Amarna Letter EA 245
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Amarna letter EA 245, titled: ''"Assignment of Guilt,"'' is a medium length
clay tablet In the Ancient Near East, clay tablets (Akkadian ) were used as a writing medium, especially for writing in cuneiform, throughout the Bronze Age and well into the Iron Age. Cuneiform characters were imprinted on a wet clay tablet with a stylu ...
Amarna letter The Amarna letters (; sometimes referred to as the Amarna correspondence or Amarna tablets, and cited with the abbreviation EA, for "El Amarna") are an archive, written on clay tablets, primarily consisting of diplomatic correspondence between t ...
from
Biridiya Biridiya was the ruler of Megiddo in the 14th century BC. Biridiya authored five of the Amarna letters correspondence. The name 'Biridiya' is also mentioned in the corpus from the city of 'Kumidu' (letter KL 72:600), the Kamid al lawz. However, ...
the governor-'mayor' of Magidda. It is letter number four of five from Biridiya. The letter is in pristine condition except for a missing flake (lower-right, obverse) causing a lacuna at the end of a few lines. The
cuneiform Cuneiform is a logo-syllabic script that was used to write several languages of the Ancient Middle East. The script was in active use from the early Bronze Age until the beginning of the Common Era. It is named for the characteristic wedge-sha ...
characters are finely inscribed, with some photos that can even show the individual strokes of the cuneiform characters (the stroke sequence). The letter is 47-lines long, and about 5-in tall. Letter EA 245 (see here-(Obverse)

, is numbered BM 29855, at the
British Museum The British Museum is a public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London. Its permanent collection of eight million works is among the largest and most comprehensive in existence. It docum ...
. The
Amarna letters The Amarna letters (; sometimes referred to as the Amarna correspondence or Amarna tablets, and cited with the abbreviation EA, for "El Amarna") are an archive, written on clay tablets, primarily consisting of diplomatic correspondence between t ...
, about 300, numbered up to EA 382, are a mid 14th century BC, about
1350 BC Events and trends * c. 1356 BC – Amenhotep IV begins the worship of Aten in Ancient Egypt, changing his name to Akhenaten and moving the capital to Akhetaten, starting the Amarna Period. * c. 1352 BC – Amenhotep III ( Eighteenth ...
and 20–25 years later, correspondence. The initial corpus of letters were found at
Akhenaten Akhenaten (pronounced ), also spelled Echnaton, Akhenaton, ( egy, ꜣḫ-n-jtn ''ʾŪḫə-nə-yātəy'', , meaning "Effective for the Aten"), was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh reigning or 1351–1334 BC, the tenth ruler of the Eighteenth Dy ...
's city Akhetaten, in the floor of the
Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh The building known as the Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh (also known as the Records Office) is located in the 'Central City' area of the ancient Egyptian city of Akhetaten, known as Amarna in modern times. The city was the short-lived capit ...
; others were later found, adding to the body of letters.


The letter


EA 245: ''"Assignment of Guilt"''

EA 245, letter four of five. (Not a linear, line-by-line translation, and
English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ide ...
from French.) Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. ''The Amarna Letters.'' EA 245, ''Assignment of Guilt'', p. 299-300. (Obverse, see her

:(Lines 1-7)--Moreover,1 I urged my brothers, ''"If the god of the king, our lord, brings it about''2 ''that we overcome labaya, Lab'ayu, then we must bring him alive'' :–(gloss) '' ha- ia- ma'' ''to the king, our lord."'' :(8-14)--My mare, however ''having been put out of action :–''-(gloss) '' tu- ra (having been shot), I took my place behind him :–(gloss) ah- ru- un- ú'' and rode with Yashdata.3 But before my arrival they had struck him down :–(gloss) '' ma-ah-ṣú- ú.'' :(15-23)--Yašdata being truly your servant, he it was that entered with me into batt e May ... ... the ''life''4 of the king, my
ord Ord or ORD may refer to: Places * Ord of Caithness, landform in north-east Scotland * Ord, Nebraska, USA * Ord, Northumberland, England * Muir of Ord, village in Highland, Scotland * Ord, Skye, a place near Tarskavaig * Ord River, Western Austral ...
that ''he may br ng peace to everone''5 in '' he lands of' the king, ylord. (Reverse, see her

:(24-35)--It had been Surata (Amarna letters), Surata that took
Labaya Labaya (also transliterated as Labayu or Lib'ayu) was a 14th-century BCE ruler or warlord in the central hill country of southern Canaan. He lived contemporaneously with Pharaoh Akhenaten. Labaya is mentioned in several of the Amarna Letters (abbr ...
from Magidda. and said to me, ''"I will send him to the king by boat'' :–(gloss) '' a- na-yi'' "6 Surata took him, but he sent him from Hinnatunu to his home, for it was Surata that had accepted from him :–(gloss) '' ba- di- ú'' his ransom. :(36-47)--Moreover, what have I done to the king, my lord, that he has treated me with contempt :–(gloss) ''ia8- qí-ìl- li- ni'' and honored :–(gloss) ''ia8- ka- bi- id'' my ''less important'' brothers?7 It was Surata that let Lab'ayu go, and it was Surata that let Ba'l-mehir go, (both) to their homes. And may the king, my lord, know.--(complete Obverse & Reverse, EA 245, minor, restored lacunae, (and a small corner of
clay tablet In the Ancient Near East, clay tablets (Akkadian ) were used as a writing medium, especially for writing in cuneiform, throughout the Bronze Age and well into the Iron Age. Cuneiform characters were imprinted on a wet clay tablet with a stylu ...
missing), total ines 1-47)


Akkadian text

The
Akkadian language Akkadian (, Akkadian: )John Huehnergard & Christopher Woods, "Akkadian and Eblaite", ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages''. Ed. Roger D. Woodard (2004, Cambridge) Pages 218-280 is an extinct East Semitic language th ...
text: Akkadian: ''Obverse'' (see here

:(Line 1)-- ša (cuneiform), Ša- ni- tam d a bā bu--(..Furthermore,.. to expound upon (to talk)) :(2)--UGU ŜEŠ-HI. A- ia--(upon Brothers-Mine,.. ) :(3)--šum m a e pē š u--(..If .. to make happen) :(4)-- D MEŠ- nu ša
LUGAL Lugal ( Sumerian: ) is the Sumerian term for "king, ruler". Literally, the term means "big man." In Sumerian, ''lu'' "𒇽" is "man" and ''gal'' "𒃲" is "great," or "big." It was one of several Sumerian titles that a ruler of a city-state could ...
- ri(=ŠÀRru) ENBēlu- nu--( "the God"-ours,.. 'which of' King-Lord-Ours.. ) :(5)-- ù k a š ā d u--(..and Defeat–!.. ) :(6)--1. diš- La- aB- A- iYa ù til- la- nu- um- ma :-(gloss) ha- ia- ma--(1. diš-
Labaya Labaya (also transliterated as Labayu or Lib'ayu) was a 14th-century BCE ruler or warlord in the central hill country of southern Canaan. He lived contemporaneously with Pharaoh Akhenaten. Labaya is mentioned in several of the Amarna Letters (abbr ...
,.. and "bodily" : (– gl–) "alive",.. ) :(7)--nu- a b ā l u a na
LUGAL Lugal ( Sumerian: ) is the Sumerian term for "king, ruler". Literally, the term means "big man." In Sumerian, ''lu'' "𒇽" is "man" and ''gal'' "𒃲" is "great," or "big." It was one of several Sumerian titles that a ruler of a city-state could ...
- ri(=ŠÀRru) ENBēlu- nu--(..Bring 'unto'(to) King-Lord-Ours–!... ) :
segue A segue (; ) is a smooth transition from one topic or section to the next. The term is derived from Italian ''segue'', which literally means "follows". In music In music, ''segue'' is a direction to the performer. It means ''continue (the next ...
: :(8)-- Ù tu-sà-ah- mi(=tazzimtu) : (– gl–) tu- ra(tarû)--(..But "bad luck" :-(gloss) "returned"?('my horse was "shot"')..) :(9)--ANŠE.
KUR The ancient Mesopotamian underworld, most often known in Sumerian as Kur, Irkalla, Kukku, Arali, or Kigal and in Akkadian as Erṣetu, although it had many names in both languages, was a dark, dreary cavern located deep below the ground, where ...
. ra :-(gloss) MUNUS- ia ù uz uz z u--(Horse- :-(gloss) mine,..and "to be present",.. ) :(10)--EGIR. ERIM-
šu The cuneiform šu sign is a common, multi-use syllabic and alphabetic sign for ''šu'', ''š'', and ''u''; it has a subsidiary usage for syllabic ''qat''; it also has a majuscule-(capital letter) Sumerogram usage for ŠU, for Akkadian language ...
: (– gl–) ha rā nn ú--(..BEHIND.ARMY-his :-(gloss) "expeditioning"(=road, journey) ) :(11)-- ù er ē b u--(..and "to encamp"(to set),.. ) :(12)-- it ti 1. diš-Ya((=pi))- aŠ- Da- Ta--(with Yashdata–!... ) :
segue A segue (; ) is a smooth transition from one topic or section to the next. The term is derived from Italian ''segue'', which literally means "follows". In music In music, ''segue'' is a direction to the performer. It means ''continue (the next ...
: :(13)-- Ù a di ka šā d u--(..But before "conquering"(reaching/vanquishing),.. ) :(14)-- ù dâ k u :-(gloss) ma hāṣ(ú) u--(and "killed" : (– gl–) 'fighting'–!.. ) :(15)-- ù e l û-mì(+šamû(heaven)?) 1. diš-Ya(=pi)- aŠ- Da- Ta--(and "ascended-up" 1. diš- Yashdata,.. ) :(16)-- Ardu- ka ù š- û t--(Servant-yours,.. and "who of",.. ) :(17)-- e r ēb u it t i--(-(always)-"to enter" with,.. ) :(18)-- i na MÈ ERIM(=tāhāzu) tā hā zu--(..into BATTLE-War-Battle–!.. ) :(19)-- ù l ū n â dnu_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="di_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="di_(cuneiform)">dnu_(cuneiform)">u__a_na_ša_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="i_(cuneiform)">dnu_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="di_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="di (cuneiform)">dnu (cuneiform)">u a na ša (cuneiform)">šâ
šu The cuneiform šu sign is a common, multi-use syllabic and alphabetic sign for ''šu'', ''š'', and ''u''; it has a subsidiary usage for syllabic ''qat''; it also has a majuscule-(capital letter) Sumerogram usage for ŠU, for Akkadian language ...
]--(and "may it be" 'to (have)-praise' for him,.. ) :(20)-- til- la- aṭ( tillu)
LUGAL Lugal ( Sumerian: ) is the Sumerian term for "king, ruler". Literally, the term means "big man." In Sumerian, ''lu'' "𒇽" is "man" and ''gal'' "𒃲" is "great," or "big." It was one of several Sumerian titles that a ruler of a city-state could ...
- ri(=ŠÀRru) ENBēlu- ia--(.."warriors"(workers)-(of),. King-Lord-Mine,.. ) :(21)-- ù_.html" ;"title=" ù "> ù e p ē š ših_(cuneiform)">u_.html" ;"title="ih_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="ši_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="ši (cuneiform)">ših (cuneiform)">u ">ih_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="ši_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="ši (cuneiform)">ših (cuneiform)">u -(..and "to treat"... [ .. ])-(
lacuna Lacuna (plural lacunas or lacunae) may refer to: Related to the meaning "gap" * Lacuna (manuscripts), a gap in a manuscript, inscription, text, painting, or musical work ** Great Lacuna, a lacuna of eight leaves where there was heroic Old Norse p ...
) :(22)--gáb (cuneiform), gabbá (cuneiform), bu i na ... -(..everyone in ..?.. )-(
lacuna Lacuna (plural lacunas or lacunae) may refer to: Related to the meaning "gap" * Lacuna (manuscripts), a gap in a manuscript, inscription, text, painting, or musical work ** Great Lacuna, a lacuna of eight leaves where there was heroic Old Norse p ...
) :(23)--
LUGAL Lugal ( Sumerian: ) is the Sumerian term for "king, ruler". Literally, the term means "big man." In Sumerian, ''lu'' "𒇽" is "man" and ''gal'' "𒃲" is "great," or "big." It was one of several Sumerian titles that a ruler of a city-state could ...
- ri(=ŠÀRru) ENBēlu- ia--(.., King-Lord-Mine–! .. ) :
segue A segue (; ) is a smooth transition from one topic or section to the next. The term is derived from Italian ''segue'', which literally means "follows". In music In music, ''segue'' is a direction to the performer. It means ''continue (the next ...
: ''Reverse'' (see here

:(24)-- Ù 1. diš- sú (cuneiform), Sú- Ra- Ta--(But,.. 1.- Surata (Amarna letters), Surata.. ) :(25)--yi(=pi)-il5- q û(leqû) 1. diš- La- aB- A- iYa--(..took
Labaya Labaya (also transliterated as Labayu or Lib'ayu) was a 14th-century BCE ruler or warlord in the central hill country of southern Canaan. He lived contemporaneously with Pharaoh Akhenaten. Labaya is mentioned in several of the Amarna Letters (abbr ...
.. ) :(26)-- iš tu
URU Uru or URU may refer to: Language * Uru dialect of Central Kilimanjaro, a Bantu language of Tanzania * Uru language, the extinct language of the Uros, an Amerindian people * Uru of Ch'imu, an extinct language of the Uros, an Amerindian people ...
 Ma-GID6- Da ki--(from Magidda,.. ) :(27)-- ú yi(=pi)- qa bû a na i ā- ši_.html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši_">ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši__i_ā ši_.html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši_">ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši__i_āši_(cuneiform)">ši)(--(and_"said"_to_me:—_) :(28)-- ši_.html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši_">ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši__i_āši_(cuneiform)">ši)(--(and_"said"_to_me:—_) :(28)--i_(cuneiform)">e ši_.html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši_">ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši__i_āši_(cuneiform)">ši)(--(and_"said"_to_me:—_) :(28)--i_(cuneiform)">ena_(cuneiform)">nū ši_.html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši_">ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši__i_āši_(cuneiform)">ši)(--(and_"said"_to_me:—_) :(28)--i_(cuneiform)">ena_(cuneiform)">nūmí_(cuneiform)">ma__ša_ ši_.html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši_">ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši__i_āši_(cuneiform)">ši)(--(and_"said"_to_me:—_) :(28)--i_(cuneiform)">ena_(cuneiform)">nūmí_(cuneiform)">ma__ša_GIŠ_(wood_Sumerogram)">GIŠ ši_.html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši_">ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši__i_āši_(cuneiform)">ši)(--(and_"said"_to_me:—_) :(28)--i_(cuneiform)">ena_(cuneiform)">nūmí_(cuneiform)">ma__ša_GIŠ_(wood_Sumerogram)">GIŠMÁ_(boat_Sumerogram)">MÁ_:_(–_gl–)__a-_na- ši_.html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši_">ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši__i_āši_(cuneiform)">ši)(--(and_"said"_to_me:—_) :(28)--i_(cuneiform)">ena_(cuneiform)">nūmí_(cuneiform)">ma__ša_GIŠ_(wood_Sumerogram)">GIŠMÁ_(boat_Sumerogram)">MÁ_:_(–_gl–)__a-_na-yi_(cuneiform)">yi--(.."Now_'that_by'_BOAT_:-(gloss)_'ship'..._) :(29)--_u ši_.html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši_">ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši__i_āši_(cuneiform)">ši)(--(and_"said"_to_me:—_) :(28)--i_(cuneiform)">ena_(cuneiform)">nūmí_(cuneiform)">ma__ša_GIŠ_(wood_Sumerogram)">GIŠMÁ_(boat_Sumerogram)">MÁ_:_(–_gl–)__a-_na-yi_(cuneiform)">yi--(.."Now_'that_by'_BOAT_:-(gloss)_'ship'..._) :(29)--_uta_(cuneiform)">š ši_.html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši_">ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši__i_āši_(cuneiform)">ši)(--(and_"said"_to_me:—_) :(28)--i_(cuneiform)">ena_(cuneiform)">nūmí_(cuneiform)">ma__ša_GIŠ_(wood_Sumerogram)">GIŠMÁ_(boat_Sumerogram)">MÁ_:_(–_gl–)__a-_na-yi_(cuneiform)">yi--(.."Now_'that_by'_BOAT_:-(gloss)_'ship'..._) :(29)--_uta_(cuneiform)">šaš_(cuneiform)">š ši_.html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši_">ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši__i_āši_(cuneiform)">ši)(--(and_"said"_to_me:—_) :(28)--i_(cuneiform)">ena_(cuneiform)">nūmí_(cuneiform)">ma__ša_GIŠ_(wood_Sumerogram)">GIŠMÁ_(boat_Sumerogram)">MÁ_:_(–_gl–)__a-_na-yi_(cuneiform)">yi--(.."Now_'that_by'_BOAT_:-(gloss)_'ship'..._) :(29)--_uta_(cuneiform)">šaš_(cuneiform)">šša_(cuneiform)">u_r ši_.html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši_">ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši__i_āši_(cuneiform)">ši)(--(and_"said"_to_me:—_) :(28)--i_(cuneiform)">ena_(cuneiform)">nūmí_(cuneiform)">ma__ša_GIŠ_(wood_Sumerogram)">GIŠMÁ_(boat_Sumerogram)">MÁ_:_(–_gl–)__a-_na-yi_(cuneiform)">yi--(.."Now_'that_by'_BOAT_:-(gloss)_'ship'..._) :(29)--_uta_(cuneiform)">šaš_(cuneiform)">šša_(cuneiform)">u_ruš_(cuneiform)">u-šu_ The_cuneiform_šu_sign_is_a_common,_multi-use_syllabic_and_alphabetic_sign_for_''šu'',_''š'',_and_''u'';_it_has_a_subsidiary_usage_for_syllabic_''qat'';_it_also_has_a_majuscule-(capital_letter)_Sumerogram_usage_for_ŠU,_for_Akkadian_language__...
--(..Send_(issue)!..(i.e._Labaya)..) :(30)--_a_na_LUGAL_ Lugal_(_Sumerian:_)_is_the__Sumerian_term_for_"king,_ruler"._Literally,_the_term_means_"big_man."_In_Sumerian,_''lu''_"𒇽"_is_"man"_and_''gal''_"𒃲"_is_"great,"_or_"big." It_was_one_of_several_Sumerian_titles_that_a_ruler_of_a_city-state_could_...
-_ri(=ŠÀRru),..__ù_(pi) ši_.html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši_">ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši__i_āši_(cuneiform)">ši)(--(and_"said"_to_me:—_) :(28)--i_(cuneiform)">ena_(cuneiform)">nūmí_(cuneiform)">ma__ša_GIŠ_(wood_Sumerogram)">GIŠMÁ_(boat_Sumerogram)">MÁ_:_(–_gl–)__a-_na-yi_(cuneiform)">yi--(.."Now_'that_by'_BOAT_:-(gloss)_'ship'..._) :(29)--_uta_(cuneiform)">šaš_(cuneiform)">šša_(cuneiform)">u_ruš_(cuneiform)">u-šu_ The_cuneiform_šu_sign_is_a_common,_multi-use_syllabic_and_alphabetic_sign_for_''šu'',_''š'',_and_''u'';_it_has_a_subsidiary_usage_for_syllabic_''qat'';_it_also_has_a_majuscule-(capital_letter)_Sumerogram_usage_for_ŠU,_for_Akkadian_language__...
--(..Send_(issue)!..(i.e._Labaya)..) :(30)--_a_na_LUGAL_ Lugal_(_Sumerian:_)_is_the__Sumerian_term_for_"king,_ruler"._Literally,_the_term_means_"big_man."_In_Sumerian,_''lu''_"𒇽"_is_"man"_and_''gal''_"𒃲"_is_"great,"_or_"big." It_was_one_of_several_Sumerian_titles_that_a_ruler_of_a_city-state_could_...
-_ri(=ŠÀRru),..__ù_(pi)yi_(cuneiform)">l ši_.html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši_">ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši__i_āši_(cuneiform)">ši)(--(and_"said"_to_me:—_) :(28)--i_(cuneiform)">ena_(cuneiform)">nūmí_(cuneiform)">ma__ša_GIŠ_(wood_Sumerogram)">GIŠMÁ_(boat_Sumerogram)">MÁ_:_(–_gl–)__a-_na-yi_(cuneiform)">yi--(.."Now_'that_by'_BOAT_:-(gloss)_'ship'..._) :(29)--_uta_(cuneiform)">šaš_(cuneiform)">šša_(cuneiform)">u_ruš_(cuneiform)">u-šu_ The_cuneiform_šu_sign_is_a_common,_multi-use_syllabic_and_alphabetic_sign_for_''šu'',_''š'',_and_''u'';_it_has_a_subsidiary_usage_for_syllabic_''qat'';_it_also_has_a_majuscule-(capital_letter)_Sumerogram_usage_for_ŠU,_for_Akkadian_language__...
--(..Send_(issue)!..(i.e._Labaya)..) :(30)--_a_na_LUGAL_ Lugal_(_Sumerian:_)_is_the__Sumerian_term_for_"king,_ruler"._Literally,_the_term_means_"big_man."_In_Sumerian,_''lu''_"𒇽"_is_"man"_and_''gal''_"𒃲"_is_"great,"_or_"big." It_was_one_of_several_Sumerian_titles_that_a_ruler_of_a_city-state_could_...
-_ri(=ŠÀRru),..__ù_(pi)yi_(cuneiform)">lìl_(cuneiform)">e ši_.html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši_">ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši__i_āši_(cuneiform)">ši)(--(and_"said"_to_me:—_) :(28)--i_(cuneiform)">ena_(cuneiform)">nūmí_(cuneiform)">ma__ša_GIŠ_(wood_Sumerogram)">GIŠMÁ_(boat_Sumerogram)">MÁ_:_(–_gl–)__a-_na-yi_(cuneiform)">yi--(.."Now_'that_by'_BOAT_:-(gloss)_'ship'..._) :(29)--_uta_(cuneiform)">šaš_(cuneiform)">šša_(cuneiform)">u_ruš_(cuneiform)">u-šu_ The_cuneiform_šu_sign_is_a_common,_multi-use_syllabic_and_alphabetic_sign_for_''šu'',_''š'',_and_''u'';_it_has_a_subsidiary_usage_for_syllabic_''qat'';_it_also_has_a_majuscule-(capital_letter)_Sumerogram_usage_for_ŠU,_for_Akkadian_language__...
--(..Send_(issue)!..(i.e._Labaya)..) :(30)--_a_na_LUGAL_ Lugal_(_Sumerian:_)_is_the__Sumerian_term_for_"king,_ruler"._Literally,_the_term_means_"big_man."_In_Sumerian,_''lu''_"𒇽"_is_"man"_and_''gal''_"𒃲"_is_"great,"_or_"big." It_was_one_of_several_Sumerian_titles_that_a_ruler_of_a_city-state_could_...
-_ri(=ŠÀRru),..__ù_(pi)yi_(cuneiform)">lìl_(cuneiform)">eqé_(cuneiform)">qšu_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="qé_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="ìl_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="yi_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="uš_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="ša_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="aš_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="ta_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="yi_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="MÁ_(boat_Sumerogram).html" ;"title="GIŠ_(wood_Sumerogram).html" ;"title="mí_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="na_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="i_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="ši_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši_.html" ;"title="ši_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="ši (cuneiform)">ši ">ši_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="ši (cuneiform)">ši i āši (cuneiform)">ši)(--(and "said" to me:— ) :(28)--i (cuneiform)">ena (cuneiform)">nūmí (cuneiform)">ma ša GIŠ (wood Sumerogram)">GIŠMÁ (boat Sumerogram)">MÁ : (– gl–) a- na-yi (cuneiform)">yi--(.."Now 'that by' BOAT :-(gloss) 'ship'... ) :(29)-- uta (cuneiform)">šaš (cuneiform)">šša (cuneiform)">u ruš (cuneiform)">u-
šu The cuneiform šu sign is a common, multi-use syllabic and alphabetic sign for ''šu'', ''š'', and ''u''; it has a subsidiary usage for syllabic ''qat''; it also has a majuscule-(capital letter) Sumerogram usage for ŠU, for Akkadian language ...
--(..Send (issue)!..(i.e. Labaya)..) :(30)-- a na
LUGAL Lugal ( Sumerian: ) is the Sumerian term for "king, ruler". Literally, the term means "big man." In Sumerian, ''lu'' "𒇽" is "man" and ''gal'' "𒃲" is "great," or "big." It was one of several Sumerian titles that a ruler of a city-state could ...
- ri(=ŠÀRru),.. ù (pi)yi (cuneiform)">lìl (cuneiform)">eqé (cuneiform)">qšu (cuneiform)">û--(to (the) King,.." ..But 'taken'..) :(31)--1. diš- sú (cuneiform), Sú- Ra- Ta ù (pi)yu (cuneiform), t ašar (cuneiform), r û--(..(by) 1.- Surata (Amarna letters), Surata,.. and "returned"-him..)


Cuneiform score,

Akkadian Akkadian or Accadian may refer to: * Akkadians, inhabitants of the Akkadian Empire * Akkadian language, an extinct Eastern Semitic language * Akkadian literature, literature in this language * Akkadian cuneiform Cuneiform is a logo- syllabi ...
,
English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ide ...

Cuneiform score (per CDLI, ''Chicago Digital Library Initiative''), and
Akkadian Akkadian or Accadian may refer to: * Akkadians, inhabitants of the Akkadian Empire * Akkadian language, an extinct Eastern Semitic language * Akkadian literature, literature in this language * Akkadian cuneiform Cuneiform is a logo- syllabi ...
, and
English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ide ...
. -------- ''Obverse'' ''Paragraph I '', (lines 1-7) 1.(P. I of IV) ša (cuneiform), Ša- ni- tam du- ub- bu- ba- ku-
mì ''Mì'' or ''mi'' is a Vietnamese term for yellow wheat noodles. It can also refer to egg noodles. They were brought over to Vietnam as wonton noodles by Chinese immigrants. The Vietnamese version of wonton noodles is ''mì hoành thánh''. The n ...
___ ša (cuneiform), Ša ni tam, — d a b āb u ___Furthermore, — I urged 2. _UGU- ŠEŠ hi- a_- ia ___ _UGU- ŠEŠ hi- a_- ia–! ___(with) Compatriots p l.-mine (my Brothers)–! ''Sub-Paragraph'' 3. Šum- ma- mi yi- pu-
šu The cuneiform šu sign is a common, multi-use syllabic and alphabetic sign for ''šu'', ''š'', and ''u''; it has a subsidiary usage for syllabic ''qat''; it also has a majuscule-(capital letter) Sumerogram usage for ŠU, for Akkadian language ...
- mi ___ Šum ma e pē š u ___QuoteIf (they)bring 4. _
dingir ''Dingir'' (, usually transliterated DIĜIR, ) is a Sumerian word for "god" or "goddess". Its cuneiform sign is most commonly employed as the determinative for religious names and related concepts, in which case it is not pronounced and is con ...
-
meš The cuneiform MEŠ, or meš is a plural form attached at the end of Mesopotamian cuneiform words as a suffix. As part of a name (PN, personal name, or other), or major class being referenced, in capital letters (a Sumerogram form), it is typical ...
_- nu ša ( Šàrru)_ Šàr_- ri _ EN_- nu ___
ilu Ilu or ILU may refer to: * Ilu (drum), a Brazilian instrument * Ilu, Iran, a village in Kurdistan Province, Iran * Inter-Language Unification, WWW project * International Longshoremen's Association, labor union * Incomplete LU factorization *''il ...
pl.- nu, — ša ( Šàrru)_ Šàr_- ri _ EN_- nu, — ___
gods A deity or god is a supernatural being who is considered divine or sacred. The ''Oxford Dictionary of English'' defines deity as a god or goddess, or anything revered as divine. C. Scott Littleton defines a deity as "a being with powers greater ...
pl.-
our Our or OUR may refer to: * The possessive form of " we" * Our (river), in Belgium, Luxembourg, and Germany * Our, Belgium, a village in Belgium * Our, Jura, a commune in France * Office of Utilities Regulation (OUR), a government utility regulato ...
, —
which Which may refer to: * a relative pronoun * an interrogative word *which (command), an operating system command *Which?, a UK charity and its magazine See also * English relative clauses * Interrogative clause * Whicher (disambiguation) Whicher ...
(are-of)
King King is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts. The female equivalent is queen, which title is also given to the consort of a king. *In the context of prehistory, antiquity and contemporary indigenous peoples, the tit ...
-
Lord Lord is an appellation for a person or deity who has authority, control, or power over others, acting as a master, chief, or ruler. The appellation can also denote certain persons who hold a title of the peerage in the United Kingdom, or ar ...
-
ours One Union of Regional Staff (OURS) was a trade union in the United Kingdom. The union was formed in early 2010 by the merger of the Derbyshire Group Staff Union and the Cheshire Group Staff Union. It organises former Derbyshire Building Soc ...
, — 5. ù ni- ik-
šu The cuneiform šu sign is a common, multi-use syllabic and alphabetic sign for ''šu'', ''š'', and ''u''; it has a subsidiary usage for syllabic ''qat''; it also has a majuscule-(capital letter) Sumerogram usage for ŠU, for Akkadian language ...
- du- um- mi ___ u ka šā du–! ___
and or AND may refer to: Logic, grammar, and computing * Conjunction (grammar), connecting two words, phrases, or clauses * Logical conjunction in mathematical logic, notated as "∧", "⋅", "&", or simple juxtaposition * Bitwise AND, a boolea ...
defeat–! 6.1= diš La- ab- a- ia ù _ til- la_ nu- um- ma :Note: on ''Reverse", line 42.:– ma : (– gl–) ha- ia- ma ___1= diš La b a ya, — _ til lu_- nu- um- ma ___1= diš
Labaya Labaya (also transliterated as Labayu or Lib'ayu) was a 14th-century BCE ruler or warlord in the central hill country of southern Canaan. He lived contemporaneously with Pharaoh Akhenaten. Labaya is mentioned in several of the Amarna Letters (abbr ...
, — (equipment)-nu-um-ma : (– gl–) ha- ia- ma (by boat)(land carriage?) 7. nu- ub- ba- lu- uš-
šu The cuneiform šu sign is a common, multi-use syllabic and alphabetic sign for ''šu'', ''š'', and ''u''; it has a subsidiary usage for syllabic ''qat''; it also has a majuscule-(capital letter) Sumerogram usage for ŠU, for Akkadian language ...
a- na ( Šàrru)_ Šàr_- ri _ EN_- nu ___ a b ā l u a na ( Šàrru) Šàr- ri EN- nu –! ___bring (him alive) to
King King is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts. The female equivalent is queen, which title is also given to the consort of a king. *In the context of prehistory, antiquity and contemporary indigenous peoples, the tit ...
Lord Lord is an appellation for a person or deity who has authority, control, or power over others, acting as a master, chief, or ruler. The appellation can also denote certain persons who hold a title of the peerage in the United Kingdom, or ar ...
-
ours One Union of Regional Staff (OURS) was a trade union in the United Kingdom. The union was formed in early 2010 by the merger of the Derbyshire Group Staff Union and the Cheshire Group Staff Union. It organises former Derbyshire Building Soc ...
–! EndQuote ---- ''Paragraph'' II, (lines 8-23) 8.(P. II of IV) Ù tu- sà- ah-
mì ''Mì'' or ''mi'' is a Vietnamese term for yellow wheat noodles. It can also refer to egg noodles. They were brought over to Vietnam as wonton noodles by Chinese immigrants. The Vietnamese version of wonton noodles is ''mì hoành thánh''. The n ...
: (– gl–) tu- ra ___ U tu- sà- ah-
mì ''Mì'' or ''mi'' is a Vietnamese term for yellow wheat noodles. It can also refer to egg noodles. They were brought over to Vietnam as wonton noodles by Chinese immigrants. The Vietnamese version of wonton noodles is ''mì hoành thánh''. The n ...
(tazzimtu) : (– gl–) tu- ra ___ But "bad luck"(lamentation) : (– gl–)(the horse was disabled, "shot") 9.x?- pa? _ANŠE-
KUR The ancient Mesopotamian underworld, most often known in Sumerian as Kur, Irkalla, Kukku, Arali, or Kigal and in Akkadian as Erṣetu, although it had many names in both languages, was a dark, dreary cavern located deep below the ground, where ...
- RA:MUNUS_- ia ù iz- zi- iz-
mì ''Mì'' or ''mi'' is a Vietnamese term for yellow wheat noodles. It can also refer to egg noodles. They were brought over to Vietnam as wonton noodles by Chinese immigrants. The Vietnamese version of wonton noodles is ''mì hoành thánh''. The n ...
___x?- pa? _ANŠE-
KUR The ancient Mesopotamian underworld, most often known in Sumerian as Kur, Irkalla, Kukku, Arali, or Kigal and in Akkadian as Erṣetu, although it had many names in both languages, was a dark, dreary cavern located deep below the ground, where ...
- RA:MUNUS_- ia,– u u zzu z u ___/+-x?- pa?-+/ horse-
mine Mine, mines, miners or mining may refer to: Extraction or digging * Miner, a person engaged in mining or digging *Mining, extraction of mineral resources from the ground through a mine Grammar *Mine, a first-person English possessive pronoun ...
,–
and or AND may refer to: Logic, grammar, and computing * Conjunction (grammar), connecting two words, phrases, or clauses * Logical conjunction in mathematical logic, notated as "∧", "⋅", "&", or simple juxtaposition * Bitwise AND, a boolea ...
(rode-behind)("stood-behind") 10. _EGIR_-
šu The cuneiform šu sign is a common, multi-use syllabic and alphabetic sign for ''šu'', ''š'', and ''u''; it has a subsidiary usage for syllabic ''qat''; it also has a majuscule-(capital letter) Sumerogram usage for ŠU, for Akkadian language ...
: (– gl–) uh- ru- un- ú ___ _EGIR_-
šu The cuneiform šu sign is a common, multi-use syllabic and alphabetic sign for ''šu'', ''š'', and ''u''; it has a subsidiary usage for syllabic ''qat''; it also has a majuscule-(capital letter) Sumerogram usage for ŠU, for Akkadian language ...
: (– gl–) ha rrā n u —! ___behind (troops)-
His His or HIS may refer to: Computing * Hightech Information System, a Hong Kong graphics card company * Honeywell Information Systems * Hybrid intelligent system * Microsoft Host Integration Server Education * Hangzhou International School, in ...
: (– gl–) expedition-ing —! 11. Ù ir(wrong, =sa) sa- ka- ap- mi ___ u sa kā pu- mi ___
and or AND may refer to: Logic, grammar, and computing * Conjunction (grammar), connecting two words, phrases, or clauses * Logical conjunction in mathematical logic, notated as "∧", "⋅", "&", or simple juxtaposition * Bitwise AND, a boolea ...
en-camped-
Myself A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that refers to another noun or pronoun (its Antecedent (grammar), antecedent) within the same sentence. In the English language specifically, a reflexive pronoun will end in ''-self'' or ''-selves'', and re ...
12. it- ta 1= diš- Ya- aš- da- ta ___ it ti 1= diš- Ya- aš- da- ta ___with 1 Yashdata.
segue A segue (; ) is a smooth transition from one topic or section to the next. The term is derived from Italian ''segue'', which literally means "follows". In music In music, ''segue'' is a direction to the performer. It means ''continue (the next ...
13. Ù a- di ka- ša- di- ia ___ U a di ka šā d u ___But before "conquering"-(in-battle) (("arriving"-(into battle)-)) 14. ù da- ku-
šu The cuneiform šu sign is a common, multi-use syllabic and alphabetic sign for ''šu'', ''š'', and ''u''; it has a subsidiary usage for syllabic ''qat''; it also has a majuscule-(capital letter) Sumerogram usage for ŠU, for Akkadian language ...
: (– gl–) ma- ah- ṣú- ú ___ u dâ ku-
šu The cuneiform šu sign is a common, multi-use syllabic and alphabetic sign for ''šu'', ''š'', and ''u''; it has a subsidiary usage for syllabic ''qat''; it also has a majuscule-(capital letter) Sumerogram usage for ŠU, for Akkadian language ...
, – : (– gl–) ma hā ṣ u, —! ___
and or AND may refer to: Logic, grammar, and computing * Conjunction (grammar), connecting two words, phrases, or clauses * Logical conjunction in mathematical logic, notated as "∧", "⋅", "&", or simple juxtaposition * Bitwise AND, a boolea ...
"death-us", – : (– gl–) "struck-down", —! 15. ù al lu- ú-
mì ''Mì'' or ''mi'' is a Vietnamese term for yellow wheat noodles. It can also refer to egg noodles. They were brought over to Vietnam as wonton noodles by Chinese immigrants. The Vietnamese version of wonton noodles is ''mì hoành thánh''. The n ...
1=( diš) Ya- aš- da- ta ___ u elû lū 1=( diš) Ya- aš- da- ta ___
and or AND may refer to: Logic, grammar, and computing * Conjunction (grammar), connecting two words, phrases, or clauses * Logical conjunction in mathematical logic, notated as "∧", "⋅", "&", or simple juxtaposition * Bitwise AND, a boolea ...
ascended, "let-it-be", 1 Yashdata, – 16. _ÁRAD_- ka ù
šu The cuneiform šu sign is a common, multi-use syllabic and alphabetic sign for ''šu'', ''š'', and ''u''; it has a subsidiary usage for syllabic ''qat''; it also has a majuscule-(capital letter) Sumerogram usage for ŠU, for Akkadian language ...
- ú- te(ut!-no) ___ _ÁRAD_- ka, – u
šu The cuneiform šu sign is a common, multi-use syllabic and alphabetic sign for ''šu'', ''š'', and ''u''; it has a subsidiary usage for syllabic ''qat''; it also has a majuscule-(capital letter) Sumerogram usage for ŠU, for Akkadian language ...
- ú- te ___Servant- yours, – but ?straight-away? 17. yi- ru- ub- mi it- ti# x sup>## ___ e rē bu- mi, – itti- x sup>## ___entered-
Myself A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that refers to another noun or pronoun (its Antecedent (grammar), antecedent) within the same sentence. In the English language specifically, a reflexive pronoun will end in ''-self'' or ''-selves'', and re ...
, – with them ? sup>## 18. i- na MÈ (me3=tāhāzu) ta- ha#- zi## ___ i na (MÈ = tāhāzu) - tā hā# zu## ___into BATTLE, battle 19. ù lu- ú yi- na- -[ - di- nu a- na ša-
šu The cuneiform šu sign is a common, multi-use syllabic and alphabetic sign for ''šu'', ''š'', and ''u''; it has a subsidiary usage for syllabic ''qat''; it also has a majuscule-(capital letter) Sumerogram usage for ŠU, for Akkadian language ...
] ___ u l ū nâ d dnu_(cuneiform)">u__a_na_ša_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="nu_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="/a> dnu (cuneiform)">u a na ša (cuneiform)">šâ
šu The cuneiform šu sign is a common, multi-use syllabic and alphabetic sign for ''šu'', ''š'', and ''u''; it has a subsidiary usage for syllabic ''qat''; it also has a majuscule-(capital letter) Sumerogram usage for ŠU, for Akkadian language ...
] ___
and or AND may refer to: Logic, grammar, and computing * Conjunction (grammar), connecting two words, phrases, or clauses * Logical conjunction in mathematical logic, notated as "∧", "⋅", "&", or simple juxtaposition * Bitwise AND, a boolea ...
"may-it-be" pr ise for Him 20. _ til- la- aṭ _ ŠÀRRU_- ri# EN__.html" ;"title="EN_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="_EN (cuneiform)">EN_ ">EN_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="_EN (cuneiform)">EN_ ia 21.[ ù ] li- pa- aš#- ši- ši-ih_(cuneiform)">ih_.html" ;"title="ih_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="ši_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="ši (cuneiform)">ši-ih (cuneiform)">ih ">ih_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="ši_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="ši (cuneiform)">ši-ih (cuneiform)">ih ''Bottom'' 22.gáb-bá (cuneiform), bá i- na .... 23. _ Šàr_- ri _ EN_- ia 24. ù 1= diš sú (cuneiform), Sú- ra- ta# -------- ''Paragraph III''-(lines 24-35) 24.( ù 1= diš sú (cuneiform), Sú- ra- ta# ) ___ u 1= diš sú (cuneiform), Sú- ra- ta# ___
and or AND may refer to: Logic, grammar, and computing * Conjunction (grammar), connecting two words, phrases, or clauses * Logical conjunction in mathematical logic, notated as "∧", "⋅", "&", or simple juxtaposition * Bitwise AND, a boolea ...
1 Surata ''Reverse'' ''Paragraph III''-(lines 24-35) 25.(P. III of IV) yi-il5- qé-
mì ''Mì'' or ''mi'' is a Vietnamese term for yellow wheat noodles. It can also refer to egg noodles. They were brought over to Vietnam as wonton noodles by Chinese immigrants. The Vietnamese version of wonton noodles is ''mì hoành thánh''. The n ...
1- diš- La-[ ab- a- ia ] ___yi (cuneiform), la q û 1- diš- La-[ ab- a- ia ] ___took... 1
Labaya Labaya (also transliterated as Labayu or Lib'ayu) was a 14th-century BCE ruler or warlord in the central hill country of southern Canaan. He lived contemporaneously with Pharaoh Akhenaten. Labaya is mentioned in several of the Amarna Letters (abbr ...
26. iš- tu _IRI_ Ma-gid6- daki ___ iš tu _
URU Uru or URU may refer to: Language * Uru dialect of Central Kilimanjaro, a Bantu language of Tanzania * Uru language, the extinct language of the Uros, an Amerindian people * Uru of Ch'imu, an extinct language of the Uros, an Amerindian people ...
_ Me-gid6- daki ___from _
city A city is a human settlement of notable size.Goodall, B. (1987) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography''. London: Penguin.Kuper, A. and Kuper, J., eds (1996) ''The Social Science Encyclopedia''. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. It can be def ...
_
Megiddo Megiddo may refer to: Places and sites in Israel * Tel Megiddo, site of an ancient city in Israel's Jezreel valley * Megiddo Airport, a domestic airport in Israel * Megiddo church (Israel) * Megiddo, Israel, a kibbutz in Israel * Megiddo Junction, ...
27. ù yi- iq- bi a- na ia- a- ši_.html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši_">ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši_____u__qa_bû__a_na__i_ā ši_.html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši_">ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši_____u__qa_bû__a_na__i_āši_(cuneiform)">ši_— ___and_ _or_AND_may_refer_to: _Logic,_grammar,_and_computing *_Conjunction_(grammar),_connecting_two_words,_phrases,_or_clauses *_Logical_conjunction_in_mathematical_logic,_notated_as_"∧",_"⋅",_"&",_or_simple_juxtaposition *_Bitwise_AND,_a_boolea_...
_said_to_me_— 28.Quote ši_.html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši_">ši_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši_____u__qa_bû__a_na__i_āši_(cuneiform)">ši_— ___and_ _or_AND_may_refer_to: _Logic,_grammar,_and_computing *_Conjunction_(grammar),_connecting_two_words,_phrases,_or_clauses *_Logical_conjunction_in_mathematical_logic,_notated_as_"∧",_"⋅",_"&",_or_simple_juxtaposition *_Bitwise_AND,_a_boolea_...
_said_to_me_— 28.Quotei_(cuneiform)">I_na-mí_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="i_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="ši_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="ši_(cuneiform)">ši_.html" ;"title="ši_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="ši (cuneiform)">ši ">ši_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="ši (cuneiform)">ši ___ u qa bû a na i āši (cuneiform)">ši — ___
and or AND may refer to: Logic, grammar, and computing * Conjunction (grammar), connecting two words, phrases, or clauses * Logical conjunction in mathematical logic, notated as "∧", "⋅", "&", or simple juxtaposition * Bitwise AND, a boolea ...
said to me — 28.Quotei (cuneiform)">I na-mí (cuneiform)">mí ((No))šà-giš, geš-_ MÁ_
giš The cuneiform giš sign, (also common for is, iṣ, and iz), is a common, multi-use sign, in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'', the Amarna letters, and other cuneiform texts. It also has a major usage as a sumerogram, GIŠ, (capital letter ( majuscu ...
- ru((yes)) : (– gl–) a- na- yi ___Quote i- na- mí _ MÁ_
giš The cuneiform giš sign, (also common for is, iṣ, and iz), is a common, multi-use sign, in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'', the Amarna letters, and other cuneiform texts. It also has a major usage as a sumerogram, GIŠ, (capital letter ( majuscu ...
- ru : (– gl–) a- na- yi ___Quote''By boat ....(?by land carriage)'' 29. ú- ta- aš- ša- ru- uš-
šu The cuneiform šu sign is a common, multi-use syllabic and alphabetic sign for ''šu'', ''š'', and ''u''; it has a subsidiary usage for syllabic ''qat''; it also has a majuscule-(capital letter) Sumerogram usage for ŠU, for Akkadian language ...
___ u š š u r u ___''(I will) send'' 30. a- na (_
lugal Lugal ( Sumerian: ) is the Sumerian term for "king, ruler". Literally, the term means "big man." In Sumerian, ''lu'' "𒇽" is "man" and ''gal'' "𒃲" is "great," or "big." It was one of several Sumerian titles that a ruler of a city-state could ...
_)_ Šarru_- ri ù yi- ìl- qé-
šu The cuneiform šu sign is a common, multi-use syllabic and alphabetic sign for ''šu'', ''š'', and ''u''; it has a subsidiary usage for syllabic ''qat''; it also has a majuscule-(capital letter) Sumerogram usage for ŠU, for Akkadian language ...
___ a na (_
lugal Lugal ( Sumerian: ) is the Sumerian term for "king, ruler". Literally, the term means "big man." In Sumerian, ''lu'' "𒇽" is "man" and ''gal'' "𒃲" is "great," or "big." It was one of several Sumerian titles that a ruler of a city-state could ...
_)_ Šarru_- ri,— ù ___''to
King King is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts. The female equivalent is queen, which title is also given to the consort of a king. *In the context of prehistory, antiquity and contemporary indigenous peoples, the tit ...
,—'' 30.5-------------- ù yi- ìl- qé-
šu The cuneiform šu sign is a common, multi-use syllabic and alphabetic sign for ''šu'', ''š'', and ''u''; it has a subsidiary usage for syllabic ''qat''; it also has a majuscule-(capital letter) Sumerogram usage for ŠU, for Akkadian language ...
___----------------- u l e q û ___-----------------''
and or AND may refer to: Logic, grammar, and computing * Conjunction (grammar), connecting two words, phrases, or clauses * Logical conjunction in mathematical logic, notated as "∧", "⋅", "&", or simple juxtaposition * Bitwise AND, a boolea ...
take'' 31.1= diš sú (cuneiform), Sú- ra- ta ù yu- ta- šar-
šu The cuneiform šu sign is a common, multi-use syllabic and alphabetic sign for ''šu'', ''š'', and ''u''; it has a subsidiary usage for syllabic ''qat''; it also has a majuscule-(capital letter) Sumerogram usage for ŠU, for Akkadian language ...
___1= diš sú (cuneiform), Sú- ra- ta ___'' 1 Surata'' 31.5------------- ù yu- ta- šar-
šu The cuneiform šu sign is a common, multi-use syllabic and alphabetic sign for ''šu'', ''š'', and ''u''; it has a subsidiary usage for syllabic ''qat''; it also has a majuscule-(capital letter) Sumerogram usage for ŠU, for Akkadian language ...
___---------------- u u š šur u ___----------------''
and or AND may refer to: Logic, grammar, and computing * Conjunction (grammar), connecting two words, phrases, or clauses * Logical conjunction in mathematical logic, notated as "∧", "⋅", "&", or simple juxtaposition * Bitwise AND, a boolea ...
send ( Him)'' 32. iš- tu _
IRI IRI or I.R.I. refers to: Businesses and organizations * Iringa Airport, an airport in Tanzania serving Iringa and the surrounding Iringa Region by IATA airport code * India Rejuvenation Initiative, an Indian anti-corruption organization forme ...
_ He- na- tu- na ki ___ iš tu _
URU Uru or URU may refer to: Language * Uru dialect of Central Kilimanjaro, a Bantu language of Tanzania * Uru language, the extinct language of the Uros, an Amerindian people * Uru of Ch'imu, an extinct language of the Uros, an Amerindian people ...
_ He- na- tu- na ki ___''from _
city A city is a human settlement of notable size.Goodall, B. (1987) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography''. London: Penguin.Kuper, A. and Kuper, J., eds (1996) ''The Social Science Encyclopedia''. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. It can be def ...
_
Hannathon Hannathon, and of the 1350-1335 BC Amarna letters, Hinnatuna, or Hinnatuni/Hinnatunu, is the Biblical city/city-state of Hannathon, (meaning: ''"the Gift of Grace"''); in the Amarna letters correspondence as ''Hinnatuna'', it is a site in souther ...
'' 33. a- na _ É_-
šu The cuneiform šu sign is a common, multi-use syllabic and alphabetic sign for ''šu'', ''š'', and ''u''; it has a subsidiary usage for syllabic ''qat''; it also has a majuscule-(capital letter) Sumerogram usage for ŠU, for Akkadian language ...
ù 1= diš sú (cuneiform), Sú- ra- ta ___ a na _ É_-
šu The cuneiform šu sign is a common, multi-use syllabic and alphabetic sign for ''šu'', ''š'', and ''u''; it has a subsidiary usage for syllabic ''qat''; it also has a majuscule-(capital letter) Sumerogram usage for ŠU, for Akkadian language ...
,EndQuote — ù 1= diš sú (cuneiform), Sú- ra- ta ___''To _
house A house is a single-unit residential building. It may range in complexity from a rudimentary hut to a complex structure of wood, masonry, concrete or other material, outfitted with plumbing, electrical, and heating, ventilation, and air condi ...
_
his His or HIS may refer to: Computing * Hightech Information System, a Hong Kong graphics card company * Honeywell Information Systems * Hybrid intelligent system * Microsoft Host Integration Server Education * Hangzhou International School, in ...
''EndQuote —
and or AND may refer to: Logic, grammar, and computing * Conjunction (grammar), connecting two words, phrases, or clauses * Logical conjunction in mathematical logic, notated as "∧", "⋅", "&", or simple juxtaposition * Bitwise AND, a boolea ...
1 Surata -------- ''
segue A segue (; ) is a smooth transition from one topic or section to the next. The term is derived from Italian ''segue'', which literally means "follows". In music In music, ''segue'' is a direction to the performer. It means ''continue (the next ...
'' 33.5------------- ù 1= diš sú (cuneiform), Sú- ra- ta ___--------------- u 1= diš sú (cuneiform), Sú- ra- ta ___---------------
and or AND may refer to: Logic, grammar, and computing * Conjunction (grammar), connecting two words, phrases, or clauses * Logical conjunction in mathematical logic, notated as "∧", "⋅", "&", or simple juxtaposition * Bitwise AND, a boolea ...
1 Surata 34. la- qí- mi _ kù- BABBAR hi- a_ ip- țì- ir- ri-
šu The cuneiform šu sign is a common, multi-use syllabic and alphabetic sign for ''šu'', ''š'', and ''u''; it has a subsidiary usage for syllabic ''qat''; it also has a majuscule-(capital letter) Sumerogram usage for ŠU, for Akkadian language ...
___ le q û _ kù- BABBAR hi- a_ ___took silver, – returning 34.6------------- ip- țì- ir- ri-
šu The cuneiform šu sign is a common, multi-use syllabic and alphabetic sign for ''šu'', ''š'', and ''u''; it has a subsidiary usage for syllabic ''qat''; it also has a majuscule-(capital letter) Sumerogram usage for ŠU, for Akkadian language ...
___---------------- t â r u ___----------------returning 35. i- na _ ŠU_- ti-
šu The cuneiform šu sign is a common, multi-use syllabic and alphabetic sign for ''šu'', ''š'', and ''u''; it has a subsidiary usage for syllabic ''qat''; it also has a majuscule-(capital letter) Sumerogram usage for ŠU, for Akkadian language ...
: (– gl–) ba- di- ú ___ i na _ ŠU_- ti-
šu The cuneiform šu sign is a common, multi-use syllabic and alphabetic sign for ''šu'', ''š'', and ''u''; it has a subsidiary usage for syllabic ''qat''; it also has a majuscule-(capital letter) Sumerogram usage for ŠU, for Akkadian language ...
: (– gl–) ba- di- ù ___in "Hand"-his — : (– gl–) ba- di- ù–! (the ransom—!) (the Silver—!) ''Paragraph IV''-(lines 36-47) -------- 36. (P. IV) ša (cuneiform), Ša- ni- tam, – mi- na- am- mi ep- ša- ku-
mì ''Mì'' or ''mi'' is a Vietnamese term for yellow wheat noodles. It can also refer to egg noodles. They were brought over to Vietnam as wonton noodles by Chinese immigrants. The Vietnamese version of wonton noodles is ''mì hoành thánh''. The n ...
___ ša (cuneiform), Ša ni tam, — mīnu epē š u ___Furthermore, — what (have I) done 36.3---------- mi- na- am- mi ep- ša- ku-
mì ''Mì'' or ''mi'' is a Vietnamese term for yellow wheat noodles. It can also refer to egg noodles. They were brought over to Vietnam as wonton noodles by Chinese immigrants. The Vietnamese version of wonton noodles is ''mì hoành thánh''. The n ...
___------------- — Mi- na- am- mi ep- ša- ku-
mì ''Mì'' or ''mi'' is a Vietnamese term for yellow wheat noodles. It can also refer to egg noodles. They were brought over to Vietnam as wonton noodles by Chinese immigrants. The Vietnamese version of wonton noodles is ''mì hoành thánh''. The n ...
___------------- — QuoteWhat (have I) done 37. a- na ( Šàrru)_ Šàr- ri_ _ EN_- ia ___ a na ( Šàrru)_ Šàr- ri_ _ EN_- ia—? ___to ( Šàrru) _
King King is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts. The female equivalent is queen, which title is also given to the consort of a king. *In the context of prehistory, antiquity and contemporary indigenous peoples, the tit ...
(- ri)_ _
Lord Lord is an appellation for a person or deity who has authority, control, or power over others, acting as a master, chief, or ruler. The appellation can also denote certain persons who hold a title of the peerage in the United Kingdom, or ar ...
_-
mine Mine, mines, miners or mining may refer to: Extraction or digging * Miner, a person engaged in mining or digging *Mining, extraction of mineral resources from the ground through a mine Grammar *Mine, a first-person English possessive pronoun ...
—? 38. i- na- mí _sig_-ia : (– gl–) ya- qí- ìl- li- ni ___ i nu ma-(enūma), — _sig_-ia : (– gl–) ya- qí- ìl- li- ni —! ___Now, — (I am) contempted —! 39. — Ù _DUGUD_ : (– gl–) yu- ka- bi- id ___ — U : (– gl–) yu- ka- bi- id (kabta) ___ — But are honored 40. _ ŠEŠ_ HI- A- ia șé- eh- ru-ta5 ___ _ ŠEŠ_ HI- A- ia,— șe hē ru, —! ___(compatriots)(Brothers) p l.-mine,— less important, —!EndQuote ''
segue A segue (; ) is a smooth transition from one topic or section to the next. The term is derived from Italian ''segue'', which literally means "follows". In music In music, ''segue'' is a direction to the performer. It means ''continue (the next ...
'' 41. Ù 1= diš sú (cuneiform), Sú- ra- ta ___ U 1= diš sú (cuneiform), Sú- ra- ta ___ But 1 Surata 42. yu- ta- šir9 ::Note: the rest, (majority), of line 42, is the up-side-down
cuneiform Cuneiform is a logo-syllabic script that was used to write several languages of the Ancient Middle East. The script was in active use from the early Bronze Age until the beginning of the Common Era. It is named for the characteristic wedge-sha ...
from ''Obverse, Line 6''
nu- um- ma : (– gl–) ha- ia- ma 42. yu- ta- šir9 ___ aṣû ___brought 43.1= diš La- ab- a- ia ù ___1= diš La- ab- a- ia ù ___ 1
Labaya Labaya (also transliterated as Labayu or Lib'ayu) was a 14th-century BCE ruler or warlord in the central hill country of southern Canaan. He lived contemporaneously with Pharaoh Akhenaten. Labaya is mentioned in several of the Amarna Letters (abbr ...
43.7-------------- ù ___---------------- u ___----------------
and or AND may refer to: Logic, grammar, and computing * Conjunction (grammar), connecting two words, phrases, or clauses * Logical conjunction in mathematical logic, notated as "∧", "⋅", "&", or simple juxtaposition * Bitwise AND, a boolea ...
44. yu- ta-šir9-
mì ''Mì'' or ''mi'' is a Vietnamese term for yellow wheat noodles. It can also refer to egg noodles. They were brought over to Vietnam as wonton noodles by Chinese immigrants. The Vietnamese version of wonton noodles is ''mì hoành thánh''. The n ...
1= diš, diškur- me-
her Her is the objective and possessive form of the English-language feminine pronoun She (pronoun), she. Her, HER or H.E.R. may also refer to: Arts, entertainment and media Music * H.E.R. (born 1997), American singer **H.E.R. (album), ''H.E.R.'' ...
___aṣ û 1= diš, diškur- me-
her Her is the objective and possessive form of the English-language feminine pronoun She (pronoun), she. Her, HER or H.E.R. may also refer to: Arts, entertainment and media Music * H.E.R. (born 1997), American singer **H.E.R. (album), ''H.E.R.'' ...
___brought 1
Ba'al Baal (), or Baal,; phn, , baʿl; hbo, , baʿal, ). ( ''baʿal'') was a title and honorific meaning "owner", "lord" in the Northwest Semitic languages spoken in the Levant during antiquity. From its use among people, it came to be applied t ...
-Mehir 45. a- na _ É_-
šu The cuneiform šu sign is a common, multi-use syllabic and alphabetic sign for ''šu'', ''š'', and ''u''; it has a subsidiary usage for syllabic ''qat''; it also has a majuscule-(capital letter) Sumerogram usage for ŠU, for Akkadian language ...
- ni ___ a na _ bītu_-
šu The cuneiform šu sign is a common, multi-use syllabic and alphabetic sign for ''šu'', ''š'', and ''u''; it has a subsidiary usage for syllabic ''qat''; it also has a majuscule-(capital letter) Sumerogram usage for ŠU, for Akkadian language ...
, –! ___to _
house A house is a single-unit residential building. It may range in complexity from a rudimentary hut to a complex structure of wood, masonry, concrete or other material, outfitted with plumbing, electrical, and heating, ventilation, and air condi ...
_-
his His or HIS may refer to: Computing * Hightech Information System, a Hong Kong graphics card company * Honeywell Information Systems * Hybrid intelligent system * Microsoft Host Integration Server Education * Hangzhou International School, in ...
, –! ''Sub Paragraph'' 46. Ù lu- ú yi- de- mi ___ U, — l ū i d û, – ___
And or AND may refer to: Logic, grammar, and computing * Conjunction (grammar), connecting two words, phrases, or clauses * Logical conjunction in mathematical logic, notated as "∧", "⋅", "&", or simple juxtaposition * Bitwise AND, a boolea ...
, — "may-it-be" proclaimed (& recognized), –
("may you ''know'' ") 47.( Šàrru) Šàr- ru EN- ia–! ___( Šàrru) Šàr- ru EN- ia–! ___
King King is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts. The female equivalent is queen, which title is also given to the consort of a king. *In the context of prehistory, antiquity and contemporary indigenous peoples, the tit ...
Lord Lord is an appellation for a person or deity who has authority, control, or power over others, acting as a master, chief, or ruler. The appellation can also denote certain persons who hold a title of the peerage in the United Kingdom, or ar ...
-
mine Mine, mines, miners or mining may refer to: Extraction or digging * Miner, a person engaged in mining or digging *Mining, extraction of mineral resources from the ground through a mine Grammar *Mine, a first-person English possessive pronoun ...
–! (''End'')


See also

*
Biridiya Biridiya was the ruler of Megiddo in the 14th century BC. Biridiya authored five of the Amarna letters correspondence. The name 'Biridiya' is also mentioned in the corpus from the city of 'Kumidu' (letter KL 72:600), the Kamid al lawz. However, ...
*
Labaya Labaya (also transliterated as Labayu or Lib'ayu) was a 14th-century BCE ruler or warlord in the central hill country of southern Canaan. He lived contemporaneously with Pharaoh Akhenaten. Labaya is mentioned in several of the Amarna Letters (abbr ...
*
Tel Megiddo Tel Megiddo ( he, תל מגידו; ar, مجیدو, Tell el- Mutesellim, ''lit.'' "Mound of the Governor"; gr, Μεγιδδώ, Megiddo) is the site of the ancient city of Megiddo, the remains of which form a tell (archaeological mound), situat ...
*
Glossenkeil (Amarna letters) The Glossenkeil (Amarna letters), is a form of the common glossenkeil— used in the history of cuneiform texts. It is also named ''a winkelhaken;'' however the distinct "U" character in cuneiform–-(for the winkelhaken), has multiple u ...
*
Amarna letters–phrases and quotations The Amarna letters (; sometimes referred to as the Amarna correspondence or Amarna tablets, and cited with the abbreviation EA, for "El Amarna") are an archive, written on clay tablets, primarily consisting of diplomatic correspondence between t ...


References

* Moran, William L. ''The Amarna Letters.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. (softcover, ) * Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian
Epic of Gilgamesh The ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' () is an epic poetry, epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia, and is regarded as the earliest surviving notable literature and the second oldest religious text, after the Pyramid Texts. The literary history of Gilgamesh ...
'', Parpola, Simo,
Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project is an international scholarly project aimed at collecting and publishing ancient Assyrian texts and studies based on them. Its headquarters are in Helsinki in Finland. State Archives of Assyria State Archives ...
, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp. 119–145), 165 pages.


External links

{{commons category, Amarna letter EA 245
Photo, EA 245: ObversePhoto, EA 245: ReverseLine Drawing, EA 245: Obverse & Reverse
CDLI no. P270957 (''Chicago Digital Library Initiative'')
CDLI listing for all EA Amarna letters, 1-382
Amarna letters Canaan