Avalokiteśvara

In Buddhism, Avalokiteśvara (meaning "the lord who looks down", IPA: ), also known as Lokeśvara ("Lord of the World") and Chenrezig (in Tibetan), is a tenth-level bodhisattva associated with great compassion ('' mahakaruṇā''). He is often associated with infinite light Amitabha Buddha. Avalokiteśvara has numerous Great 108 manifestations and is depicted in various forms and styles. In some texts, he is even considered to be the source and divine creator of all Hindu deities (such as Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma, Saraswati, Bhudevi, Varuna,..etc).

While Avalokiteśvara was depicted as male in India, in East Asian Buddhism, Avalokiteśvara is most often depicted as a female figure known as Guanyin (in Chinese). In Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, he is known as Kannon, Gwaneum, and Quan Âm, respectively. Guanyin is also an important figure in other East Asian religions, particularly Chinese folk religion and Daoism.

Avalokiteśvara is also known for his popular mantra, , which is the most popular mantra in Tibetan Buddhism.

Etymology

The name ''Avalokiteśvara'' combines the verbal prefix ''ava'' "down", ''lokita'', a past participle of the verb ''lok'' "to look, notice, behold, observe", here used in an active sense, and finally '' īśvara'', "lord", "ruler", "sovereign", or "master". In accordance with sandhi (Sanskrit rules of sound combination), ''a''+''īśvara'' becomes ''eśvara''. Combined, the parts mean "lord who gazed down (at the world)". The word '' loka'' ("world") is absent from the name, but the phrase is implied. It does appear in the Cambodian form of the name, ''Lokesvarak''.

The earliest translation of the name ''Avalokiteśvara'' into Chinese by authors such as Xuanzang was as ''Guānzìzài'' ( zh, c=觀自在, p=Guān zìzài), not the form used in East Asian Buddhism today, which is ''Guanyin'' ( zh, c=觀音, p=Guānyīn). It was initially thought that early translators, lacking fluency in Sanskrit, mistook ''Avalokiteśvara'' for ''Avalokitasvara'' ("who looked down upon sound", ''i.e.'', the cries of sentient beings who need help) and thus mistranslated ''Avalokiteśvara'' as ''Guānyīn''. Pine, Red. ''The Heart Sutra: The Womb of the Buddhas'' (2004) Shoemaker 7 Hoard. pg 44–45 It is now understood that ''Avalokitasvara'' was the original form and is also the origin of ''Guanyin'' "perceiving sound, cries". This translation was favored by the tendency of some Chinese translators, notably Kumārajīva, to use the variant ''Guānshìyīn'' zh, c=觀世音, p=Guānshìyīn "who perceives the world's lamentations"—wherein ''lok'' was read as simultaneously meaning both "to look" and "world" (Sanskrit ''loka''; zh, c=世, p=shì). The original form of Guanyin's name appears in Sanskrit fragments from the fifth century.Studholme p. 52-57.

The original meaning of the name fits the Buddhist understanding of the role of a bodhisattva. The reinterpretation presenting him as an ''īśvara'' shows a strong influence of Hinduism, as the term ''īśvara'' was usually connected to the Hindu notion of Vishnu (in Vaishnavism) or Shiva (in Shaivism) as the Supreme Lord, Creator, and Ruler of the world. Some attributes of such a god were transmitted to the bodhisattva, but the mainstream of those who venerated Avalokiteśvara upheld the Buddhist rejection of the doctrine of any creator god.

In Sanskrit, Avalokiteśvara is also referred to as ''Lokeśvara'' ("Lord of the World"). In Tibetan, Avalokiteśvara is ''Chenrézig'' (). The etymology of the Tibetan name Chenrézik is ''spyan'' "eye", ''ras'' "continuity", and ''gzig'' "to look". This gives the meaning of one who always looks upon all beings (with the eye of compassion).

Origin

Mahayana account

The name Avalokiteśvara first appeared in the ''Avatamsaka Sutra'', a Mahayana scripture that precedes the '' Lotus Sutra''. On account of its popularity in Japan and as a result of the works of the earliest Western translators of Buddhist Scriptures, the Lotus Sutra, however, has long been accepted as the earliest literature teaching about the doctrines of Avalokiteśvara. These are found in Chapter 25 of the ''Lotus Sutra:'' The Universal Gate of Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara ( zh, c=觀世音菩薩普門品, p=Guānshìyīn púsà pǔ mén pǐn
). This chapter is devoted to Avalokiteśvara, describing him as a compassionate bodhisattva who hears the cries of sentient beings and who works tirelessly to help those who call upon his name. A total of 33 different manifestations of Avalokiteśvara are described, including female manifestations, all to suit the minds of various beings. The chapter consists of both a prose and a verse section. This earliest source often circulates separately as its own sutra, called the ''Avalokiteśvara Sūtra'' ( zh, c=觀世音經, p=Guānshìyīn jīng), and is commonly recited or chanted at Buddhist temples in East Asia.

When the Chinese monk Faxian traveled to Mathura in India around 400 CE, he wrote about monks presenting offerings to Avalokiteśvara.Ko Kok Kiang. ''Guan Yin: Goddess of Compassion.'' 2004. p. 10 When Xuanzang traveled to India in the 7th century, he provided eyewitness accounts of Avalokiteśvara statues being venerated by devotees from all walks of life, from kings to monks to laypeople.

In Chinese Buddhism and East Asia, Tangmi practices for the 18-armed form of Avalokiteśvara called Cundī are very popular. The popularity of Cundī is attested by the three extant translations of the ''Cundī Dhāraṇī Sūtra'' from Sanskrit to Chinese, made from the end of the seventh century to the beginning of the eighth century.Studholme, Alexander (2002). ''The Origins of Oṃ Maṇipadme Hūṃ: A Study of the Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra'': p. 175 In late imperial China, these early esoteric traditions still thrived in Buddhist communities. Robert Gimello has also observed that in these communities, the esoteric practices of Cundī were extremely popular among both the populace and the elite.

In the Tiantai school, six forms of Avalokiteśvara are defined. Each of the bodhisattva's six qualities is said to break the hindrances in one of the six realms of existence: hell-beings, pretas, animals, humans, asuras, and devas.

According to the prologue of Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī Sūtra, Gautama Buddha told his disciple Ānanda that Avalokiteśvara had become a Buddha from countless previous incarnations ago, alias Samyaka Dharma-vidya Tathāgata means "Tathāgata who clearly understood the right Dharma". Because of his great compassion and because he wanted to create proper conditions for all the Bodhisattva ranks and bring happiness and peacefulness to sentient beings, he became a Bodhisattva, taking the name of Avalokiteshvara and often abiding in the Sahā world. At the same time, Avalokiteśvara is also the attendant of Amitabha Buddha, assisting Amitabha Buddha to teach the Dharma in his Pure Land.

Theravāda account

Veneration of Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva has continued to the present day in Sri Lanka.

In times past, both ''Tantrayana'' and ''Mahayana'' have been found in some of the ''Theravada'' countries, but today the Buddhism of Sri Lanka (formerly, Ceylon), Myanmar (formerly, Burma), Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia is almost exclusively ''Theravada'', based on the Pali Canon. The only ''Mahayana'' deity that has entered the worship of ordinary Buddhists in Theravada Buddhism is ''Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara''. In Sri Lanka, he is known as ''Natha-deva'' and is believed by the majority to be the Buddha yet to come, ''Bodhisattva Maitreya''. The figure of ''Avalokitesvara'' is usually found in the shrine room near the Buddha image.

In more recent times, some western-educated Theravādins have attempted to identify Nātha with Maitreya Bodhisattva; however, traditions and basic iconography (including an image of Amitābha Buddha on the front of the crown) identify Nātha as Avalokiteśvara. Andrew Skilton writes:

Avalokiteśvara is popularly worshipped in Myanmar, where he is called ''Lokanat'' or lokabyuharnat, and Thailand, where he is called ''Lokesvara''. The bodhisattva goes by many other names. In Indochina and Thailand, he is ''Lokesvara'', "The Lord of the World". In Tibet, he is ''Chenrezig'', also spelled Spyan-ras gzigs, "With a Pitying Look". In China, the bodhisattva takes a female form and is called ''Guanyin'' (also spelled Kwan Yin, Kuanyin, or Kwun Yum), "Hearing the Sounds of the World". In Japan, Guanyin is ''Kannon'' or Kanzeon; in Korea, ''Gwaneum''; and in Vietnam, ''Quan Am''.

Modern scholarship

Avalokiteśvara is worshipped as Nātha in Sri Lanka. The Tamil Buddhist tradition developed in Chola literature, such as Buddamitra's ''Virasoliyam'', states that the Vedic sage Agastya learned Tamil from Avalokiteśvara. The earlier Chinese traveler Xuanzang recorded a temple dedicated to Avalokitesvara in the south Indian Mount Potalaka, a Sanskritization of Pothigai, where Tamil Hindu tradition places Agastya as having learned the Tamil language from Shiva. Avalokitesvara worship gained popularity with the growth of the Abhayagiri vihāra's Tamraparniyan Mahayana sect.

Western scholars have not reached a consensus on the origin of the reverence for Avalokiteśvara. Some have suggested that Avalokiteśvara, along with many other supernatural beings in Buddhism, was a borrowing or absorption by Mahayana Buddhism of one or more deities from Hinduism, in particular Shiva or Vishnu. This seems to be based on the name Avalokiteśvara.

On the basis of Buddhist scriptures, ancient Tamil literary sources, and field surveys, Japanese scholar Shu Hikosaka proposes the hypothesis that ancient Mount Potalaka, the residence of Avalokiteśvara described in the '' Gaṇḍavyūha Sūtra'' and Xuanzang's '' Great Tang Records on the Western Regions'', is Mount Potigai in Ambasamudram, Tirunelveli, at the Tamil Nadu-Kerala border. Shu also said that Mount Potalaka has been a sacred place for the people of South India since time immemorial. It is the traditional residence of Siddhar Agastya at Agastya Mala. With the spread of Buddhism in the region beginning at the time of the great king Aśoka in the third century BCE, it became a holy place also for Buddhists, who gradually became dominant as a number of their hermits settled there. The local people, though, mainly remained followers of the Tamil animist religion. The mixed Tamil-Buddhist cult culminated in the formation of the figure of Avalokiteśvara.

The name Lokeśvara should not be confused with that of Lokeśvararāja, the Buddha under whom Dharmakara became a monk and made forty-eight vows before becoming Amitābha.

Avalokiteśvara's six armed manifestation as Cintāmaṇicakra is also widely venerated in East Asia. The ''Cintāmaṇicakra Dharani'' ( zh, c=如意寶輪王陀羅尼, p=Rúyì Bǎolún Wáng Tuóluóní) is another popular dharani associated with the bodhisattva.

Mantras and Dharanis

There are various mantras and dharanis associated with Avalokiteśvara.

Mani mantra

In Tibetan Buddhism, the central mantra is the six-syllable mantra (, also called the Mani mantra. Due to his association with this mantra, one form of Avalokiteśvara is called ''Ṣaḍākṣarī'' ("Lord of the Six Syllables") in Sanskrit. The Mani mantra is also popular in East Asian Mahayana, such as Chinese Buddhism. There are also different variations of the mani mantra, the most common which is ''oṃ maṇi padme hūṃ hrīḥ.'' Hrīḥ is the seed syllable of the Lotus Buddha family and the Buddha Amitabha.

Recitation of this mantra while using prayer beads is the most popular religious practice in Tibetan Buddhism. Another popular religious practice associated with om mani padme hum is the spinning of prayer wheels clockwise, which contains numerous repetitions of this mantra and effectively benefits everyone within the vicinity of the practitioner.

The connection between this famous mantra and Avalokiteśvara is documented for the first time in the '. This text is dated to around the late 4th century CE to the early 5th century CE. In this sūtra, a bodhisattva is told by the Buddha that recitation of this mantra while focusing on the sound can lead to the attainment of eight hundred samādhis.

Ārolik mantra

Another mantra for Avalokiteśvara commonly recited in East Asian Buddhism is "three and a half syllables" (ardhacaturthākṣara) heart-mantra: "''oṃ ārolik svāha''" (or sometimes just ''Ārolik'' or ''oṁ ārolik''), which is found (in many forms and variations like ''ārolika'', ''arulika'', etc.) in numerous pre-tenth-century Indian texts, including the 7th century Chinese translation of the ''Dhāraṇīsaṁgraha'', the '' Susiddhikarasūtra,'' the ''Mañjuśriyamūlakalpa'''','' and the '' Guhyasamājatantra.''Nicolas Revire, Rajat Sanyal, Rolf Giebel. Avalokiteśvara of the “Three and a Half Syllables”: A Note on the Heart-Mantra Ārolik in India. ''Arts Asiatiques'', 2021, Arts Asiatiques, 76, pp.5–30. ⟨10.3406/arasi.2021.2095⟩. ⟨halshs-04142356⟩

In Chinese Buddhism, this mantra is known as "Avalokiteśvara's mantra for eradicating karmic obstructions" ( Chinese: 觀世音菩薩滅業障真言, pinyin: '' Guānshìyīn púsà miè yèzhàng zhēnyán'') and is typically recited everyday as part of the standard liturgy during the daily Mengshan Shishi ritual ( Chinese: 蒙山施食, pinyin: ''Méngshān shīshí'', lit: "Mengshan food-bestowal") carried out in all Chinese Buddhist monasteries. In Shingon Buddhism, this mantra is the main mantra for Avalokiteśvara, and it is also considered to be the main mantra of the Lotus Buddha family.Hutchins, Steven J (2015). ''Thirteen Buddhas: Tracing the Roots of the Thirteen Buddha Rites,'' Introduction. Vivlia Limited

One text (Taisho Tripitaka no. 1031) describes a visualization practice done after reciting oṁ ārolik svāhā seven times which includes meditating on the meanings of the four letters of ārolik which are:

# a: all dharmas are originally unborn (ādyanutpanna);
# ra: all dharmas are dissociated from defilement (rajas);
# la: characteristics (lakṣaṇa) are inapprehensible in all dharmas;
# ka: all dharmas are without action (kārya).

The Ārolik mantra has also been found engraved on a few sculptures found in north India''.'' One of these begins with "ārolik oṁ hrīḥ". Another one of these found in Bihar also included other mantras, including ''ye dharma hetu'''','' followed by ''"namo ratnatrayāya namo Āryāvalokiteśvarāya bodhisatvāya mahāsatvāya mahākāruṇikāya Ārolok Oṁ hriḥ hriḥ".''

Another longer mantra appears in a translation by Amoghavajra (T. 1033, 20: 9b1–7):

namoratnatrayāya , nama āryāvalokiteśvarāya bodhisattvāya mahāsattvāya mahākāruṇikāya , tadyathā

padmapāṇi sara sara ehy ehi bhagavann āryāvalokiteśvara ārolik ,

In Chinese, ''oṃ ārolik svāha'' is pronounced ''Ǎn ālǔlēi jì suōpóhē'' (唵 阿嚕勒繼 娑婆訶). In Korean, it is pronounced ''Om aroreuk Ge Sabaha'' (옴 아로늑계 사바하). In Japanese, it is pronounced ''On arori kya sowa ka'' (おん あろりきゃ そわか).

Dharanis

The ' also features the first appearance of the dhāraṇī of Cundī, which occurs at the end of the sūtra text. After the bodhisattva finally attains samādhi with the mantra "oṃ maṇipadme hūṃ", he is able to observe 77 koṭīs of fully enlightened buddhas replying to him in one voice with the Cundī Dhāraṇī:

The '' Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī'' is an 82-syllable dhāraṇī for Avalokiteśvara also known as the Great Compassion Mantra. It is very popular in East Asian Buddhism. Another popular Avalokiteśvara dharani in East Asian Buddhism is '' Eleven-Faced Avalokitesvara Heart Dharani.'' This dharani is associated with Avalokiteśvara's eleven face form, known as Ekādaśamukha, one of the six forms of Guanyin.

East Asian chants and phrases

In East Asian Buddhism, the most popular form of Avalokiteśvara is the feminine white robed Guanyin. A common phrase which is widely chanted and recited by East Asian Buddhists is:

There are also longer chants, usually termed "White Robed Guanyin" (Baiyin Guanyin) sutras (jing) or mantras (zhou).Berger, Patricia Ann; Foresman, Helen. ''Latter Days of the Law: Images of Chinese Buddhism, 850 – 1850'', p. 172. University of Hawaii Press, Jan 1, 1994. The most well known is the "Divine White-robed Guanyin Mantra" (c. 11th century). This longer mantra is as follows:

Another popular dharani of Guanyin is associated with her power over children and childbirth. This is called the "Dharani Sutra of White-Robed Guanyin's Heart of Five Seals".

In Japanese Buddhism, a popular longer chant to Kannon or Kanzeon (Guanyin) is the ''jikku kan'on gyō'' (十句觀音經), the "10 Verse Kannon Sutra". It is the following:

Manifestations

Avalokiteśvara has an extraordinarily large number of forms, emanations or manifestations, including wisdom goddesses (''vidyās'') directly associated with him in images and texts.

Furthermore, at least two separate female Buddhist deities, Cundī and Tara also later came to be associated with Avalokiteśvara (and were even seen as manifestations of him).

Some of the more commonly mentioned forms include:

Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara

One prominent Buddhist story tells of Avalokiteśvara vowing never to rest until he had freed all sentient beings from saṃsāra. Despite strenuous effort, he realizes that many unhappy beings were yet to be saved. After struggling to comprehend the needs of so many, his head splits into eleven pieces. Amitābha, seeing his plight, gives him eleven heads with which to hear the cries of the suffering. Upon hearing these cries and comprehending them, Avalokiteśvara tries to reach out to all those who needed aid, but found that his two arms shattered into pieces. Once more, Amitābha comes to his aid and invests him with a thousand arms with which to aid the suffering multitudes.

This manifestation of Avalokiteśvara is known as Sahrasasbhuja Avalokiteśvara ("Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara), and is among the bodhisattva's most popular iconographic forms across China, Japan and Korea.

Avalokiteśvara as a cosmic maheśvara ("Great Lord of Creation")

According to various Mahayana sources, numerous Hindu deities are considered to be emanations of Avalokiteshvara. For example, in the '' Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra'' (4th-5th Century CE), Great universal deities called Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma and Saraswati are all said to have emerged from Avalokiteshvara bodhisattva's body.Studholme, Alexander (2002). ''The Origins of Om Manipadme Hum: A Study of the Karandavyuha Sutra.'' State University of New York Press. p. 39-40. The passage states:

Āditya and Candra came from his eyes, Maheśvara came from his forehead, Brahmā came from his shoulders, Nārāyaṇa came from his heart, Devi Sarasvatī came from his canines, Vāyu came from his mouth, Dharaṇī came from his feet, and Varuṇa came from his stomach.

In a similar manner, Hindu deities like Nīlakaṇṭha and Harihara are cited in the '' Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī'', possibly as forms of Avalokiteshvara or as associated bodhisattvas (the text is not clear, though traditionally these have been interpreted as various names or forms of Avalokiteshvara).

Alexander Studholme writes that these sources are influenced by Puranic Hinduism, and its concepts of an Īśvara ("lord") and Maheśvara ("great lord"), both of which are terms that refer to a transcendent and all pervasive being.Studholme, Alexander (2002). ''The Origins of Om Manipadme Hum: A Study of the Karandavyuha Sutra.'' State University of New York Press. p. 38. The name Maheśvara is also applied to Avalokiteshvara three times in the Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra, and some passages he is described as a cosmic man, similar to how the Puranas depict Vishnu or Shiva. However, this Buddhist myth only focuses on how Avalokiteshvara gives birth to all the gods (devas), and he is not depicted as a true Creator God (who creates the cosmos, like the Hindu Īśvara), instead he is depicted as a great cosmic being that manifests in myriad ways as a skillful means to guide living beings to Buddhahood.

Tibetan Buddhist beliefs

Avalokiteśvara is an important deity in Tibetan Buddhism. He is regarded in the Vajrayana teachings as a Buddha.

In Tibetan Buddhism, Tãrã came into existence from a single tear shed by Avalokiteśvara. When the tear fell to the ground it created a lake, and a lotus opening in the lake revealed Tara. In another version of this story, Tara emerges from the heart of Avalokiteśvara. In either version, it is Avalokiteśvara's outpouring of compassion which manifests Tãrã as a being.

Certain living tulku lineages, including the Dalai Lamas and the Karmapas, are considered by many Tibetan Buddhists to also be manifestations of Avalokiteśvara.

Gallery

File:Avalokitesvara Gandhara Musée Guimet 2418 1.jpg, Gandhāran statue of Avalokiteśvara, abhaya- mudrā. 3rd century CE.
File:Bodhi Ajanta.jpg, Indian cave wall painting of Avalokiteśvara. Ajaṇṭā Caves, 6th century CE.
File:Avalokitesvara - Basalt - ca 11th-12th Century CE - Pala Period - Chowrapara Rajshahi - ACCN 9015-A25200 - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2016-03-06 1506.JPG, Avalokitesvara, ca 11th-12th Century CE, Pala Period.
File:Bihar, bodhisattva avalokitesvara, periodo pala, XI secolo ca.jpg, Avalokitesvara, Pala period.
File:1000 armed Avalokiteshvara at Saspol cave DSCN7053 1.jpg, 1000-armed Avalokiteśvara dated 13th - 15th century AD at Saspol cave (Gon-Nila-Phuk Cave Temples and Fort) in Ladakh, India.
File:Guimet 5887 Avalokiteshvara.jpg, Cambodian statue of Avalokiteśvara. Sandstone, 7th century CE.
File:Avalokiteshvara-statue.png, Avalokiteśvara sandstone statue, late 7th century CE.
File:Avalokitesvara Plaosan.jpg, Padmapani holding a lotus. 8th-9th century Sailendran art, Plaosan temple, Java, Indonesia.
File:小川晴暘撮影《ムンドゥット寺院釈迦三尊像のうち観音菩薩像》インドネシア、1944年.jpg, Avalokiteśvara andesite stone in Mendut temple, early 9th century Sailendran art, Java, Indonesia.
File:Cambodian - Eight-armed Avalokiteshvara - Walters 542726.jpg, Eight-armed Avalokiteśvara, ca. 12th-13th century (Bàyon). The Walters Art Museum.
File:Avalokiteshvara Bingin Jungut Srivijaya.JPG, Avalokiteśvara from Bingin Jungut, Musi Rawas, South Sumatra. Srivijayan art (c. 8th-9th century CE)
File:Bodhisattava Avalokiteshvara, Chaiya Art พระอวโลกิเตศวรโพธิสัตว์ ศิลปะไชยา 01.jpg, The bronze torso Avalokiteshvara of Chaiya, 8th century CE Srivijayan art, Chaiya District, Surat Thani Province, Southern Thailand.
File:Privy Seal of King Rama VIII (Ananda Mahidol).svg, The Privy Seal of King Ananda Mahidol of Thailand show a picture of a Bodhisattva, based on a Srivijayan sculpture of Avalokiteśvara Padmapani which was found at Chaiya District, Surat Thani Province.
File:Avalokiteshvara head Aceh Srivijaya 1.JPG, The stone head of Avalokiteśvara, discovered in Aceh. Srivijaya, estimated 9th century.
File:Muzium Negara KL66.JPG, Malaysian statue of Avalokiteśvara. Bidor, 8th-9th century CE.
File:Kuan-yan bodhisattva, Northern Sung dynasty, China, c. 1025, wood, Honolulu Academy of Arts.jpg, Chinese statue of Avalokiteśvara looking out over the sea, c. 1025 CE.
File:Guanyin acolytes.jpg, Chinese hanging scroll depicting Shancai, Avalokiteśvara and Longnü, Yuan Dynasty.
File:Standing Kannon Bosatsu (Avalokitesvara), Heian period, Japan.jpg, Standing Kannon Bosatsu (Avalokitesvara), 12th century, Heian period, Tokyo National Museum, Japan.
File:Sanjusangendo Thousand-armed Kannon.JPG, Senju Kannon by Tankei, 13th century, Sanjūsangen-dō, Japan.
File:Bodhisattva Cintāmaṇicakra, Kamakura period, Japan.jpg, Nyoirin Kannon, 1275, Tokyo National Museum, Japan.
File:Goryeo-Avalokiteshvara-1310-kagami Jinjya Temple.jpg, Korean painting of Avalokiteśvara. Kagami Jinjya, Japan, 1310 CE.
File:White avalokiteshvara.jpg, Nepalese statue of Avalokiteśvara with six arms. 14th century CE.
File:La statue de Quan Am dans la pagode But Thap 2.jpg, Avalokiteśvara of One Thousand Arms, lacquered and gilded wood. Restored in 1656 CE. Bút Tháp Temple, Bắc Ninh Province, Vietnam.
File:8O3temple-icon1.jpg, Tibetan statue of Avalokiteśvara with eleven faces.
File:Kano White-robed Kannon, Bodhisattva of Compassion.jpg, Japanese painting of Avalokiteśvara meditating. 16th century CE.
File:Shrine to a Tang dynasty (896 AD) stone statue of the Thousand-Armed Guanyin (千手觀音 Qianshou Guanyin) in Shengshui Temple (內江聖水寺 Neijiang Shengshui-si) in Neijiang, Sichuan, China Picture 2.jpg, Tang dynasty (896 AD) carved stone statue of Qianshou Guanyin in Shengshui Temple (內江聖水寺) in Neijiang, Sichuan, China.
File:Kek Lok Si Goddess of Mercy.jpg, The world tallest octagonal pavilion to shelter the Guanyin statue in Kek Lok Si in Air Itam, Penang, Malaysia.
File:Lingyin temple 18 armed cundi.jpeg, Esoteric Cundī form of Avalokiteśvara with eighteen arms in Lingyin Temple in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
File:Thousand-Armed Avalokitesvara.jpg, Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara bronze statue from Tibet, circa 1750. Birmingham Museum of Art.
File:National Museum of Vietnamese History, September 2017. 42.jpg, Quan Âm (Avalokiteśvara) statue in the 18th - 19th centuries at the Vietnam National Museum of History, Hanoi, Vietnam.
File:National Museum Vietnamese History 74.jpg, 2 statues of Quan Âm (Avalokiteśvara) in the Nguyễn dynasty at the Vietnam National Museum of History, Vietnam
File:Avalokitesvara figurine, Bat Trang kiln, Hanoi, Nguyen dynasty, 19th century AD, white glazed ceramic - National Museum of Vietnamese History - Hanoi, Vietnam - DSC05438.JPG, Quán Âm (Avalokiteśvara) figurine, Bát Tràng kiln, Hanoi, Nguyễn dynasty, 19th century AD, white glazed ceramic - Vietnam National Museum of History, Vietnam
File:Ulan Bator.- Gandan Monastery (3).JPG, Statue of Avalokiteśvara ( Migjid Janraisig) in Gandantegchinlen Monastery, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. The tallest indoor statue in the world, 26.5-meter-high, 1996 ''rebuilt'', (1913)
File:Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva Siddham Script.jpeg, Statue of Ruyilun Guanyin ( Cintamanicakra) in the Buddha Tooth Relic Temple and Museum in Chinatown, Singapore.
File:Avalokiteśvara-Ethno BHM 1967.263.1-P6141167-black.jpg, Statue of Avalokiteśvara, date unknown, bronze and gold
File:Pelling Sky Walk 2.jpg, Statue of Chenrezig, Pelling, Sikkim, India
File:Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva Nalanda.jpeg, Painting of Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva. Sanskrit Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Sutra manuscript written in the Ranjana script. Nalanda, Bihar, India. Circa 700-1100 CE
File:Buddha with Thousand Arms at Cham Shan Temple.jpg, Qianshou Guanyin at Cham Shan Temple in Hong Kong, China
File:Thousand Armed Avalokitesvara - Guanyin Nunnery - 2.jpeg, Qianshou Guanyin. Guanyin women's vihara, Anhui, China
File:Monastery of Ten Thousand Buddhas 萬佛寺 (5380241824).jpg, Statue of Shiyimian Guanyin in Ten Thousand Buddhas Monastery (萬佛寺) in Pai Tau Village, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
File:The City of Ten Thousand Buddhas' Avalokiteshvara statue.jpg, The wooden statue of thousand-armed and thousand-eyed Guanyin at the City of Ten Thousand Buddhas in Ukiah, California.

See also

* Virupaksha Temple, Hampi
* Guanyin
* Ishvara
* Pure Land Buddhism
* Ushnishasitatapattra
* Vishnu
* Dalai Lama
* Pha Trelgen Changchup Sempa

References

Sources

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External links

The Origin of Avalokiteshvara of Potala




* ttps://web.archive.org/web/20070503150519/http://angkorblog.com/_wsn/page11.html Depictions at the Bayon in Cambodia of Avalokiteshvara as the Khmer King Jayavarman VII
Mantra Avalokitesvara

Avalokiteshvara
at Britannica.com

Chenrezig Tibetan Buddhist Center of Philadelphia

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Bodhisattvas
Buddhist tantras
Yidams