Isle_of_Man.svg
, mapsize =
, map_alt = Location of the Isle of Man in Europe
, map_caption = Location of the Isle of Man (green)
in Europe ...
, departed the runway on landing at Ronaldsway. The aircraft was substantially damaged when the starboard undercarriage collapsed.
There were no injuries amongst the twelve passengers and two crew.
* Following the 8 March 2012 crash, the same BAe Jetstream 3102 suffered a similar incident, again operated by Links Air under a new registration, when it crashed at Doncaster's Robin Hood Airport on a flight from Belfast on 15 August 2014. This further incident came after reported problems with its undercarriage while landing. The single passenger was taken to hospital for reported minor injuries.
* On 12 October 2014, an engine of a Jetstream 32 aircraft belonging to
Air Century Airlines caught fire while landing after a charter flight from Luis Munoz Marin International Airport in Puerto Rico to Puntacana international airport in the Dominican Republic. The aircraft was destroyed in the subsequent fire. There were no injuries among the 13 passengers and two crew members on the flight, the crew handled the situation in a timely and professional manner, avoiding any casualties.
Specifications (Jetstream 31)
See also
References
;Notes
{{British Aerospace aircraft
1980s British airliners
Jetstream
Jet streams are fast flowing, narrow, meandering air currents in the atmospheres of some planets, including Earth. On Earth, the main jet streams are located near the altitude of the tropopause and are westerly winds (flowing west to east) ...
Twin-turboprop tractor aircraft
Cruciform tail aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1980
Low-wing aircraft