Nymphalini is a

tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English language, English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in p ...

of nymphalid brush-footed

butterflies Butterflies are insects in the macrolepidopteran clade Rhopalocera from the Order (biology), order Lepidoptera, which also includes moths. Adult butterflies have large, often brightly coloured wings, and conspicuous, fluttering flight. The ...

. Common names include

admiral Admiral is one of the highest ranks in some navies. In the Commonwealth nations and the United States, a "full" admiral is equivalent to a "full" general in the army or the air force, and is above vice admiral and below admiral of the fleet, ...

s, anglewings,

commas The comma is a punctuation mark that appears in several variants in different languages. It has the same shape as an apostrophe or single closing quotation mark () in many typefaces, but it differs from them in being placed on the baseline o ...

, and

tortoiseshell Tortoiseshell or tortoise shell is a material produced from the shells of the larger species of tortoise and turtle, mainly the hawksbill sea turtle, which is a critically endangered species according to the IUCN Red List largely because of its ...

s, but none of these is specific to one particular

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

. The name anglewing butterflies is an English translation of a Latin term ''papiliones angulati'',

Denis Denis may refer to: People * Saint Denis of Paris, 3rd-century Christian martyr and first bishop of Paris * Denis the Areopagite, Biblical figure * Denis, son of Ampud (died 1236), baron in the Kingdom of Hungary * Denis the Carthusian (1402–14 ...

& Schiffermüller">Ignaz Schiffermüller">Schiffermüller/nowiki>, ( 775, 1776. Based on an overall similarity in the angulate wing shape, a collective name: ''Papiliones angulati'' was employed for ''Papilio atalanta'', ''P. antiopa'', ''P. cardui'', ''P. c-album'', ''P. io'', ''P. polychloros'', ''P. urticae'', ''P. xanthomelas'', ''P. vaualbum'', ''P. levana'' and ''P. prorsa''. The term ''papiliones angulati'' is applied as a collective taxon name, which therefore needs no type species as specified in Article 42.3.1 of the

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) is a widely accepted convention in zoology that rules the formal scientific naming of organisms treated as animals. It is also informally known as the ICZN Code, for its publisher, the ...

. ''Papiliones angulati'' has thus been re-defined to apply only to a

clade A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...

: ''Nymphalis sensu lato'', and to specifically exclude ''Papilio atalanta''

Vanessa Vanessa may refer to: Arts and entertainment * ''Vanessa'' (Millais painting), an 1868 painting by Pre-Raphaelite artist John Everett Millais * ''Vanessa'', a 1933 novel by Hugh Walpole * ''Vanessa'', a 1952 instrumental song written by Bernie ...

''], ''P. cardui'' [→ ''Cynthia (butterfly), Cynthia''], ''P. levana'', and ''P. prorsa'' [→ ''

Araschnia ''Araschnia'' is a genus of the family Nymphalidae found in the East Palearctic (temperate Asia). The seasonal polyphenism (difference between spring and summer forms) is very marked. Species In alphabetical order:819]"">"''Araschnia'' Hübn ...

'']. This Monophyly, monophyletic group of nymphaline butterflies inhabiting the Northern Hemisphere are characterized by a jagged outline of their wings and the ability to survive the winter months as adults in an obligatory hibernal

diapause In animal dormancy, diapause is the delay in development in response to regular and recurring periods of adverse environmental conditions.Tauber, M.J., Tauber, C.A., Masaki, S. (1986) ''Seasonal Adaptations of Insects''. Oxford University Press It ...

, hiding in various shelters (e.g., crevices, hollows, cavities, even unheated buildings). The signature mark of all butterflies is the cryptic colour and maculation (spots) of the ventral (under) side of their wings, serving to conceal the hibernating butterfly against the substrate on which it rests.

Genera

Listed alphabetically:Nymphalini
Tree of LifeTribe Nymphalini
at Markku Savela's ''Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms'' * ''

Aglais ''Aglais'' is a Holarctic genus of brush-footed butterflies, containing the tortoiseshells. This genus is sometimes indicated as a subgenus of ''Nymphalis ''Nymphalis'', commonly known as the tortoiseshells or anglewing butterflies, is a genu ...

'' Dalman, 1816 – tortoiseshells * ''

Antanartia ''Antanartia'', commonly called (African) admirals, is a genus in the family Nymphalidae found in southern Africa. They live along forest edges and are strongly attracted to rotting fruit and plant juices. For other admirals see genus, '' Vanessa ...

'' Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 – African red admirals * ''

'' Hübner, 1819 * ''

Hypanartia ''Hypanartia'', commonly called mapwings, is a butterfly genus in the family Nymphalidae found from Mexico to South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a r ...

'' Hübner, 1821 – mapwings * ''

Inachis ''Aglais io'', the European peacock, more commonly known simply as the peacock butterfly, is a colourful butterfly, found in Europe and temperate Asia as far east as Japan. It was formerly classified as the only member of the genus ''Inachis'' ( ...

'' – European peacock (now in ''Aglais'') * '' Kaniska'' Moore, 1899 – blue admiral (often in ''Polygonia'') * ''

Mynes ''Mynes'' is a butterfly genus in the family Nymphalidae found in Australia and Indonesia. Species In alphabetical order:Nymphalis'' Kluk, 1781 – anglewings, tortoiseshells * ''

Polygonia ''Polygonia'' (from Greek language, Greek πολύς - ''polys'', "many" and γωνία - ''gōnia'', "angle") is a genus of butterflies with a conspicuous white mark on the underside of each hindwing, hence the common name comma. They also have ...

'' Hübner, 1819 – anglewings, commas * ''

Symbrenthia ''Symbrenthia'', commonly called jesters, is a butterfly genus in the family Nymphalidae found south-eastern Asia Species In alphabetical order:819]"">"''Symbrenthia'' Hübner,

'' Hübner, 1819 – jesters * ''Vanessa (butterfly)">Vanessa Vanessa may refer to: Arts and entertainment * ''Vanessa'' (Millais painting), an 1868 painting by Pre-Raphaelite artist John Everett Millais * ''Vanessa'', a 1933 novel by Hugh Walpole * ''Vanessa'', a 1952 instrumental song written by Bernie ...

'' Fabricius, 1807 – red admirals, Kamehameha butterflies, painted ladies The monotypic genus ''Tigridia (butterfly), Tigridia'' is sometimes placed here as a very basal (evolution), basal offshoot close to ''Colobura'', sometimes in the related tribe Coeini. Prehistoric genera only known from

fossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...

s are: * †'' Jupitella'' Carpenter, 1985 * †'' Mylothrites'' Scudder, 1875

References

*Korshunov, 1995. utterflies of the Asian part of Russia. A handbook''Dnevnye babochki Aziatskoi chasti Rossii. Spravochnik''.:202 pp. (re: Roddia) *Kudrna, O. & J. Belicek, 2005. The ''Wiener Verzeichnis'', its authorship, publication date and some names proposed for butterflies therein. Oedippus 23: 1-32. (re: Schiffermüller names) *Linnaeus, C. 1758. ''Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Clases, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Symonymis, Locis. Tomis I.'' 10th Edition Syst. Nat. (Edn 10). (re: ''N. antiopa, P. c-album, P. c-aureum, I. io, N. polychloros, A. urticae'') Nymphalinae Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque Butterfly tribes {{Nymphalinae-stub