Donbas The Donbas or Donbass (, ; uk, Донба́с ; russian: Донба́сс ) is a historical, cultural, and economic region in eastern Ukraine. Parts of the Donbas are controlled by Russian separatist groups as a result of the Russo-Ukrai ...

Battle of Bolshie Ozerki The Battle of Bolshie Ozerki was a major engagement fought during the Allied North Russia Intervention in the Russian Civil War. Beginning on March 31, 1919, a force of British, American, Polish, and White Russian troops engaged several Red Army ...

Allied An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...

Ruhr The Ruhr ( ; german: Ruhrgebiet , also ''Ruhrpott'' ), also referred to as the Ruhr area, sometimes Ruhr district, Ruhr region, or Ruhr valley, is a polycentric urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. With a population density of 2,800/km ...

Dáil Éireann Dáil Éireann ( , ; ) is the lower house, and principal chamber, of the Oireachtas (Irish legislature), which also includes the President of Ireland and Seanad Éireann (the upper house).Article 15.1.2º of the Constitution of Ireland read ...

Seán T. O'Kelly Seán Thomas O'Kelly ( ga, Seán Tomás Ó Ceallaigh; 25 August 1882 – 23 November 1966), originally John T. O'Kelly, was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as the second president of Ireland from June 1945 to June 1959. He also serve ...

Ceann Comhairle The (; "Head of heCouncil"; plural usually ) is the chairperson (or speaker) of , the lower house of the (parliament) of Ireland. The person who holds the position is elected by members of the from among their number in the first session a ...

Bratislava Bratislava (, also ; ; german: Preßburg/Pressburg ; hu, Pozsony) is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Slovakia. Officially, the population of the city is about 475,000; however, it is estimated to be more than 660,000 — approxim ...

Waldwick, New Jersey Waldwick () is a Borough (New Jersey), borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 9,625,Pondera County, Montana was established with its county seat in

Conrad Conrad may refer to: People * Conrad (name) Places United States * Conrad, Illinois, an unincorporated community * Conrad, Indiana, an unincorporated community * Conrad, Iowa, a city * Conrad, Montana, a city * Conrad Glacier, Washington ...

. * Born:

Joseph Murray Joseph Edward Murray (April 1, 1919 – November 26, 2012) was an American plastic surgeon who performed the first successful human kidney transplant on identical twins Richard and Ronald Herrick on December 23, 1954. Murray shared the No ...

, American surgeon, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for performing the first successful kidney transplant, in

Milford, Massachusetts Milford is a town in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 30,379 according to the 2020 census. First settled in 1662 and incorporated in 1780, Milford became a booming industrial and quarrying community in the 19th c ...

(d.

2012 File:2012 Events Collage V3.png, From left, clockwise: The passenger cruise ship Costa Concordia lies capsized after the Costa Concordia disaster; Damage to Casino Pier in Seaside Heights, New Jersey as a result of Hurricane Sandy; People gather ...

); Jeannie Rousseau, French intelligence officer, member of Operation Amniarix which collected intelligence on the

V-1 V1, V01 or V-1 can refer to version one (for anything) (e.g., see version control) V1, V01 or V-1 may also refer to: In aircraft * V-1 flying bomb, a World War II German weapon * V1 speed, the maximum speed at which an aircraft pilot may abort ...

and

V-2 The V-2 (german: Vergeltungswaffe 2, lit=Retaliation Weapon 2), with the technical name ''Aggregat 4'' (A-4), was the world’s first long-range guided ballistic missile. The missile, powered by a liquid-propellant rocket engine, was developed ...

rocket programs, recipient of the Legion of Honour,

Resistance Medal The Resistance Medal (french: Médaille de la Résistance) was a decoration bestowed by the French Committee of National Liberation, based in the United Kingdom, during World War II. It was established by a decree of General Charles de Gaulle on 9 ...

, and ''

Croix de Guerre The ''Croix de Guerre'' (, ''Cross of War'') is a military decoration of France. It was first created in 1915 and consists of a square-cross medal on two crossed swords, hanging from a ribbon with various degree pins. The decoration was first awa ...

'', in

Saint-Brieuc Saint-Brieuc (, Breton: ''Sant-Brieg'' , Gallo: ''Saent-Berioec'') is a city in the Côtes-d'Armor department in Brittany in northwestern France. History Saint-Brieuc is named after a Welsh monk Brioc, who Christianised the region in the 6th c ...

, France (d.

2017 File:2017 Events Collage V2.png, From top left, clockwise: The War Against ISIS at the Battle of Mosul (2016-2017); aftermath of the Manchester Arena bombing; The Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017 ("Great American Eclipse"); North Korea tests a ser ...

);

James MacLachlan James Archibald Findlay MacLachlan (1 April 1919 – 31 July 1943) was a Royal Air Force (RAF) fighter pilot and flying ace of the Second World War. MacLachlan was credited with 16 German and Italian aircraft shot down in approximately 250 mis ...

, British air force pilot, commander of the No. 1 Squadron during World War II, recipient of the Distinguished Service Order, Distinguished Flying Cross, and War Cross, in

Styal Styal (, like ''style'') is a village and civil parish on the River Bollin near Wilmslow, Cheshire, England. History Styal village grew during the early years of the Industrial Revolution when industrialist Samuel Greg built a cotton mill and ...

, England (d.

1943 Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. January * January 1 – WWII: The Soviet Union announces that 22 German divisions have been encircled at Stalingrad, with 175,000 killed and 137,650 captured. * January 4 – ...

, killed in action)

April 2, 1919 (Wednesday)

* The Red Army occupied the Crimea, where it dissolved the Crimean Regional Government and replaced it with the

Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic The Crimean Socialist Soviet RepublicHarold Henry Fisher. The Famine in Soviet Russia, 1919-1923: The Operations of the American Relief Administration.' Ayer Publishing, 1971. p. 278. (russian: Крымская Социалистическая � ...

a month later. *

Battle of Bolshie Ozerki The Battle of Bolshie Ozerki was a major engagement fought during the Allied North Russia Intervention in the Russian Civil War. Beginning on March 31, 1919, a force of British, American, Polish, and White Russian troops engaged several Red Army ...

– An

Allied An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...

counteroffensive against the Red Army at Bolshie Ozerki, Russia failed to dislodge the enemy's positions. * Constance Markievicz was appointed Minister for Labour, becoming the first Irish female

cabinet minister A minister is a politician who heads a ministry, making and implementing decisions on policies in conjunction with the other ministers. In some jurisdictions the head of government is also a minister and is designated the ‘prime minister’, � ...

and the first in Western Europe. * The Irish Republic government established the

Department of Agriculture An agriculture ministry (also called an) agriculture department, agriculture board, agriculture council, or agriculture agency, or ministry of rural development) is a ministry charged with agriculture. The ministry is often headed by a minister f ...

with Robert Barton as minister, and the

Department of Local Government Department may refer to: * Departmentalization, division of a larger organization into parts with specific responsibility Government and military *Department (administrative division), a geographical and administrative division within a country, ...

with W. T. Cosgrave as minister. * Born: Delfo Cabrera, Argentine athlete, gold medalist at the

1948 Summer Olympics The 1948 Summer Olympics (officially the Games of the XIV Olympiad and also known as London 1948) were an international multi-sport event held from 29 July to 14 August 1948 in London, England, United Kingdom. Following a twelve-year hiatus ca ...

, in

Armstrong, Santa Fe Armstrong is a city in the southwest of the provinces of Argentina, province of Santa Fe Province, Santa Fe, Argentina. It has 11,181 inhabitants as per the . It is located from the provincial capital Santa Fe, Argentina, Santa Fe, west of Rosari ...

, Argentina (d.

1981 Events January * January 1 ** Greece enters the European Economic Community, predecessor of the European Union. ** Palau becomes a self-governing territory. * January 10 – Salvadoran Civil War: The FMLN launches its first major offensiv ...

)

April 3, 1919 (Thursday)

* The

Habsburg Law The Habsburg Law (''Habsburgergesetz'' (in full, the Law concerning the Expulsion and the Takeover of the Assets of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine) ''Gesetz vom 3. April 1919 betreffend die Landesverweisung und die Übernahme des Vermögens des H ...

was passed that legally dethroned the House of Habsburg as the monarchy of Austria. * The British government began releasing a group of "absolutist" conscientious objectors known as the

Richmond Sixteen The Richmond Sixteen were a group of "absolutist" British conscientious objectors during the First World War. Conscripted into the British Army in 1916, they refused to undertake even non-combatant military duties. Brought together at Richmond ...

, named after Richmond Castle in Richmond, North Yorkshire, England where they had been imprisoned for disobeying orders to report to the Non-Combatant Corps of the British Army in 1916. * A Farman Goliath carried 14 passengers to an altitude of 6,200 meters (20,341 feet) in a flight to publicize commercial air service. * The Apostolic Vicariate of Nouvelle-Anvers was established in the Belgian Congo, on territory split off from the then

Apostolic Vicariate of Léopoldville The Archdiocese of Kinshasa ( Latin: ''Archidioecesis Kinshasana''; French: ''Archidiocèse de Kinshasa'') is an archdiocese of the Roman Catholic Church in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its ecclesiastic territory includes the capital cit ...

. It later became the

Roman Catholic Diocese of Lisala The Roman Catholic Diocese of Lisala ( la, Lisalaën(sis)) is a Latin Catholic diocese in the Ecclesiastical province of Mbandaka-Bikoro in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, named after its see, located in the city of Lisala. History * E ...

in 1959. * Born:

Ervin Drake Ervin Drake (born Ervin Maurice Druckman; April 3, 1919 – January 15, 2015) was an American songwriter whose works include such American Songbook standards as "I Believe (1953 song), I Believe" and "It Was a Very Good Year". He wrote in a variet ...

, American songwriter, known for hits " I Believe" and " It Was a Very Good Year", in New York City (d.

2015 File:2015 Events Collage new.png, From top left, clockwise: Civil service in remembrance of November 2015 Paris attacks; Germanwings Flight 9525 was purposely crashed into the French Alps; the rubble of residences in Kathmandu following the Apri ...

);

John C. Meyer General John Charles Meyer (April 3, 1919 – December 2, 1975) was an American World War II flying ace, and later the commander-in-chief of the Strategic Air Command (SAC) and director of the Joint Strategic Target Planning Staff at Of ...

, American air force officer, 7th commander-in-chief of the

Strategic Air Command Strategic Air Command (SAC) was both a United States Department of Defense Specified Command and a United States Air Force (USAF) Major Command responsible for command and control of the strategic bomber and intercontinental ballistic missile ...

, recipient of the three Distinguished Service Crosses, seven Distinguished Flying Crosses, 15 Air Medals and the

Legion of Merit The Legion of Merit (LOM) is a military award of the United States Armed Forces that is given for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services and achievements. The decoration is issued to members of the eight ...

, in New York City (d.

1975 It was also declared the ''International Women's Year'' by the United Nations and the European Architectural Heritage Year by the Council of Europe. Events January * January 1 - Watergate scandal (United States): John N. Mitchell, H. R. ...

)

April 4 Events Pre-1600 * 503 BC – Roman consul Agrippa Menenius Lanatus celebrates a triumph for a military victory over the Sabines. * 190 – Dong Zhuo has his troops evacuate the capital Luoyang and burn it to the ground. * 611 – ...
, 1919 (Friday)

* South African delegate Jan Smuts visited Hungary and told its soviet government that if the government operated with the guidelines set down at the

Paris Peace Conference Agreements and declarations resulting from meetings in Paris include: Listed by name Paris Accords may refer to: * Paris Accords, the agreements reached at the end of the London and Paris Conferences in 1954 concerning the post-war status of Germ ...

, the

Allies An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...

would lift the blockade against the country. However, foreign minister Béla Kun refused the terms and negotiations ceased. * The 58th Infantry Division of the British Army was disbanded along with its mortar brigade. * Died:

Francisco Marto Francisco de Jesus Marto (11 June 1908 – 4 April 1919) and Jacinta de Jesus Marto (11 March 1910 – 20 February 1920) were siblings from Aljustrel, a small hamlet near Fátima, Portugal, who with their cousin Lúcia dos Santos (1907–2 ...

, Portuguese peasant, claimed to witness apparitions of the Blessed Virgin Mary in 1917 at Fátima, Portugal, from Spanish flu, canonized in 2017 (b.

1908 Events January * January 1 – The British ''Nimrod'' Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton sets sail from New Zealand on the ''Nimrod'' for Antarctica. * January 3 – A total solar eclipse is visible in the Pacific Ocean, and is the 46 ...

); William Crookes, British chemist and physicist, developer of the vacuum tube (b.

1832 Events January–March * January 6 – Abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison founds the New-England Anti-Slavery Society. * January 13 – The Christmas Rebellion of slaves is brought to an end in Jamaica, after the island's white plan ...

)

April 5 Events Pre-1600 * 823 – Lothair I is crowned King of Italy by Pope Paschal I. * 919 – The second Fatimid invasion of Egypt begins, when the Fatimid heir-apparent, al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, sets out from Raqqada at the head of his a ...
, 1919 (Saturday)

*

Battle of Bolshie Ozerki The Battle of Bolshie Ozerki was a major engagement fought during the Allied North Russia Intervention in the Russian Civil War. Beginning on March 31, 1919, a force of British, American, Polish, and White Russian troops engaged several Red Army ...

– Weakened by casualties totaling 2,000 men, the Red Army withdrew from the village Bolshie Ozerki, allowing the

Allies An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...

to eventually retreat from Arkhangelsk, Russia. * Thirty-five Jews were executed without trial in Pinsk, Poland after being accused of organizing an illegal Bolshevik rally. * The last of the British force involved in the Malleson mission left the

Transcaspian The Transcaspian Oblast (russian: Закаспійская область), or just simply Transcaspia (russian: Закаспія), was the section of Russian Empire and early Soviet Russia to the east of the Caspian Sea during the second half of ...

region, bordering Russia. Soviet forces were eventually able to invade the region and take complete control by 1920. * Two pilots with the

French Air Force The French Air and Space Force (AAE) (french: Armée de l'air et de l'espace, ) is the air and space force of the French Armed Forces. It was the first military aviation force in history, formed in 1909 as the , a service arm of the French Army; ...

, who on January 26 made a double crossing of the Mediterranean Sea in a Bréguet airplane, made a flight from Lyon to Rome, and then to Nice in the same aircraft. The pair would fly the same plane later in the year and set a French flight distance record, flying from Le Bourget Airport in Paris to

Kenitra Kenitra ( ar, القُنَيْطَرَة, , , ; ber, ⵇⵏⵉⵟⵔⴰ, Qniṭra; french: Kénitra) is a city in north western Morocco, formerly known as Port Lyautey from 1932 to 1956. It is a port on the Sebou River, Sebou river, has a popul ...

,

French Morocco The French protectorate in Morocco (french: Protectorat français au Maroc; ar, الحماية الفرنسية في المغرب), also known as French Morocco, was the period of French colonial rule in Morocco between 1912 to 1956. The prote ...

. * Former army officer

Eugen Bircher Eugen Bircher (17 February 1882 – 20 October 1956) was a Swiss politician and military leader who became associated with a pro-German position in the inter-war years. Military and political career Bircher came to prominence in the army where ...

established the far right Swiss Patriotic Federation to counter perceived unrest in

Switzerland ). Swiss law does not designate a ''capital'' as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzona, Lausanne, Luzern, Neuchâtel ...

caused by immigration. * Born:

Les Munro Squadron Leader John Leslie Munro, (5 April 1919 – 4 August 2015) was a Royal New Zealand Air Force pilot during World War II and the last surviving pilot of the Dambusters Raid of May 1943. Early life Born on 5 April 1919 near Gisborne on ...

, New Zealand air force officer, commander of the

No. 617 Squadron Number 617 Squadron is a Royal Air Force aircraft squadron, originally based at RAF Scampton in Lincolnshire and currently based at RAF Marham in Norfolk. It is commonly known as "''The Dambusters''", for its actions during Operation Chastise a ...

and member of Operation Chastise during World War II, recipient of the New Zealand Order of Merit, Distinguished Service Order, Distinguished Flying Cross and Legion of Honour, in Gisborne, New Zealand (d.

2015 File:2015 Events Collage new.png, From top left, clockwise: Civil service in remembrance of November 2015 Paris attacks; Germanwings Flight 9525 was purposely crashed into the French Alps; the rubble of residences in Kathmandu following the Apri ...

); Lester James Peries, Sri Lankan film-maker, known for films such as '' Line of Destiny'', '' The Silent Heart'', and '' Mansion by the Lake'', in Dehiwala,

Ceylon Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...

(d.

2018 File:2018 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: The 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony in PyeongChang, South Korea; Protests erupt following the Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi; March for Our Lives protests take place across the United ...

)

April 6, 1919 (Sunday)

* A Soviet rebellion lead by German anarchists in Munich dissolved the People's State of Bavaria, and forced its leader Johannes Hoffmann to flee and establish a rival socialist government in

Bamberg Bamberg (, , ; East Franconian: ''Bambärch'') is a town in Upper Franconia, Germany, on the river Regnitz close to its confluence with the river Main. The town dates back to the 9th century, when its name was derived from the nearby ' castle. C ...

, Germany. *

Spring offensive of the White Army The Spring Offensive of the Russian Army was an offensive of the White Army of the White movement led by Alexander Kolchak on the Eastern Front of the Russian Civil War, between March and April 1919. Background At the end of 1918, the situat ...

– The Western Army of the White Movement captured

Sterlitamak Sterlitamak ( rus, Стерлитама́к, p=stʲɪrlʲɪtɐˈmak; ba, Стәрлетамаҡ, translit=Stärletamaq; ) is the second largest city in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia, located on the left bank of the Belaya River (Kama's ...

, Russia on the

Eastern Front of the Russian Civil War The Russian Civil War spread to the east in May 1918, with a series of revolts along the route of the Trans-Siberian Railway, on the part of the Czechoslovak Legion and officers of the Russian Army. Provisional anti-Bolshevik local governmen ...

. * The Irish Republican Army attempted to liberate member Robert Byrne, who was under arrest by the Royal Irish Constabulary in a Limerick hospital due to a hunger strike. The rescue attempt failed, resulting in the deaths of Byrne and a police officer. The same day, a police patrol was ambushed at

Eyeries Eyeries (historically spelt as it is pronounced, ''Irees'' or ''Iries''; ) is a village and its hinterland, on the Beara Peninsula in County Cork, Ireland, near the border with County Kerry. It lies at the foot of a hilly area, with a beach ne ...

, Ireland and three officers were shot and wounded. * The Māori Battalion for the

New Zealand Expeditionary Force The New Zealand Expeditionary Force (NZEF) was the title of the military forces sent from New Zealand to fight alongside other British Empire and Dominion troops during World War I (1914–1918) and World War II (1939–1945). Ultimately, the NZE ...

formally returned Auckland for a commemoration ceremony before it was disbanded. * Italian cyclist

Angelo Gremo Angelo Gremo (3 December 1887 – 4 September 1940) was an Italian cyclist. Palmares Source: ;1911 : 1st Coppa Val di Taro ;1912 : 1st National Road Race Championships : 2nd Overall Giro d'Italia ;1913 : 1st Giro della Romagna : 1st Grand Pri ...

won the

12th edition 1 (one, unit, unity) is a number representing a single or the only entity. 1 is also a numerical digit and represents a single unit of counting or measurement. For example, a line segment of ''unit length'' is a line segment of length 1. I ...

of the

Milan–San Remo Milan–San Remo (in Italian ''Milano-Sanremo''), also called "''The Spring classic''" or "''La Classicissima''", is an annual road cycling race between Milan and Sanremo, in Northwest Italy. With a distance of 298 km (~185.2 miles) it is t ...

cycling race, completing the 286 km race route in 11 hours, 26 minutes. * The

Racing Club de Montevideo Racing Club de Montevideo is a football club from Montevideo in Uruguay. It currently participates in the Uruguayan Segunda División Profesional following their relegation at the end of the 2019 season. Racing CM is known as "La Escuelita" (Th ...

, a football club, was established in

Montevideo Montevideo () is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Uruguay, largest city of Uruguay. According to the 2011 census, the city proper has a population of 1,319,108 (about one-third of the country's total population) in an area of . M ...

. * Born:

Caren Marsh Doll Caren Marsh Doll ( Morris; born April 6, 1919), also credited as Caren Marsh, is an American former stage and screen actress and dancer specializing in modern dance and tap. She is notable as Judy Garland's stand-in in '' The Wizard of Oz'' (1 ...

, American actress, stand-in for Judy Garland in ''

The Wizard of Oz ''The Wonderful Wizard of Oz'' or ''The Wizard of Oz'' most commonly refers to: *'' The Wonderful Wizard of Oz'', a 1900 American novel by L. Frank Baum often reprinted as ''The Wizard of Oz'' ** Wizard of Oz (character), from the Baum novel serie ...

'' and ''

Ziegfeld Girl Ziegfeld Girls were the chorus girls and showgirls from Florenz Ziegfeld's theatrical Broadway revue spectaculars known as the ''Ziegfeld Follies'' (1907–1931), in New York City, which were based on the Folies Bergère of Paris. Descripti ...

'', in Hollywood, Los Angeles

April 7, 1919 (Monday)

* Anarchist writers

Ernst Toller Ernst Toller (1 December 1893 – 22 May 1939) was a German author, playwright, left-wing politician and revolutionary, known for his Expressionism (theatre), Expressionist plays. He served in 1919 for six days as President of the short-lived B ...

, Gustav Landauer and Erich Mühsam co-founded the Bavarian Soviet Republic, being later joined by essayist and debt relief advocate

Silvio Gesell Johann Silvio Gesell (; 17 March 1862 – 11 March 1930) was a German-Argentine economist, merchant, and the founder of Freiwirtschaft, an economic model for market socialism. In 1900 he founded the magazine ''Geld-und Bodenreform'' (''Monetar ...

. *

Spring offensive of the White Army The Spring Offensive of the Russian Army was an offensive of the White Army of the White movement led by Alexander Kolchak on the Eastern Front of the Russian Civil War, between March and April 1919. Background At the end of 1918, the situat ...

– The Western Army of the White Movement captured Belebey, Russia. * Estonia held elections during the Estonian War of Independence, with the Estonian Social Democratic Workers' Party winning a majority of the seats of the Estonian Constituent Assembly. * The

21st Aero Squadron First or 1st is the ordinal form of the number one (#1). First or 1st may also refer to: *World record, specifically the first instance of a particular achievement Arts and media Music * 1$T, American rapper, singer-songwriter, DJ, and rec ...

of the United States Army Air Service was disbanded at Hazelhurst Field in Mineola, New York. * The

French Football Federation The French Football Federation ( FFF; french: Fédération Française de Football) is the governing body of football in France. It also includes the overseas departments ( Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Martinique, Mayotte and Réunion), the over ...

was established in Paris as the governing body of professional association football clubs in France and its overseas colonies. * The

Haugesund Naval Air Station Haugesund Naval Air Station ( no, Marinens flystasjon Haugesund) was a military water aerodrome situated at Avaldsnes on the outskirts of the town of Haugesund in Rogaland county, Norway. At the time it was in operation, it was located in the mu ...

was officially disbanded in

Avaldsnes Avaldsnes is a village in Karmøy municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The village is located on the northeastern part of the island of Karmøy, along the Karmsundet strait, just south of the town of Haugesund. The village was an ancient ...

, Norway. * The Original Dixieland Jazz Band introduced Dixieland jazz to England with a 15-month tour, starting with a performance at the Hippodrome in London. * King Albert issued a royal decree that established the

King Albert Medal The King Albert Medal ( nl, Koning Albert Medaille, french: Médaille du Roi Albert) was a Belgian medal established by royal decree on 7 April 1919 and awarded to both Belgians and foreigners who were exceptionally meritorious in promoting, org ...

to be awarded to Belgian citizens or foreigners that were involved in promoting or organizing charitable or humanitarian aid to Belgians during World War I. * Born: Al Lerner, American composer, known for his themes for the television talk how '' Tonight Starring Jack Paar'' and film scores such as '' The Eddy Duchin Story'', in Cleveland (d.

2014 File:2014 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: Stocking up supplies and personal protective equipment (PPE) for the Western African Ebola virus epidemic; Citizens examining the ruins after the Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping; Bundles of wat ...

); Edoardo Mangiarotti, Italian fencer, six time gold medalist including the

1956 Summer Olympics The 1956 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVI Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, from 22 November to 8 December 1956, with the exception of the equestrian events, whi ...

and six-time silver medalist including the

1952 Summer Olympics The 1952 Summer Olympics ( fi, Kesäolympialaiset 1952; sv, Olympiska sommarspelen 1952), officially known as the Games of the XV Olympiad ( fi, XV olympiadin kisat; sv, Den XV olympiadens spel) and commonly known as Helsinki 1952 ( sv, Helsin ...

, in Renate, Italy (d.

2012 File:2012 Events Collage V3.png, From left, clockwise: The passenger cruise ship Costa Concordia lies capsized after the Costa Concordia disaster; Damage to Casino Pier in Seaside Heights, New Jersey as a result of Hurricane Sandy; People gather ...

) * Died:

Virginia P. Bacon Virginia Purdy Bacon (''née'' Barker) (1853 – April 7, 1919) was an American heiress and art dealer. Early life Virginia Purdy Barker was born in New York City in 1853. She was the youngest granddaughter of Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt. H ...

, American art dealer, noted executor of the

Edward R. Bacon Edward Rathbone Bacon (born in Le Roy, New York, on November 22, 1848) was president of a railroad, lawyer and financier. His father was David Rinaldo Bacon and his mother was Elizabeth Rathbone. He had four siblings, Walter Rathbone, Lathrup Ruf ...

art collection, granddaughter of Cornelius Vanderbilt (b.

1845 Events January–March * January 10 – Elizabeth Barrett receives a love letter from the younger poet Robert Browning; on May 20, they meet for the first time in London. She begins writing her ''Sonnets from the Portuguese''. * January 23 ...

)

April 8 Events Pre-1600 * 217 – Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated and is succeeded by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus. * 876 – The Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul saves Baghdad from the Saffarids. *1139 – Ro ...
, 1919 (Tuesday)

*

Louis J. Wilde Louis J. Wilde (July 16, 1865 – April 18, 1924) was an American banker and Republican politician from California. Wilde was born in Iowa City, Iowa in 1865. After living in Rochester, NY, Philadelphia, and St. Paul, Minnesota, he moved t ...

retained his seat as Mayor of San Diego during city elections. * Born: Ian Smith, Rhodesian state leader, 8th Prime Minister of Rhodesia, in

Selukwe Shurugwi, formerly Selukwe, is a small town and administrative centre in Midlands Province, southern Zimbabwe, located about 350 km (220 miles) south of Harare, with a population of 22,900 according to the 2022 census. The town was establ ...

, Southern Rhodesia (d.

2007 File:2007 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: Steve Jobs unveils Apple's first iPhone; TAM Airlines Flight 3054 overruns a runway and crashes into a gas station, killing almost 200 people; Former Pakistani Prime Minister of Pakistan, Pr ...

) * Died:

Frank Winfield Woolworth Frank Winfield Woolworth (April 13, 1852 – April 8, 1919) was an American entrepreneur, the founder of F. W. Woolworth Company, and the operator of variety stores known as "Five-and-Dimes" (5- and 10-cent stores or dime stores) which featured ...

, American business leader, founder of the F. W. Woolworth Company (b.

1852 Events January–March * January 14 – President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte proclaims a new constitution for the French Second Republic. * January 15 – Nine men representing various Jewish charitable organizations come tog ...

); Thomas Chapman, British landowner, last of the Chapman baronets, father of

T. E. Lawrence Thomas Edward Lawrence (16 August 1888 – 19 May 1935) was a British archaeologist, army officer, diplomat, and writer who became renowned for his role in the Arab Revolt (1916–1918) and the Sinai and Palestine Campaign (1915–1918 ...

(b.

1846 Events January–March * January 5 – The United States House of Representatives votes to stop sharing the Oregon Country with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom. * January 13 – The Milan–Venice railway' ...

); Loránd Eötvös, Hungarian physicist, best known for his research on gravity and

surface tension Surface tension is the tendency of liquid surfaces at rest to shrink into the minimum surface area possible. Surface tension is what allows objects with a higher density than water such as razor blades and insects (e.g. water striders) to f ...

(b.

1848 1848 is historically famous for the wave of revolutions, a series of widespread struggles for more liberal governments, which broke out from Brazil to Hungary; although most failed in their immediate aims, they significantly altered the polit ...

)

April 9, 1919 (Wednesday)

* An overnight tornado outbreak in the Southern Great Plains killed at least 92 people in Texas,

Oklahoma Oklahoma (; Choctaw language, Choctaw: ; chr, ᎣᎧᎳᎰᎹ, ''Okalahoma'' ) is a U.S. state, state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States, bordered by Texas on the south and west, Kansas on the nor ...

and Arkansas. *

Spring offensive of the White Army The Spring Offensive of the Russian Army was an offensive of the White Army of the White movement led by Alexander Kolchak on the Eastern Front of the Russian Civil War, between March and April 1919. Background At the end of 1918, the situat ...

– The Orenburg Independent Army took Sarapul from the Red Army and closed in on Glazov, while the Western Army took Bugulma, Russia. * In response to activity by Irish Republican Army in Limerick, the British Army declared the city a Special Military Area. Civilians were required to apply for police permits to enter or leave the city. * The vote was extended to women in British East Africa, of "pure European descent", provided they were English-speaking, literate British subjects and owned property, so the law could exclude Africans, British Indians and other ethnic groups. * The 3rd Legions Infantry Division was established by the Polish Army. * The Logistics Battalion was established in Tallinn, Estonia. * Born:

J. Presper Eckert John Adam Presper Eckert Jr. (April 9, 1919 – June 3, 1995) was an American electrical engineer and computer pioneer. With John Mauchly, he designed the first general-purpose electronic digital computer (ENIAC), presented the first course in co ...

, American engineer, co-designer of the ENIAC and UNIVAC computers, in Philadelphia (d.

1995 File:1995 Events Collage V2.png, From left, clockwise: O.J. Simpson is O. J. Simpson murder case, acquitted of the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman from the 1994, year prior in "The Trial of the Century" in the United States; The ...

)

April 10, 1919 (Thursday)

*

Spring offensive of the White Army The Spring Offensive of the Russian Army was an offensive of the White Army of the White movement led by Alexander Kolchak on the Eastern Front of the Russian Civil War, between March and April 1919. Background At the end of 1918, the situat ...

– The

Siberian Army The Siberian Army (russian: Сибирская армия, Sibirskaya Armiya) was an anti-Bolshevik army during the Russian Civil War, which fought from June 1918 – July 1919 in Siberia – Ural Region. Background After the Bolsheviks' sei ...

captured the town of Orsk and began to advance on

Orenburg Orenburg (russian: Оренбу́рг, ), formerly known as Chkalov (1938–1957), is the administrative center of Orenburg Oblast, Russia. It lies on the Ural River, southeast of Moscow. Orenburg is also very close to the Kazakhstan-Russia bor ...

, Russia. *

Mexican Revolution The Mexican Revolution ( es, Revolución Mexicana) was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from approximately 1910 to 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history". It resulted in the destruction ...

leader Emiliano Zapata was ambushed and shot dead in

Morelos Morelos (), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Morelos ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Morelos), is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 36 municipalities and its capital city is Cuer ...

by soldiers under command of Jesus Guajardo, a subordinate to General Pablo González Garza of the Constitutional Army. * A motion was passed during the third meeting of the

Dáil Éireann Dáil Éireann ( , ; ) is the lower house, and principal chamber, of the Oireachtas (Irish legislature), which also includes the President of Ireland and Seanad Éireann (the upper house).Article 15.1.2º of the Constitution of Ireland read ...

to ostracize the Royal Irish Constabulary. * Quebec held a referendum on the prohibition of alcohol, with the side for legalization of sales of beer, cider and wine winning with 78% of the vote, while the sale of spirits remains prohibited until 1921. * The United States Army Air Service disbanded the

2nd Pursuit Group The 2nd Pursuit Group was an Air Service, United States Army unit that fought on the Western Front during World War I as part of the Air Service, First United States Army. It was demobilized in France on 10 April 1919. There is no modern United ...

at the

Toul-Croix de Metz Airfield Toul-Croix De Metz Airfield is a former military airfield which is located approximately northeast of Toul (Département de Meurthe-et-Moselle, Lorraine); east of Paris. The airfield had its probable origins as early as 1912, as an ''Aéronau ...

in France. * The 54th and 56th Australian Battalions were disbanded. * The Persian weekly newspaper '' Flame of the Revolution'' began publication in

Samarkand fa, سمرقند , native_name_lang = , settlement_type = City , image_skyline = , image_caption = Clockwise from the top:Registan square, Shah-i-Zinda necropolis, Bibi-Khanym Mosque, view inside Shah-i-Zinda, ...

, Turkestan (now Uzbekistan). Despite being the sole Persian-language newspaper in the country, the newspaper folded in 1921 after 90 issues. * The borough of

Brielle, New Jersey Brielle is a borough located in southern Monmouth County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, along the Manasquan River. As of the 2010 United States census, the borough's population was 4,774,April 11, 1919 (Friday)

* The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was established as a government-in-exile, although Korea remained under Japanese influence until the end of World War II. *

Paris Peace Conference Agreements and declarations resulting from meetings in Paris include: Listed by name Paris Accords may refer to: * Paris Accords, the agreements reached at the end of the London and Paris Conferences in 1954 concerning the post-war status of Germ ...

–

Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...

introduced the

Racial Equality Proposal The was an amendment to the Treaty of Versailles that was considered at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference. Proposed by Japan, it was never intended to have any universal implications, but one was attached to it anyway, which caused its controversy. ...

which advocated for an international standard on human rights. Both France and Italy supported adopting the proposal, while the United Kingdom opposed it. Despite achieving a majority by the peace delegation, chairman Woodrow Wilson overturned it since there was still significant opposition to it. * Riots broke out in

Ahmedabad Ahmedabad ( ; Gujarati: Amdavad ) is the most populous city in the Indian state of Gujarat. It is the administrative headquarters of the Ahmedabad district and the seat of the Gujarat High Court. Ahmedabad's population of 5,570,585 (per t ...

, British India. * The 53rd and 55th Australian Battalions were disbanded. * The 221st Mixed Brigade of the British Army was disbanded. * French pianist Marguerite Long performed the public debut of the composition '' Le Tombeau de Couperin'' by

Maurice Ravel Joseph Maurice Ravel (7 March 1875 – 28 December 1937) was a French composer, pianist and conductor. He is often associated with Impressionism along with his elder contemporary Claude Debussy, although both composers rejected the term. In ...

in Paris. * Born: Hugh Carey, American politician, 51st

Governor of New York The governor of New York is the head of government of the U.S. state of New York. The governor is the head of the executive branch of New York's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor has ...

, in New York City (d.

2011 File:2011 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: a protester partaking in Occupy Wall Street heralds the beginning of the Occupy movement; protests against Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi, who was killed that October; a young man celebrate ...

)

April 12, 1919 (Saturday)

* The

Communist Party of Germany The Communist Party of Germany (german: Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands, , KPD ) was a major political party in the Weimar Republic between 1918 and 1933, an underground resistance movement in Nazi Germany, and a minor party in West German ...

seized control of the Bavarian Soviet Republic and replaced

Ernst Toller Ernst Toller (1 December 1893 – 22 May 1939) was a German author, playwright, left-wing politician and revolutionary, known for his Expressionism (theatre), Expressionist plays. He served in 1919 for six days as President of the short-lived B ...

as its head of state with

Eugen Leviné Eugen Leviné (russian: Евгений Левине; 10 May 1883 – 5 June 1919), also known as Dr. Eugen Leviné, was a German communist revolutionary and one of the leaders of the short-lived Second Bavarian Soviet Republic. Background ...

. * Korean-American journalist Soh Jaipil convened the

First Korean Congress The First Korean Congress was convened by Philip Jaisohn in Philadelphia from April 12 to 14, 1919 in the Little Theater at 17th and Delancey Streets. He convened the Congress as a reaction to the March 1st Movement, one of the earliest public d ...

in Philadelphia in reaction to the independence movement against Japanese rule that began last March in Seoul, with the intention to lobby the United States into recognizing Korean independence at the

Paris Peace Conference Agreements and declarations resulting from meetings in Paris include: Listed by name Paris Accords may refer to: * Paris Accords, the agreements reached at the end of the London and Paris Conferences in 1954 concerning the post-war status of Germ ...

. * Amanullah Khan, Emir of Afghanistan, ordered a trial investigation into the assassination of his brother Habibullah Khan, which found his elder brother Nasrullah Khan complicit in the plot (although likely the evidence was fabricated). Nasrullah was imprisoned and executed one year later. * French serial killer Henri Désiré Landru was arrested and charged with embezzlement after the sister of one of the victims tracked him down. Police suspected him of the disappearances of ten other people and by piecing together fragments of paperwork were able to charge him with eleven counts of murder. * New light rail stations were added to the Muni Metro L Taraval line in San Francisco including 15th Avenue, 17th Avenue, 19th Avenue, 22nd Avenue, 23rd Avenue, 26th Avenue, 28th Avenue, 30th Avenue, 32nd Avenue, Ulloa and 15 Avenue, and Ulloa and Forest Side station. * Born: István Anhalt, Hungarian-Canadian composer, known for compositions including the long-form works of ''La Tourangelle'', ''Winthrop'', and ''Alternative Voices'', recipient of the Order of Canada, in Budapest (d.

2012 File:2012 Events Collage V3.png, From left, clockwise: The passenger cruise ship Costa Concordia lies capsized after the Costa Concordia disaster; Damage to Casino Pier in Seaside Heights, New Jersey as a result of Hurricane Sandy; People gather ...

)

April 13 Events Pre-1600 1111 – Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 – Constantinople falls to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade, temporarily ending the Byzantine Empire. 1601–1900 *1612 – In one of the epic samurai ...
, 1919 (Sunday)

* British and Gurkha troops under the command of Colonel

Reginald Dyer Colonel Reginald Edward Harry Dyer, CB (9 October 1864 – 23 July 1927) was an officer of the Bengal Army and later the newly constituted British Indian Army. His military career began serving briefly in the regular British Army before tra ...

massacred A massacre is the killing of a large number of people or animals, especially those who are not involved in any fighting or have no way of defending themselves. A massacre is generally considered to be morally unacceptable, especially when per ...

379 Sikhs out a crowd of 10,000 to 20,000 gathered for an illegal public meeting at Jallianwala Bagh in

Amritsar Amritsar (), historically also known as Rāmdāspur and colloquially as ''Ambarsar'', is the second largest city in the Indian state of Punjab, after Ludhiana. It is a major cultural, transportation and economic centre, located in the Majha r ...

, Punjab, British India. * A

race riot This is a list of ethnic riots by country, and includes riots based on ethnic, sectarian, xenophobic, and racial conflict. Some of these riots can also be classified as pogroms. Africa Americas United States Nativist period: 1700s� ...

broke out in Jenkins County, Georgia following a violent altercation between white law enforcers and attendees for a large gathering of 3,000 people at the all-black Carswell Grove Baptist Church. The initial violence ended in the deaths of two white officers and a black parishioner. Word of the lawmen's deaths result in white mobs lynching people associated with the United States that became known as the Red Summer. * Battle for the Donbass – The Eighth Red Army attacked White forces in Kolpakovo district of Ukraine. * Epitácio Pessoa of the Paraíba Republican Party received 71% of the vote in the Brazilian presidential election brought about by the death of Rodrigues Alves. * An attempt to overthrow the government of the Bavarian Soviet Republic by German socialist leader Johannes Hoffmann ended in failure. * A

general strike A general strike refers to a strike action in which participants cease all economic activity, such as working, to strengthen the bargaining position of a trade union or achieve a common social or political goal. They are organised by large co ...

was called by the Limerick Trades and Labour Council to protest against the declaration of a "Special Military Area" under the Defence of the Realm Act covering most of the city of Limerick and its surroundings in Ireland. * American antiwar activist

Eugene V. Debs Eugene Victor "Gene" Debs (November 5, 1855 – October 20, 1926) was an American socialism, socialist, political activist, trade unionist, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and five times the candidate ...

entered prison at the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary in Atlanta, Georgia for speaking out against the draft during World War I. * The Russian arts magazine '' Art of the Commune'' published its final issue. * The

Associazione Bancaria Italiana Associazione Bancaria Italiana is the trade association of Italian banks. The association was founded in 1919, few years after the Association of Italian Saving Banks (ACRI, founded 1912), the Association of Italian Rural Credit Unions (''Cassa R ...

was established as a trade association of banks in Italy. * The football club Figueres was established in Figueres, Catalonia, Spain. * Born: Howard Keel, American singer and actor, best known for his supporting role on the 1980s television drama '' Dallas'', in

Gillespie, Illinois Gillespie is a city in Macoupin County, Illinois, Macoupin County, Illinois, United States and part of the Metro East region of the St. Louis metropolitan area. The population was 3,168 at the 2020 census. Gillespie provides police protection for ...

(d.

2004 2004 was designated as an International Year of Rice by the United Nations, and the International Year to Commemorate the Struggle Against Slavery and its Abolition (by UNESCO). Events January * January 3 – Flash Airlines Flight 6 ...

); Joan Court, British activist, advocate for animal rights and child abuse prevention in the United Kingdom, in London (d.

2016 File:2016 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: Bombed-out buildings in Ankara following the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt; the impeachment trial of Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff; Damaged houses during the 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh ...

);

Madalyn Murray O'Hair Madalyn Murray O'Hair (née Mays; April 13, 1919 – September 29, 1995) was an American activist supporting atheism and separation of church and state. In 1963 she founded American Atheists and served as its president until 1986, after which her ...

, American activist, promoter of

atheism Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities. Less broadly, atheism is a rejection of the belief that any deities exist. In an even narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there no d ...

in the United States, founder of

American Atheists American Atheists is a non-profit organization in the United States dedicated to defending the civil liberties of atheists and advocating complete separation of church and state. It provides speakers for colleges, universities, clubs, and the ...

, in Pittsburgh (d.

1995 File:1995 Events Collage V2.png, From left, clockwise: O.J. Simpson is O. J. Simpson murder case, acquitted of the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman from the 1994, year prior in "The Trial of the Century" in the United States; The ...

) * Died: Phoebe Hearst, American philanthropist, founding member of the National Parent-Teacher Association, the

National Cathedral School National Cathedral School (NCS) is an independent Episcopal private day school for girls in grades 4–12 located on the grounds of the Washington National Cathedral in Washington, D.C., United States. Founded by philanthropist and suffragist Phoe ...

, University of California Museum of Anthropology, second Vice-Regent to the

Mount Vernon Ladies' Association The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) is a non-profit organization that preserves and maintains the Mount Vernon estate originally owned by the family of President George Washington. The association was founded in 1853 by Ann Pamela Cunni ...

, wife to George Hearst and mother to William Randolph Hearst (b.

1842 Events January–March * January ** Michael Alexander takes office, as the first appointee to the Anglican-German Bishopric in Jerusalem. ** American medical student William E. Clarke of Berkshire Medical College becomes the first pe ...

)

April 14, 1919 (Monday)

* The All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee ratified a military union with Soviet Russia, leading to the formation of the

First First or 1st is the ordinal form of the number one (#1). First or 1st may also refer to: *World record, specifically the first instance of a particular achievement Arts and media Music * 1$T, American rapper, singer-songwriter, DJ, and rec ...

,

Second The second (symbol: s) is the unit of time in the International System of Units (SI), historically defined as of a day – this factor derived from the division of the day first into 24 hours, then to 60 minutes and finally to 60 seconds ...

, Third Ukrainian Soviet Armies, and the

Crimean Soviet Army The Crimean Soviet Army was a field army of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War, which existed between May 5, 1919 and July 21, 1919. It was first part of the Ukrainian Front and from June 4 of the 14th Army. On July 21, 1919 the Army was ...

the following day. * The strike committee in Limerick proclaimed itself a soviet council, although it styled more along the lines of the strike organizers of the Dublin lock-out in 1913 than of any actual soviet government. * The

31st Aero Squadron 31 (thirty-one) is the natural number following 30 and preceding 32. It is a prime number. In mathematics 31 is the 11th prime number. It is a superprime and a self prime (after 3, 5, and 7), as no integer added up to its base 10 digits ...

of the United States Army Air Service was disbanded at Mitchel Field,

New York New York most commonly refers to: * New York City, the most populous city in the United States, located in the state of New York * New York (state), a state in the northeastern United States New York may also refer to: Film and television * '' ...

. * The American Expeditionary Forces began shutting down military hospitals in Vichy, France, starting with Hospital No. 1 which has been serving up to 3,600 wounded American soldiers. * The football club Cacereño was established in Cáceres, Spain. * Born: Shamshad Begum, Indian singer, best known for her collaboration with film composers Naushad,

S. D. Burman Sachin Dev Burman (1 October 1906 – 31 October 1975) was an Indian music director and singer. A member of the Tripura royal family, he started his career with Bengali films in 1937. He later began composing for Hindi movies and became one o ...

, and

O. P. Nayyar Omkar Prasad Nayyar (16 January 1926 – 28 January 2007) was an Indian film music composer, singer-songwriter, music producer, and musician. He is considered to be one of the most rhythmic and melodious music directors of the Hindi film industr ...

, in Lahore, British India (d.

2013 File:2013 Events Collage V2.png, From left, clockwise: Edward Snowden becomes internationally famous for leaking classified NSA wiretapping information; Typhoon Haiyan kills over 6,000 in the Philippines and Southeast Asia; The Dhaka garment fact ...

) * Died: Auguste-Réal Angers, Canadian politician, 6th

Lieutenant Governor of Quebec The lieutenant governor of Quebec (; French (masculine): ''Lieutenant-gouverneur du Québec'', or (feminine): ''Lieutenante-gouverneure du Québec'') is the viceregal representative in Quebec of the , who operates distinctly within the province ...

(b.

1819 Events January–March * January 2 – The Panic of 1819, the first major peacetime financial crisis in the United States, begins. * January 25 – Thomas Jefferson founds the University of Virginia. * January 29 – Si ...

);

McCants Stewart McCants Stewart (July 11, 1877April 14, 1919) was an American lawyer. Born to a prominent attorney in New York, Stewart studied law in Minnesota and became the first African American lawyer in the state of Oregon. His lack of financial success ...

, American lawyer, first African-American to practice law in Oregon (b.

1877 Events January–March * January 1 – Queen Victoria is proclaimed ''Empress of India'' by the ''Royal Titles Act 1876'', introduced by Benjamin Disraeli, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom . * January 8 – Great Sio ...

)

April 15, 1919 (Tuesday)

* U.S. President Woodrow Wilson issued a memorandum at the

Paris Peace Conference Agreements and declarations resulting from meetings in Paris include: Listed by name Paris Accords may refer to: * Paris Accords, the agreements reached at the end of the London and Paris Conferences in 1954 concerning the post-war status of Germ ...

proposing a line dividing the Istrian peninsula between Italy and Yugoslavia. * Around 9,000 women telephone operators with the New England Telephone Company in Boston went on strike. * The United States Navy selected the collier USS ''Jupiter'' to be converted into the navy's first

aircraft carrier An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase, equipped with a full-length flight deck and facilities for carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering aircraft. Typically, it is the capital ship of a fleet, as it allows a ...

. * British activist Eglantyne Jebb was arrested in London for distributing pamphlets in an effort to raise awareness and funding for the relief of German and Austrian children stricken by food shortages by the German blockade that was prolonged despite the signing of the 1918 armistice. Despite going to trial and being found guilty of unlawful protest, Jebb's impassioned speech during the trial so impressed the prosecuting counsel that he offered to pay her fine. It motivated Jebb and her sister

Dorothy Buxton Dorothy Frances Buxton ( née Jebb; 3 March 1881 – 8 April 1963) was an English humanitarian, social activist and commentator on Germany. Life Dorothy Frances Jebb was born 3 August 1881 in Ellesmere, Shropshire, the youngest of three sisters ...

to establish the Save the Children fund the following May. * New subway stations were added to the IRT Broadway Line in New York City, including Clark Street and Court Street. * The Football Association of Yugoslavia was established in Zagreb. * The novel '' The Moon and Sixpence'' by British writer W. Somerset Maugham was released by publisher

Heinemann Heinemann may refer to: * Heinemann (surname) * Heinemann (publisher), a publishing company * Heinemann Park, a.k.a. Pelican Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States See also * Heineman * Jamie Hyneman James Franklin Hyneman (born Se ...

. * Born:

Nelson Broms Nelson Broms (''né'' Abramowitz; born April 15, 1919) is an American business executive, investor, and philanthropist. He has worked in financial services, health care, telecommunications, information management and energy. He is former chairman, ...

, American business executive, president of The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States, in New York City; Arjan Singh, Indian air force officer, Chief of the Air Staff from 1964 to 1969, in

Lyallpur Faisalabad (; Punjabi/ ur, , ; ), formerly known as Lyallpur ( Punjabi, Urdu: لائل پور), named after the founder of the city, but was renamed in 1977 in honour of late King Faisal of Saudi Arabia. It is the 3rd largest city of Pak ...

, British India (d.

2017 File:2017 Events Collage V2.png, From top left, clockwise: The War Against ISIS at the Battle of Mosul (2016-2017); aftermath of the Manchester Arena bombing; The Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017 ("Great American Eclipse"); North Korea tests a ser ...

) * Died: Jane Delano, American nurse, founder of the American Red Cross Nursing Service (b.

1862 Events January–March * January 1 – The United Kingdom annexes Lagos Island, in modern-day Nigeria. * January 6 – French intervention in Mexico: French, Spanish and British forces arrive in Veracruz, Mexico. * January ...

); Aureliano Blanquet, Mexican army officer, key participant in the Ten Tragic Days in Mexico City (killed in action) (b.

1849 Events January–March * January 1 – France begins issue of the Ceres series, the nation's first postage stamps. * January 5 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Austrian army, led by Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz, enters in th ...

)

April 16, 1919 (Wednesday)

* A coup d'état backed by the Baltic German nobility overthrew the provisional national government in Liepāja,

Latvia Latvia ( or ; lv, Latvija ; ltg, Latveja; liv, Leţmō), officially the Republic of Latvia ( lv, Latvijas Republika, links=no, ltg, Latvejas Republika, links=no, liv, Leţmō Vabāmō, links=no), is a country in the Baltic region of ...

, forcing many members to take refuge aboard a steamship in the harbor. * The

Park Avenue Viaduct The Park Avenue Viaduct, also known as the Pershing Square Viaduct, is a roadway in Manhattan in New York City. It carries vehicular traffic on Park Avenue from 40th to 46th Streets around Grand Central Terminal and the MetLife Building, th ...

was completed and opened to traffic in Manhattan, New York City. * Born: Edward Simons Fulmer, American army air force officer, member of the

82nd Airborne Division The 82nd Airborne Division is an Airborne forces, airborne infantry division (military), division of the United States Army specializing in Paratrooper, parachute assault operations into denied areasSof, Eric"82nd Airborne Division" ''Spec Ops ...

and

Operation Market Garden Operation Market Garden was an Allies of World War II, Allied military operation during the World War II, Second World War fought in the Netherlands from 17 to 27 September 1944. Its objective was to create a Salient (military), salient into G ...

during World War II, recipient of the

Distinguished Service Cross The Distinguished Service Cross (D.S.C.) is a military decoration for courage. Different versions exist for different countries. *Distinguished Service Cross (Australia) *Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom) *Distinguished Service Cross (U ...

, Air Medal, and Military Order of William, in

East Syracuse, New York East Syracuse is an incorporated village and a suburb of the City of Syracuse in eastern Onondaga County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 U.S. census, the village had a population of 3,084. It is located immediately east of Syracuse, in ...

(d.

2017 File:2017 Events Collage V2.png, From top left, clockwise: The War Against ISIS at the Battle of Mosul (2016-2017); aftermath of the Manchester Arena bombing; The Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017 ("Great American Eclipse"); North Korea tests a ser ...

); Merce Cunningham, American choreographer, developed modern dancing form for the works of

John Cage John Milton Cage Jr. (September 5, 1912 – August 12, 1992) was an American composer and music theorist. A pioneer of indeterminacy in music, electroacoustic music, and non-standard use of musical instruments, Cage was one of the leading fi ...

and David Tudor, in Centralia, Washington (d.

2009 File:2009 Events Collage V2.png, From top left, clockwise: The vertical stabilizer of Air France Flight 447 is pulled out from the Atlantic Ocean; Barack Obama becomes the first African American to become President of the United States; 2009 Iran ...

); Pedro Ramírez Vázquez, Mexican architect, designed the Museo Nacional de Antropología and chief architect for International Olympic Committee, in Mexico City (d.

2013 File:2013 Events Collage V2.png, From left, clockwise: Edward Snowden becomes internationally famous for leaking classified NSA wiretapping information; Typhoon Haiyan kills over 6,000 in the Philippines and Southeast Asia; The Dhaka garment fact ...

)

April 17 Events Pre-1600 1080 – Harald III of Denmark dies and is succeeded by Canute IV, who would later be the first Dane to be canonized. 1349 – The rule of the Bavand dynasty in Mazandaran is brought to an end by the murder of Hasan ...
, 1919 (Thursday)

* The third government of Finland under the Lauri Ingman administration dissolved, and replaced by the

cabinet Cabinet or The Cabinet may refer to: Furniture * Cabinetry, a box-shaped piece of furniture with doors and/or drawers * Display cabinet, a piece of furniture with one or more transparent glass sheets or transparent polycarbonate sheets * Filing ...

under

Kaarlo Castrén Kaarlo Castrén (28 February 1860 – 19 November 1938) was a Finnish politician and Prime Minister of Finland. He represented the National Progressive Party. Castrén was born in Turtola and graduated in 1887 as a Bachelor of Law. From 1888 ...

. * Women in New Brunswick were given the right to vote. * The Alliance Seabird was entered for the Royal Aero Club competition for the Daily Mail £10,000 Atlantic Flight Prize. Ultimately it did not compete. * Born: Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado, Cuban state leader, 22nd President of Cuba, in

Cienfuegos Cienfuegos (), capital of Cienfuegos Province, is a city on the southern coast of Cuba. It is located about from Havana and has a population of 150,000. Since the late 1960s, Cienfuegos has become one of Cuba's main industrial centers, especial ...

, Cuba (d.

1983 The year 1983 saw both the official beginning of the Internet and the first mobile cellular telephone call. Events January * January 1 – The migration of the ARPANET to Internet protocol suite, TCP/IP is officially completed (this is consid ...

);

Frank Tallman Frank Gifford Tallman III (April 17, 1919 in East Orange, New Jersey – April 15, 1978 in Santiago Peak, Trabuco Canyon, California) was a stunt pilot who worked in Hollywood during the 1960s and 1970s. He was the son of Frank Gifford Tallman ...

, American stunt pilot (d.

1978 Events January * January 1 – Air India Flight 855, a Boeing 747 passenger jet, crashes off the coast of Bombay, killing 213. * January 5 – Bülent Ecevit, of Republican People's Party, CHP, forms the new government of Turkey (42nd go ...

, plane crash); Chavela Vargas, Costa-Rican born Mexican singer, in

San Joaquín de Flores San Joaquín is a district of the Flores canton, in the Heredia province of Costa Rica. Toponymy The town of San Joaquín de Flores is named after Saint Joachim, Mary's father. Geography San Joaquín has an area of km² and an elevation of ...

,

Costa Rica Costa Rica (, ; ; literally "Rich Coast"), officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( es, República de Costa Rica), is a country in the Central American region of North America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the no ...

(d.

2012 File:2012 Events Collage V3.png, From left, clockwise: The passenger cruise ship Costa Concordia lies capsized after the Costa Concordia disaster; Damage to Casino Pier in Seaside Heights, New Jersey as a result of Hurricane Sandy; People gather ...

)

April 18, 1919 (Friday)

* German socialist leader Johannes Hoffmann gathered 8,000 troops to fight a German Soviet force of 30,000 in

Dachau , , commandant = List of commandants , known for = , location = Upper Bavaria, Southern Germany , built by = Germany , operated by = ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS) , original use = Political prison , construction ...

, Germany, where he was defeated. * Around 1,000 delegates from all over Ireland attended the Sinn Féin Ard-Fheis in Dublin where Éamon de Valera was elected president of the organization. * The Compagnie des Messageries Aériennes (CMA) commenced a mail and freight service between Paris and Lille, using ex-military Bréguet aircraft. * The

Italian National Council of Fiume The Italian National Council of Fiume was a political body that governed the city of Fiume between 1918 and 1924. History Creation Emperor Charles I of Austria, after Foreign Minister Baron Stephan Burián von Rajecz, István Burián asked for ...

issued the Fiume krone as the official currency of the proposed

Free State of Fiume The Free State of Fiume () was an independent free state that existed between 1920 and 1924. Its territory of comprised the city of Fiume (today Rijeka, Croatia) and rural areas to its north, with a corridor to its west connecting it to the K ...

in what is now Croatia. * Born: Esther Afua Ocloo, Ghanaian businesswoman and financier, co-founder of

Women's World Banking Women's World Banking is a nonprofit organization that provides strategic support, technical assistance and information to a global network of 55 independent microfinance institutions (MFIs) and banks that offer credit and other financial service ...

, pioneer of microlending, in

Peki Dzake Peki is a town in the South Dayi District in the Volta Region of Ghana Ghana (; tw, Gaana, ee, Gana), officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It abuts the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, shari ...

, British Togoland (d.

2002 File:2002 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 2002 Winter Olympics are held in Salt Lake City; Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother and her daughter Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon die; East Timor gains East Timor independence, indepe ...

)

April 19, 1919 (Saturday)

* Battle for the Donbass – The Ninth Red Army was forced to cease operations against the White forces in

Kamianske Kamianske ( uk, Кам'янське, ), formerly Dniprodzerzhynsk, is an industrial city in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast of Ukraine and a port on the Dnieper. Administratively, it serves as the administrative center of Kamianske Raion. Kamianske hosts ...

, Ukraine. * British High Commissioner

Somerset Gough-Calthorpe Admiral of the Fleet Sir Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe (23 December 1865 – 27 July 1937), sometimes known as Sir Somerset Calthorpe, was a Royal Navy officer and a member of the Gough-Calthorpe family. After serving as a junior officer durin ...

abolished the provisional government in

Kars Kars (; ku, Qers; ) is a city in northeast Turkey and the capital of Kars Province. Its population is 73,836 in 2011. Kars was in the ancient region known as ''Chorzene'', (in Greek Χορζηνή) in classical historiography ( Strabo), part of ...

, Turkey. Many of its leaders were arrested by British forces under command of

William Montgomerie Thomson Lieutenant General Sir William Montgomerie Thomson (1877–1963) was a senior British Army officer who became military governor of Baku in 1918. Military career Born on 2 December 1877, William Thomson was the fourth son of Captain William Tho ...

and exiled to Malta on June 2. The region was eventually put under control of Armenia and then Georgia in 1920. * Automotive auto parts manufacturer

Standard Motor Products Standard Motor Products, Inc. (NYSE: SMP) is a manufacturer and distributor of automotive parts in the automotive aftermarket industry. The company was founded in 1919 as a partnership by Elias Fife and Ralph Van Allen and incorporated by Fife i ...

was established in

Long Island City Long Island City (LIC) is a residential and commercial neighborhood on the extreme western tip of Queens, a borough in New York City. It is bordered by Astoria to the north; the East River to the west; New Calvary Cemetery in Sunnyside to the ...

,

New York New York most commonly refers to: * New York City, the most populous city in the United States, located in the state of New York * New York (state), a state in the northeastern United States New York may also refer to: Film and television * '' ...

. * American journalist John Reed published the first issue of the ''

New York Communist The ''New York Communist'' was a short-lived weekly newspaper issued by the Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party of Local Greater New York, encompassing the New York City metro area. The paper was edited by the radical journalist and war cor ...

'' as a mouthpiece for the Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party. Only ten issues were produced before it was absorbed by ''

The Revolutionary Age ''The Revolutionary Age'' was an American radical newspaper edited by Louis C. Fraina and published from November 1918 until August 1919. Originally the publication of Local Boston, Socialist Party, the paper evolved into the ''de facto'' nationa ...

'' newspaper. * French composer

André Messager André Charles Prosper Messager (; 30 December 1853 – 24 February 1929) was a French composer, organist, pianist and conductor. His compositions include eight ballets and thirty opéra comique, opéras comiques, opérettes and other stage wo ...

premiered his romantic opera '' Monsieur Beaucaire'' at the New Prince's Theatre in London, as an adaptation of the

novel A novel is a relatively long work of narrative fiction, typically written in prose and published as a book. The present English word for a long work of prose fiction derives from the for "new", "news", or "short story of something new", itsel ...

by

Booth Tarkington Newton Booth Tarkington (July 29, 1869 – May 19, 1946) was an American novelist and dramatist best known for his novels ''The Magnificent Ambersons'' (1918) and '' Alice Adams'' (1921). He is one of only four novelists to win the Pulitze ...

. * Born:

Mason Andrews Mason Cooke Andrews (April 19, 1919, in Norfolk, Virginia – October 13, 2006, in Norfolk, Virginia) was a Virginia politician and physician, known for delivering America's first in vitro baby. A president of the American Gynecological ...

, American physician, delivered the first in vitro baby in the United States, in

Norfolk, Virginia Norfolk ( ) is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. Incorporated in 1705, it had a population of 238,005 at the 2020 census, making it the third-most populous city in Virginia after neighboring Virginia Be ...

(d.

2006 File:2006 Events Collage V1.png, From top left, clockwise: The 2006 Winter Olympics open in Turin; Twitter is founded and launched by Jack Dorsey; The Nintendo Wii is released; Montenegro 2006 Montenegrin independence referendum, votes to declare ...

);

William H. Poteat William H. Poteat (19 April 1919 – 17 May 2000) was an American philosopher, scholar, and charismatic professor of philosophy, religion, and culture at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1947 to 1957 and at Duke Unive ...

, American academic, promoter of

philosophical anthropology Philosophical anthropology, sometimes called anthropological philosophy, is a discipline dealing with questions of metaphysics and phenomenology of the human person. History Ancient Christian writers: Augustine of Hippo Augustine of Hippo wa ...

and post-criticism, in Kaifeng,

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...

(d.

2000 File:2000 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: Protests against Bush v. Gore after the 2000 United States presidential election; Heads of state meet for the Millennium Summit; The International Space Station in its infant form as seen from ...

);

Eric Lock Eric Stanley Lock, (19 April 1919 – 3 August 1941) was a British Royal Air Force (RAF) fighter pilot and flying ace of the Second World War. Born in Shrewsbury in 1919, Lock had his first experience of flying as a teenager. In the late 1930s ...

, British air force officer, member of the No. 41 and No. 611 Squadrons during World War II, recipient of the Distinguished Service Order and Distinguished Flying Cross, in

Bayston Hill Bayston Hill is a large village and civil parish in central Shropshire, England. It is south of the county town Shrewsbury and located on the main A49 road, the Shrewsbury to Hereford road. Occupied continuously since before the Middle Ages, ...

, England (d.

1941 Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. January * January–August – 10,072 men, women and children with mental and physical disabilities are asphyxiated with carbon monoxide in a gas chamber, at Hadamar Eu ...

, killed in a plane crash)

April 20, 1919 (Sunday)

* The French Army blew up the bridge over the Dniester River at Bender, Moldova, to protect the city from the Bolsheviks. * The Boston Telephone Strike ended with the strikers able to win higher wages. * French cyclist Henri Pélissier won the 20th edition of the Paris–Roubaix cycling race, completing the 280 km route in 12 hours, 15 minutes. * William Egan took over as leader of the crime gang

Egan's Rats Egan's Rats was an American organized crime gang that exercised considerable power in St. Louis, Missouri, from 1890 to 1924. Its 35 years of criminal activity included bootlegging, labor slugging, voter intimidation, armed robbery, and murder ...

in St. Louis after his older brother Thomas Egan, died from Bright's disease. * Football club UMS Batavia won the third Tiong Hoa Championship, defeating defending champions Union Semarang 2–1 in the first match and Tiong Hoa Soerabaja 2–0 in the second and final match at

Batavia Batavia may refer to: Historical places * Batavia (region), a land inhabited by the Batavian people during the Roman Empire, today part of the Netherlands * Batavia, Dutch East Indies, present-day Jakarta, the former capital of the Dutch East In ...

,

Dutch East Indies The Dutch East Indies, also known as the Netherlands East Indies ( nl, Nederlands(ch)-Indië; ), was a Dutch colony consisting of what is now Indonesia. It was formed from the nationalised trading posts of the Dutch East India Company, which ...

(now Jakarta). * Born: Richard Hillary, Australian air force officer, commander of the No. 603 Squadron RAF, No. 603 Squadron during World War II, author of ''The Last Enemy (autobiography), The Last Enemy'', in Sydney (d.

1943 Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. January * January 1 – WWII: The Soviet Union announces that 22 German divisions have been encircled at Stalingrad, with 175,000 killed and 137,650 captured. * January 4 – ...

, killed in a plane crash) * Died: Richard W. Austin, American politician, U.S. Representative of Tennessee from 1909 to 1919 (b. 1857)

April 21, 1919 (Monday)

* French aviator Jules Védrines was killed along with his mechanic when the Caudron C.23, Caudron aircraft he was attempting to fly from Vélizy-Villacoublay, France to Rome crashed near Saint-Rambert-d'Albon, France. * The football club Rio Preto Esporte Clube, Rio Preto was established in São José do Rio Preto, Brazil. * Born: Licio Gelli, Italian financier, financial liaison between Nazi Germany and the Italian government, and his role in a scandal that dissolved Banco Ambrosiano in 1982, in Pistoia, Italy (d.

2015 File:2015 Events Collage new.png, From top left, clockwise: Civil service in remembrance of November 2015 Paris attacks; Germanwings Flight 9525 was purposely crashed into the French Alps; the rubble of residences in Kathmandu following the Apri ...

); André Bettencourt, French politician, cabinet minister for the Pierre Messmer administration, recipient of the Legion of Honour and ''Croix de Guerre'' for serving the French Resistance during World War II, in Saint-Maurice-d'Ételan, France (d. 2007)

April 22, 1919 (Tuesday)

* Eastern Front counteroffensive, Russian Civil War – The Red Army prevented the Orenburg Independent Army under the White movement, White Russians from capturing

Orenburg Orenburg (russian: Оренбу́рг, ), formerly known as Chkalov (1938–1957), is the administrative center of Orenburg Oblast, Russia. It lies on the Ural River, southeast of Moscow. Orenburg is also very close to the Kazakhstan-Russia bor ...

, Russia. * The Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service established a Kristiansand Naval Air Station, naval air base at Kristiansand, Norway, which operated until 1940 when it was closed down during the German occupation of Norway. * The sports club Älmhults IF, Älmhults was established in Älmhult, Sweden with programs in association football, bandy, hockey, skiing and track and field. * Born: Donald J. Cram, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing host–guest chemistry, in Chester, Vermont (d. 2001); Endre Bíró, Hungarian biochemist, leading researcher into muscle movement, in Budapest (d. 1988)

April 23, 1919 (Wednesday)

* The 1919 Estonian Constituent Assembly election, Estonian Constituent Assembly convened its first Riigikogu, parliament session in Tallinn, Estonia. * The North Sea Aerial Navigation Company started a passenger service between Leeds and Hounslow Heath Aerodrome, England using ex-military Blackburn Kangaroo aircraft. * Born: Oleg Penkovsky, Russian intelligence officer, officer with the GRU during the Cuban Missile Crisis and responsible for informing the United Kingdom of the missiles in Cuba, in Vladikavkaz, Russia (d. 1963, executed) * Died: Darius Cobb, American painter, known for his religious and historic paintings including "Christ Before Pilate" and "Battle of Bunker Hill" (b. 1834)

April 24, 1919 (Thursday)

* The 1st Battalion (Ontario Regiment), CEF, 1st, 2nd Battalion (Eastern Ontario Regiment), CEF, 2nd, 3rd Battalion (Toronto Regiment), CEF, 3rd, 4th Battalion (Central Ontario), CEF, 4th, and 7th Battalion (1st British Columbia), CEF, 7th Battalions of the Canadian Expeditionary Force were officially disbanded in Kingston, Ontario. * The New Zealand Tunnelling Company was disbanded after the last members returned to New Zealand. * Ford Brasil, a subsidiary of the Ford Motor Company, was founded. * Survivors of the Armenian genocide attended the unveiling of a Istanbul Armenian Genocide memorial, memorial at the Pangaltı Armenian Cemetery in Istanbul. Unfortunately, the monument was dismantled in 1922. * The short-lived newspaper ''Latvijas Avīze (1919), Latvian'' was published in Liepāja,

Latvia Latvia ( or ; lv, Latvija ; ltg, Latveja; liv, Leţmō), officially the Republic of Latvia ( lv, Latvijas Republika, links=no, ltg, Latvejas Republika, links=no, liv, Leţmō Vabāmō, links=no), is a country in the Baltic region of ...

as an organ for the Andrievs Niedra administration. It folded within a month when the government dissolved. * The football club Chesterfield F.C., Chesterfield was re-formed in Chesterfield, Derbyshire, Chesterfield, England by a city council motion. The original club had formed in 1867. * Born: Glafcos Clerides, Cypriot state leader, 4th President of Cyprus, in Nicosia, Cyprus (d.

2013 File:2013 Events Collage V2.png, From left, clockwise: Edward Snowden becomes internationally famous for leaking classified NSA wiretapping information; Typhoon Haiyan kills over 6,000 in the Philippines and Southeast Asia; The Dhaka garment fact ...

); David Blackwell, American mathematician, first African-American to be inducted into the National Academy of Sciences, in Centralia, Illinois (d. 2010) * Died: Zhan Tianyou, Chinese engineer, designer of the first Chinese-lead rail line from Beijing to Zhangjiakou, Kalgan (b. 1861)

April 25, 1919 (Friday)

* Eastern Front counteroffensive, Russian Civil War – The Red Army crushed the Orenburg Independent Army, opening up opportunity to attack the Western Army of the White movement, White Russians from the rear. * A workers uprising successfully deposed the Provisional Military Dictatorship of Mughan, military dictatorship in Baku, Azerbaijan. * German architect Walter Gropius founded the Bauhaus school of architecture in Weimar, Germany. * The 3rd Marine Expeditionary Brigade (United States), 3rd Marine Expeditionary Brigade of the United States Marine Corps was disbanded in Galveston, Texas. * French filmmaker Abel Gance released his war film ''J'accuse (1919 film), J'accuse'' through Pathé, Pathé Films. Gance filmed many scenes on actual battlefields during the closing months of the war, and recruited 2,000 French soldiers on leave to play the ghosts of the war dead in the film's climactic scene (Gance noted 80% of the soldiers filmed were killed in combat weeks later). The film became a major hit and was distributed by United Artists in 1921. * Born: Finn Helgesen, Norwegian speed skater, gold medalist at the 1948 Winter Olympics, in Drammen, Norway (d.

2011 File:2011 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: a protester partaking in Occupy Wall Street heralds the beginning of the Occupy movement; protests against Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi, who was killed that October; a young man celebrate ...

)

April 26, 1919 (Saturday)

*

Paris Peace Conference Agreements and declarations resulting from meetings in Paris include: Listed by name Paris Accords may refer to: * Paris Accords, the agreements reached at the end of the London and Paris Conferences in 1954 concerning the post-war status of Germ ...

– Prime Minister of Italy, Italian prime minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando abandoned the peace conference and returned to Rome. * Battle for the Donbass – White forces counterattacked and drove back the 8th Army (RSFSR), 8th Red Army advance in the Kolpakovo district of Ukraine. * German socialist leader Johannes Hoffmann secured a force of 20,000 troops from the ''Freikorps'' and recaptured

Dachau , , commandant = List of commandants , known for = , location = Upper Bavaria, Southern Germany , built by = Germany , operated by = ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS) , original use = Political prison , construction ...

, Germany from the German Soviets. The ''Freikorps'' then surrounded Munich, causing Soviet authorities to panic and take ten hostages of German nobility to use as negotiation pieces. * The First Congregational Church of Albany was dedicated in Albany, New York. * The Ukrainian Republic Capella was established in Czechoslovakia to promote Ukrainian music and culture abroad. * Football club Bethlehem Steel F.C. (1907–1930), Bethlehem Steel defeated Paterson F.C. (NAFBL), Paterson 2–0 to win their fourth 1919 American Cup, American Cup title in front of 3,000 spectators in Tacony, Philadelphia, Tacony, Pennsylvania. * Born: Barrie Edgar, English television producer, known for long-running BBC shows ''Songs of Praise'', ''Gardeners' World'', and ''Come Dancing'', in Birmingham (d.

2012 File:2012 Events Collage V3.png, From left, clockwise: The passenger cruise ship Costa Concordia lies capsized after the Costa Concordia disaster; Damage to Casino Pier in Seaside Heights, New Jersey as a result of Hurricane Sandy; People gather ...

) * Died: Napoleon Cybulski, Polish chemist, discoverer of adrenaline (b. 1854)

April 27, 1919 (Sunday)

* The Limerick Soviet, Limerick soviet committee called to end the general strike committee in Limerick after discussions with city mayor Phons O'Mara and the Bishop of Limerick. * The Poltava Art Museum opened in Poltava, Ukraine, with the bulk of the collection donated by the estate of Russian painter Nikolai Yaroshenko. * The Bohemia B.5, Bohemia aircraft made its first test flight at Plzeň, Pilsen, Bohemia but its performance was lackluster and few sales were made. * The Yōrō Railway Yōrō Line, Yōrō rail line was extended in the Gifu Prefecture,

Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...

with stations Tado Station, Tado, Ishizu Station (Gifu), Ishizu, Mino-Yamazaki Station, Mino-Yamazaki, Komano Station, Komano, Mino-Tsuya Station, Mino-Tsuya, and Ibi Station, Ibi serving the line. * The race car dramatic film ''The Roaring Road (1919 film), The Roaring Road'', starring Wallace Reid and co-directed by James Cruze and Frank Urson, was released through Famous Players-Lasky to become the fifth highest-grossing film of the year, and spawning the sequel ''Excuse My Dust (1920 film), Excuse My Dust'' the following year. * Died: Anton Irv, Estonian army officer, one of the organizers of the Estonian Land Forces (killed in action) (b. 1886)

April 28, 1919 (Monday)

* An List of earthquakes in 1919, earthquake in El Salvador measuring 5.9 in magnitude killed 100 people. * Eastern Front counteroffensive, Russian Civil War – The Red Army defeated White movement, White Russian forces near Buguruslan, Russia. * The Avonmouth Docks railway station officially closed in Avonmouth, Bristol, England, although it had not been operating since 1915 when it closed as a war time measure. * Born: Ike Altgens, American journalist, best known for his photographic work during the assassination of John F. Kennedy, in Dallas (d.

1995 File:1995 Events Collage V2.png, From left, clockwise: O.J. Simpson is O. J. Simpson murder case, acquitted of the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman from the 1994, year prior in "The Trial of the Century" in the United States; The ...

) * Died: Albert Estopinal, American politician, U.S. Representative from Louisiana from 1908 to 1919 (b.

1845 Events January–March * January 10 – Elizabeth Barrett receives a love letter from the younger poet Robert Browning; on May 20, they meet for the first time in London. She begins writing her ''Sonnets from the Portuguese''. * January 23 ...

)

April 29, 1919 (Tuesday)

* Yugoslavia breached a Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia, ceasefire in Carinthia, Austria, but lost early territorial gains when Austrian forces began to counterattack days later. * 1919 United States anarchist bombings: U.S. Senator Thomas W. Hardwick of Georgia received a 1919 United States anarchist bombings, bomb disguised as a mail package at his home. His housekeeper opened the package and ignited the bomb, blowing off her hands. His wife was also injured by the blast. Hardwick had been targeted by Anarchism in Italy, Italian anarchists led by Luigi Galleani for co-sponsoring the Immigration Act of 1918, Immigration Act, which allowed the U.S. Government to target radicals. * The Guards Division (United Kingdom), Guards Division of the British Army was disbanded. * The United States Army medical unit assigned to American Base Hospital No. 5 was formally dissolved, having served 45,837 patients during World War I. * Born: Alla Rakha, Indian musician, tabla player known for his frequent collaborations with Ravi Shankar, in Jammu, British India (d.

2000 File:2000 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: Protests against Bush v. Gore after the 2000 United States presidential election; Heads of state meet for the Millennium Summit; The International Space Station in its infant form as seen from ...

)

April 30, 1919 (Wednesday)

* With German forces close to capturing Munich, German Soviets executed 10 German nobles taken hostage three days earlier, including Prince Gustav of Thurn and Taxis. * 1919 United States anarchist bombings: A U.S. Postal clerk connected the mail bomb sent to U.S. Senator Thomas W. Hardwick of Georgia with 16 similar packages, resulting in 12 mail bombs being recovered before they were sent to their intended targets, which included United States Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, United States Postmaster General Albert S. Burleson, List of governors of Mississippi, Mississippi Governor Theodore G. Bilbo, List of governors of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Governor William Cameron Sproul, J. P. Morgan Jr., John D. Rockefeller, Seattle Mayor Ole Hanson, New York City Mayor John Francis Hylan, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., and various other senators, Members of Congress, business leaders, federal judges and attorneys, and federal agents. * The United States Navy, U.S. Navy battleship was launched from the Brooklyn Navy Yard in New York City and would play an important role in the Pacific War during World War II. * Civic elections were held in major cities of New Zealand, including 1919 Auckland City mayoral election, Auckland and 1919 Wellington City mayoral election, Wellington. James Gunson was re-elected by acclamation to remain Mayor of Auckland, Mayor of Auckland, while John Luke (New Zealand politician), John Luke retained his seat as Mayor of Wellington, Mayor of Wellington with 42% of the vote. * The 15th Guards Rifle Division of the Red Army was established. * The 2nd Light Horse Regiment (Australia), 2nd Australian Light Horse Regiment was disbanded in Brisbane. * The 19th Battalion (Central Ontario), CEF, 19th Battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force was disbanded. * The Australian Cycling Corps was disbanded. * Danes Worldwide was established to provide career, education and network opportunity citizens of Denmark living and working abroad. * The British Red Cross ceased operating a military hospital in Charlton House in Charlton, London, England after treating the last wounded veterans from World War I. * The first prototype of the Avro Baby airplane was first flown.Jackson, A.J. ''Avro Aircraft since 1908''. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books 2nd edition, 1990. , p. 165 * Died: John Pentland Mahaffy, Irish academic, President of the Royal Irish Academy from 1911 to 1916 (b. 1839 in Ireland, 1839)

References

{{Events by month links April, 1919 1919, *1919-04 Months in the 1910s, *1919-04

April 1, 1919 (Tuesday)

April 2, 1919 (Wednesday)

April 3, 1919 (Thursday)

April 4 Events Pre-1600 * 503 BC – Roman consul Agrippa Menenius Lanatus celebrates a triumph for a military victory over the Sabines. * 190 – Dong Zhuo has his troops evacuate the capital Luoyang and burn it to the ground. * 611 – ..., 1919 (Friday)

April 5 Events Pre-1600 * 823 – Lothair I is crowned King of Italy by Pope Paschal I. * 919 – The second Fatimid invasion of Egypt begins, when the Fatimid heir-apparent, al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, sets out from Raqqada at the head of his a ..., 1919 (Saturday)

April 6, 1919 (Sunday)

April 7, 1919 (Monday)

April 8 Events Pre-1600 * 217 – Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated and is succeeded by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus. * 876 – The Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul saves Baghdad from the Saffarids. *1139 – Ro ..., 1919 (Tuesday)

April 9, 1919 (Wednesday)

April 10, 1919 (Thursday)

April 12, 1919 (Saturday)

April 13 Events Pre-1600 *1111 – Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. * 1204 – Constantinople falls to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade, temporarily ending the Byzantine Empire. 1601–1900 *1612 – In one of the epic samurai ..., 1919 (Sunday)

April 14, 1919 (Monday)

April 15, 1919 (Tuesday)

April 16, 1919 (Wednesday)

April 17 Events Pre-1600 *1080 – Harald III of Denmark dies and is succeeded by Canute IV, who would later be the first Dane to be canonized. *1349 – The rule of the Bavand dynasty in Mazandaran is brought to an end by the murder of Hasan ..., 1919 (Thursday)

April 18, 1919 (Friday)

April 19, 1919 (Saturday)

April 20, 1919 (Sunday)

April 21, 1919 (Monday)

April 22, 1919 (Tuesday)

April 23, 1919 (Wednesday)

April 24, 1919 (Thursday)

April 25, 1919 (Friday)

April 26, 1919 (Saturday)

April 27, 1919 (Sunday)

April 28, 1919 (Monday)

April 29, 1919 (Tuesday)

April 30, 1919 (Wednesday)

References

April 4 Events Pre-1600 * 503 BC – Roman consul Agrippa Menenius Lanatus celebrates a triumph for a military victory over the Sabines. * 190 – Dong Zhuo has his troops evacuate the capital Luoyang and burn it to the ground. * 611 – ...
, 1919 (Friday)

April 5 Events Pre-1600 * 823 – Lothair I is crowned King of Italy by Pope Paschal I. * 919 – The second Fatimid invasion of Egypt begins, when the Fatimid heir-apparent, al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, sets out from Raqqada at the head of his a ...
, 1919 (Saturday)

April 8 Events Pre-1600 * 217 – Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated and is succeeded by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus. * 876 – The Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul saves Baghdad from the Saffarids. *1139 – Ro ...
, 1919 (Tuesday)

April 13 Events Pre-1600 1111 – Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 – Constantinople falls to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade, temporarily ending the Byzantine Empire. 1601–1900 *1612 – In one of the epic samurai ...
, 1919 (Sunday)

April 17 Events Pre-1600 1080 – Harald III of Denmark dies and is succeeded by Canute IV, who would later be the first Dane to be canonized. 1349 – The rule of the Bavand dynasty in Mazandaran is brought to an end by the murder of Hasan ...
, 1919 (Thursday)