The Music for the Requiem Mass is any music that accompanies the

Requiem A Requiem or Requiem Mass, also known as Mass for the dead ( la, Missa pro defunctis) or Mass of the dead ( la, Missa defunctorum), is a Mass of the Catholic Church offered for the repose of the soul or souls of one or more deceased persons, ...

, a

Mass in the Catholic Church The Mass is the central liturgical service of the Eucharist in the Catholic Church, in which bread and wine are consecrated and become the body and blood of Christ. As defined by the Church at the Council of Trent, in the Mass, "the same Christ ...

for the deceased. It has inspired a large number of compositions, including settings by

Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (27 January 17565 December 1791), baptised as Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart, was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period (music), Classical period. Despite his short life, his ra ...

, Berlioz,

Donizetti Domenico Gaetano Maria Donizetti (29 November 1797 – 8 April 1848) was an Italian composer, best known for his almost 70 operas. Along with Gioachino Rossini and Vincenzo Bellini, he was a leading composer of the '' bel canto'' opera style dur ...

Verdi Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi (; 9 or 10 October 1813 – 27 January 1901) was an Italian composer best known for his operas. He was born near Busseto to a provincial family of moderate means, receiving a musical education with the h ...

, Bruckner, Dvořák, Fauré and Duruflé. Originally, such compositions were meant to be performed in liturgical service, with

monophonic Monaural or monophonic sound reproduction (often shortened to mono) is sound intended to be heard as if it were emanating from one position. This contrasts with stereophonic sound or ''stereo'', which uses two separate audio channels to reproduc ...

chant. Eventually the dramatic character of the text began to appeal to composers to an extent that they made the requiem a genre of its own, and the compositions of composers such as Verdi are essentially concert pieces rather than liturgical works.

Common texts

The following are the texts that have been set to music. Note that the ''Libera Me'' and the ''In Paradisum'' are not part of the text of the Catholic Mass for the Dead itself, but a part of the burial rite that immediately follows. ''In Paradisum'' was traditionally said or sung as the body left the church, and the ''Libera Me'' is said/sung at the burial site before interment. These became included in musical settings of the Requiem in the 19th century as composers began to treat the form more liberally.

Introit

From

4 Esdras 2 Esdras (also called 4 Esdras, Latin Esdras, or Latin Ezra) is an apocalyptic book in some English versions of the Bible. Tradition ascribes it to Ezra, a scribe and priest of the , but scholarship places its composition between 70 and . It ...

2:34–35;

Psalm 65 Psalm 65 is the 65th psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the King James Version: "Praise waiteth for thee, O God, in Sion: and unto thee shall the vow be performed". In the slightly different numbering system of the Greek Septua ...

:1-2 ::''Requiem æternam dona eis, Domine:'' ::''et lux perpetua luceat eis.'' ::''Te decet hymnus, Deus, in Sion,'' ::''et tibi reddetur votum in Ierusalem:'' ::''exaudi orationem meam,'' ::''ad te omnis caro veniet.'' ::''Requiem æternam dona eis, Domine:'' ::''et lux perpetua luceat eis.'' :::Eternal rest give unto them, O Lord, :::and let perpetual light shine upon them. :::A hymn, O God, becometh Thee in Zion; :::and a vow shall be paid to Thee in

Jerusalem Jerusalem (; he, יְרוּשָׁלַיִם ; ar, القُدس ) (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names); grc, Ἱερουσαλήμ/Ἰεροσόλυμα, Hierousalḗm/Hierosóluma; hy, Երուսաղեմ, Erusałēm. i ...

: :::hear my prayer; :::all flesh shall come to Thee. :::Eternal rest give unto them, O Lord, :::and let perpetual light shine upon them.

Kyrie eleison

This is as the Kyrie in the Ordinary of the

Mass Mass is an intrinsic property of a body. It was traditionally believed to be related to the quantity of matter in a physical body, until the discovery of the atom and particle physics. It was found that different atoms and different elementar ...

: ::''Kyrie, eleison.'' ::''Christe, eleison.'' ::''Kyrie, eleison.'' :::Lord, have mercy. :::Christ, have mercy. :::Lord, have mercy. This is Greek (Κύριε ἐλέησον, Χριστὲ ἐλέησον, Κύριε ἐλέησον). Each utterance is sung three times, though sometimes that is not the case when sung polyphonically.

Gradual

From 4 Esdras 2:34–35; Psalm 112:6 ::''Requiem æternam dona eis, Domine:'' ::''et lux perpetua luceat eis.'' ::''In memoria æterna erit iustus:'' ::''ab auditione mala non timebit.'' :::Eternal rest give unto them, O Lord; :::and let perpetual light shine upon them. :::The just shall be in everlasting remembrance; :::he shall not fear the evil hearing.

Tract

::''Absolve, Domine,'' ::''animas omnium fidelium defunctorum'' ::''ab omni vinculo delictorum.'' ::''Et gratia tua illis succurrente,'' ::''mereantur evadere iudicium ultionis.'' ::''Et lucis æternae beatitudine perfrui.'' :::Absolve, O Lord, :::the souls of all the faithful departed :::from every bond of sin. :::And by the help of Thy grace :::may they be enabled to escape the avenging judgment. :::And enjoy the bliss of everlasting light.

Sequence

sequence In mathematics, a sequence is an enumerated collection of objects in which repetitions are allowed and order matters. Like a set, it contains members (also called ''elements'', or ''terms''). The number of elements (possibly infinite) is calle ...

is a liturgical poem sung, when used, after the Tract (or Alleluia, if present). The sequence employed in the Requiem, ''Dies irae'', attributed to Thomas of Celano (c. 1200 – c. 1260–1270), has been called "the greatest of hymns", worthy of "supreme admiration". The Latin text is included in the Requiem Mass in the

1962 Roman Missal The Tridentine Mass, also known as the Traditional Latin Mass or Traditional Rite, is the liturgy of Mass in the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church that appears in typical editions of the Roman Missal published from 1570 to 1962. Celebrated almo ...

. An early English version was translated by

William Josiah Irons William Josiah Irons (1812–1883) was a priest in the Church of England and a theological writer. Life Irons, born at Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire, 12 September 1812, was second son of the Rev. Joseph Irons (1785–1852), by his first wife, Mary Ann ...

in 1849.

Offertory

::''Domine Iesu Christe, Rex gloriæ,'' ::''libera animas omnium fidelium defunctorum'' ::''de pœnis inferni et de profundo lacu:'' ::''libera eas de ore leonis,'' ::''ne absorbeat eas tartarus,'' ::''ne cadant in obscurum:'' ::''sed signifer sanctus Michael'' ::''repræsentet eas in lucem sanctam:'' ::''Quam olim Abrahæ promisisti, et semini eius.'' :::Lord Jesus Christ, King of glory, :::deliver the souls of all the faithful departed :::from the pains of hell and from the bottomless pit: :::deliver them from the lion's mouth, :::that hell swallow them not up, :::that they fall not into darkness, :::but let the standard-bearer holy

Michael Michael may refer to: People * Michael (given name), a given name * Michael (surname), including a list of people with the surname Michael Given name "Michael" * Michael (archangel), ''first'' of God's archangels in the Jewish, Christian an ...

:::lead them into that holy light: :::Which Thou didst promise of old to

Abraham Abraham, ; ar, , , name=, group= (originally Abram) is the common Hebrew patriarch of the Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Judaism, he is the founding father of the special relationship between the Jew ...

and to his seed. ::''Hostias et preces tibi, Domine,'' ::''laudis offerimus:'' ::''tu suscipe pro animabus illis,'' ::''quarum hodie memoriam facimus:'' ::''fac eas, Domine, de morte transire ad vitam.'' ::''Quam olim Abrahæ promisisti, et semini eius.'' :::We offer to Thee, O Lord, :::sacrifices and prayers: :::do Thou receive them in behalf of those souls :::of whom we make memorial this day. :::Grant them, O Lord, to pass from death to that life, :::Which Thou didst promise of old to Abraham and to his seed.

Sanctus

This is as the ''

Sanctus The Sanctus ( la, Sanctus, "Holy") is a hymn in Christian liturgy. It may also be called the ''epinikios hymnos'' ( el, ἐπινίκιος ὕμνος, "Hymn of Victory") when referring to the Greek rendition. In Western Christianity, the ...

'' prayer in the Ordinary of the

: ::''Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus'' ::''Dominus Deus Sabaoth.'' ::''Pleni sunt cæli et terra gloria tua.'' ::''Hosanna in excelsis.'' ::''Benedictus qui venit in nomine Domini.'' ::''Hosanna in excelsis.'' :::Holy, holy, holy, :::Lord God of Hosts. :::Heaven and earth are full of Thy glory. :::Hosanna in the highest. :::Blessed is He Who cometh in the Name of the Lord. :::Hosanna in the highest.

Agnus Dei

This is as the ''

Agnus Dei is the Latin name under which the " Lamb of God" is honoured within the Catholic Mass and other Christian liturgies descending from the Latin liturgical tradition. It is the name given to a specific prayer that occurs in these liturgies, and ...

'' in the Ordinary of the

, but with the petitions ''miserere nobis'' changed to ''dona eis requiem'', and ''dona nobis pacem'' to ''dona eis requiem sempiternam'':

Lux æterna

::''Lux æterna luceat eis, Domine:'' ::''Cum Sanctis tuis in æternum:'' ::''quia pius es.'' ::''Requiem æternam dona eis, Domine:'' ::''et lux perpetua luceat eis.'' ::''Cum Sanctis tuis in æternum:'' :: ''quia pius es.'' :::May light eternal shine upon them, O Lord, :::with Thy

Saint In religious belief, a saint is a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of Q-D-Š, holiness, likeness, or closeness to God. However, the use of the term ''saint'' depends on the context and Christian denomination, denominat ...

s for evermore: :::for Thou art gracious. :::Eternal rest give to them, O Lord, :::and let perpetual light shine upon them: :::With Thy

s for evermore, :::for Thou art gracious. As mentioned above, there is no ''Gloria'', ''Alleluia'' or Credo in these musical settings.

Pie Jesu

Some extracts too have been set independently to music, such as ''Pie Jesu'' in the settings of Dvořák, Fauré, Duruflé and John Rutter. The ''Pie Jesu'' consists of the final words of the ''Dies irae'' followed by the final words of the ''Agnus Dei''. ::''Pie Jesu Domine, dona eis requiem.'' ::''Dona eis requiem sempiternam.'' ::: Merciful Lord Jesus, grant them rest; ::: grant them eternal rest. Musical Requiem settings sometimes include passages from the "Absolution at the bier" (''Absolutio ad feretrum'') or "Commendation of the dead person" (referred to also as the

Absolution of the dead Absolution of the dead is a prayer for or a declaration of absolution of a dead person's sins that takes place at the person's religious funeral. Such prayers are found in the funeral rites of the Catholic Church, Anglicanism, and the Eastern Orth ...

), which in the case of a funeral, follows the conclusion of the Mass.

Libera me

::''Libera me, Domine, de morte æterna, in die illa tremenda:'' ::''Quando cæli movendi sunt et terra:'' ::''Dum veneris iudicare sæculum per ignem.'' ::''Tremens factus sum ego, et timeo, dum discussio venerit, atque ventura ira.'' ::''Quando cæli movendi sunt et terra.'' ::''Dies illa, dies iræ, calamitatis et miseriæ, dies magna et amara valde.'' ::''Dum veneris iudicare sæculum per ignem.'' ::''Requiem æternam dona eis, Domine: et lux perpetua luceat eis.'' ::: Deliver me, O Lord, from death eternal in that awful day. ::: When the heavens and the earth shall be moved: ::: When Thou shalt come to judge the world by fire. ::: Dread and trembling have laid hold on me, and I fear exceedingly because of the judgment and of the wrath to come. ::: When the heavens and the earth shall be moved. ::: O that day, that day of wrath, of sore distress and of all wretchedness, that great day and exceeding bitter. ::: When Thou shalt come to judge the world by fire. ::: Eternal rest grant unto them, O Lord, and let perpetual light shine upon them.

In paradisum

::''In paradisum deducant te Angeli:'' ::''in tuo adventu suscipiant te Martyres,'' ::''et perducant te in civitatem sanctam Jerusalem.'' ::''Chorus Angelorum te suscipiat,'' ::''et cum Lazaro quondam paupere æternam habeas requiem.'' ::: May the Angels lead thee into paradise: ::: may the Martyrs receive thee at thy coming, ::: and lead thee into the holy city of Jerusalem. ::: May the choir of Angels receive thee, ::: and with Lazarus, who once was poor, mayest thou have eternal rest.

History of musical compositions

For many centuries the texts of the requiem were sung to Gregorian melodies. The

by Johannes Ockeghem, written sometime in the later half of the 15th century, is the earliest surviving

polyphonic Polyphony ( ) is a type of musical texture consisting of two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody, as opposed to a musical texture with just one voice, monophony, or a texture with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords, h ...

setting. There was a setting by the elder composer Dufay, possibly earlier, which is now lost: Ockeghem's may have been modelled on it.Fabrice Fitch: "Requiem (2)", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed January 21, 2007) Many early compositions employ different texts that were in use in different liturgies around Europe before the

Council of Trent The Council of Trent ( la, Concilium Tridentinum), held between 1545 and 1563 in Trento, Trent (or Trento), now in northern Italian Peninsula, Italy, was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation ...

set down the texts given above. The requiem of

Brumel Brumel may refer to: * Antoine Brumel (c.1460–c.1515), Franco-Flemish Renaissance composer * Jacques Brunel (died 1564), also known as Giaches Brumel, 16th century French organist and composer * Valeriy Brumel (1942–2003), Soviet-Ru ...

, circa 1500, is the first to include the '' Dies Iræ''. In the early polyphonic settings of the Requiem, there is considerable textural contrast within the compositions themselves: simple chordal or fauxbourdon-like passages are contrasted with other sections of contrapuntal complexity, such as in the Offertory of Ockeghem's Requiem. In the 16th century, more and more composers set the Requiem mass. In contrast to practice in setting the Mass Ordinary, many of these settings used a cantus-firmus technique, something which had become quite archaic by mid-century. In addition, these settings used less textural contrast than the early settings by Ockeghem and Brumel, although the vocal scoring was often richer, for example in the six-voice Requiem by Jean Richafort which he wrote for the death of

Josquin des Prez Josquin Lebloitte dit des Prez ( – 27 August 1521) was a composer of High Renaissance music, who is variously described as French or Franco-Flemish. Considered one of the greatest composers of the Renaissance, he was a central figure of the ...

. Other composers before 1550 include

Pedro de Escobar Pedro de Escobar (c. 1465 – after 1535), a.k.a. ''Pedro do Porto'', was a Portuguese composer of the Renaissance, mostly active in Spain. He was one of the earliest and most skilled composers of polyphony in the Iberian Peninsula, whose musi ...

Antoine de Févin Antoine de Févin (ca. 1470 – late 1511 or early 1512) was a Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance. He was active at the same time as Josquin des Prez, and shares many traits with his more famous contemporary. Life Févin was most likely b ...

Cristóbal Morales Cristóbal or Cristobal, the Spanish version of Christopher, is a masculine given name and a surname which may refer to: Given name *Cristóbal Balenciaga (1895–1972), Spanish fashion designer *Cristóbal Cobo (born 1976), Chilean academic *Cri ...

, and Pierre de La Rue; that by La Rue is probably the second oldest, after Ockeghem's. Over 2,000 Requiem compositions have been composed to the present day. Typically the Renaissance settings, especially those not written on the

Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula (), ** * Aragonese and Occitan: ''Peninsula Iberica'' ** ** * french: Péninsule Ibérique * mwl, Península Eibérica * eu, Iberiar penintsula also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in southwestern Europe, defi ...

, may be performed ''

a cappella ''A cappella'' (, also , ; ) music is a performance by a singer or a singing group without instrumental accompaniment, or a piece intended to be performed in this way. The term ''a cappella'' was originally intended to differentiate between Ren ...

'' (i.e. without necessary accompanying instrumental parts), whereas beginning around 1600 composers more often preferred to use instruments to accompany a

choir A choir ( ; also known as a chorale or chorus) is a musical ensemble of singers. Choral music, in turn, is the music written specifically for such an ensemble to perform. Choirs may perform music from the classical music repertoire, which ...

, and also include vocal soloists. There is great variation between compositions in how much of liturgical text is set to music. Most composers omit sections of the liturgical prescription, most frequently the Gradual and the Tract. Fauré omits the ''Dies iræ'', while the very same text had often been set by French composers in previous centuries as a stand-alone work. Sometimes composers divide an item of the liturgical text into two or more movements; because of the length of its text, the ''Dies iræ'' is the most frequently divided section of the text (as with Mozart, for instance). The ''Introit'' and ''Kyrie'', being immediately adjacent in the actual Roman Catholic liturgy, are often composed as one movement. Musico-thematic relationships among movements within a Requiem can be found as well.

Requiem in concert

Beginning in the 18th century and continuing through the 19th, many composers wrote what are effectively concert works, which by virtue of employing forces too large, or lasting such a considerable duration, prevent them being readily used in an ordinary funeral service; the requiems of Gossec, Berlioz,

, and Dvořák are essentially dramatic concert

oratorio An oratorio () is a large musical composition for orchestra, choir, and soloists. Like most operas, an oratorio includes the use of a choir, soloists, an instrumental ensemble, various distinguishable characters, and arias. However, opera is mus ...

s. A counter-reaction to this tendency came from the Cecilian movement, which recommended restrained accompaniment for liturgical music, and frowned upon the use of operatic vocal soloists.

Notable compositions

Many composers have composed a Requiem. Some of the most notable include the following (in chronological order): * Ockeghem:

, the earliest to survive, written in the mid-to-late 15th century *

Morales Morales is a Spanish surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Alfredo Morales (born 1990), American footballer * Alvaro Morales (disambiguation), several people * Amado Morales (born 1947), Puerto Rican javelin thrower * Bartolomé Mo ...

: Two notable requiems: ''

Officium defunctorum The Office of the Dead or Office for the Dead (in Latin, Officium Defunctorum) is a prayer cycle of the Canonical Hours in the Catholic Church, Anglican Church and Lutheran Church, said for the repose of the soul of a decedent. It is the proper r ...

'' (ca. 1526–28) and ''Missa pro defunctis'' (1544). * Guerrero: Requiem (Missa pro defunctis), 1582. * Victoria: Requiem of 1603 (part of a longer Office for the Dead) * Zelenka: Requiem in D Minor ZWV 48 After Augustus the Strong Circa 1730 *

, K. 626 (1791: Mozart died before its completion;

Franz Xaver Süssmayr Franz Xaver Süssmayr (German: ''Franz Xaver Süßmayr'', or ''Suessmayr'' in English; 1766 – September 17, 1803) was an Austrian composer and conductor. Popular in his day, he is now known primarily as the composer who completed Wolfgang Amad ...

's completion is often used) *

Salieri Antonio Salieri (18 August 17507 May 1825) was an Italian classical composer, conductor, and teacher. He was born in Legnago, south of Verona, in the Republic of Venice, and spent his adult life and career as a subject of the Habsburg monarchy ...

: ''Requiem'' (1804) (played at his funeral on May 7, 1825) * Cherubini: Requiem in C minor (1815) and Requiem in D minor (1836) * Berlioz: '' Grande Messe des morts'' (1837) *

: ''

Messa da Requiem The ''Messa da Requiem'' is a musical setting of the Catholic funeral mass ( Requiem) for four soloists, double choir and orchestra by Giuseppe Verdi. It was composed in memory of Alessandro Manzoni, whom Verdi admired. The first performance, at ...

'' (1874) * Saint-Saëns: '' Messe de Requiem'' (1878) * Dvořák:

, Op. 89 (1890) * Fauré:

, Op. 48 (1890) *

Delius Delius, photographed in 1907 Frederick Theodore Albert Delius ( 29 January 1862 – 10 June 1934), originally Fritz Delius, was an English composer. Born in Bradford in the north of England to a prosperous mercantile family, he resisted atte ...

(1916) * Duruflé:

, Op. 9, based almost exclusively on the chants from the Graduale Romanum (1947) * Britten: ''

War Requiem The ''War Requiem'', Op. 66, is a large-scale setting of the Requiem composed by Benjamin Britten mostly in 1961 and completed in January 1962. The ''War Requiem'' was performed for the consecration of the new Coventry Cathedral, which was b ...

'', Op. 66, which incorporated poems by Wilfred Owen (1962) *

Stravinsky Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (6 April 1971) was a Russian composer, pianist and conductor, later of French (from 1934) and American (from 1945) citizenship. He is widely considered one of the most important and influential 20th-century clas ...

: '' Requiem Canticles'' (1966) *

Penderecki Krzysztof Eugeniusz Penderecki (; 23 November 1933 – 29 March 2020) was a Polish composer and conductor. His best known works include ''Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima'', Symphony No. 3, his '' St Luke Passion'', ''Polish Requiem'', ''A ...

: ''

Polish Requiem ''Polish Requiem'' (original Polish title: '' Requiem''; german: Requiem), also ''A Polish Requiem'', is a large-scale requiem mass for soloists, mixed choir and orchestra by the Polish composer Krzysztof Penderecki. The Lacrimosa, dedicated to ...

'' (1984, revised 1993 and 2005) *

Lloyd Webber The name Lloyd Webber, composite of a surname of two barrels, may refer to: *William Lloyd Webber (1914–1982), English organist and composer *Andrew Lloyd Webber, Baron Lloyd-Webber (born 1948), son of William, English composer of musical theatre ...

(1985) * Rutter:

, includes Psalm 130, Psalm 23 and words from the

Book of Common Prayer The ''Book of Common Prayer'' (BCP) is the name given to a number of related prayer books used in the Anglican Communion and by other Christian churches historically related to Anglicanism. The original book, published in 1549 in the reign ...

(1985)

Other composers

Renaissance

Giovanni Francesco Anerio Giovanni Francesco Anerio (7 July 1569 - 11 June 1630) was an Italian composer of the Roman School, of the very late Renaissance and early Baroque eras. He was the younger brother of Felice Anerio. Giovanni's principal importance in music histor ...

Gianmatteo Asola Giammateo Asola (also spelled Gian Matteo, Giovanni Matteo; Asula, Asulae; 1532 or earlier – 1 October 1609) was an Italian composer of the late Renaissance. He was a prolific composer of sacred music, mostly in a conservative style, althoug ...

Giulio Belli Giulio Belli (c. 1560 – 1621 or later) was an Italian composer of the late Renaissance music, Renaissance and early Baroque music, Baroque eras. He was a prolific composer during the transitional time between the two musical eras, and worked in m ...

* Antoine Brumel * Manuel Cardoso * Giovanni Cavaccio *

Joan Cererols Joan Cererols (9 September 1618 – 27 August 1680) was a Spanish composer and Benedictine monk. His musical production includes a Requiem (or ''Missa pro defunctis'') composed in the mid-seventeenth century during the great plague which ravaged ...

Pierre Certon Pierre Certon (ca. 1510–1520 – 23 February 1572) was a French composer of the Renaissance. He was a representative of the generation after Josquin and Mouton, and was influential in the late development of the French chanson. Life Most likel ...

* Clemens non Papa * Guillaume Dufay (lost) *

Francisco Guerrero Francisco Guerrero is the name of: *Francisco Guerrero (composer) (1528–1599), Spanish composer of the Renaissance * Francisco Guerrero (politician) (1811–1851), Alcalde of San Francisco *Francisco Guerrero Marín (1951–1997), Spanish composer ...

Jacobus de Kerle Jacobus de Kerle (Ypres 1531/1532 - Prague 7 January 1591) was a Flemish composer and organist of the late Renaissance. Life De Kerle was trained at the monastery of St. Martin in Ypres, and held positions as a singer in Cambrai and choirmaster in ...

* Orlande de Lassus *

Duarte Lobo Duarte Lobo (ca. 1565 – 24 September 1646; Latinized as ''Eduardus Lupus'') was a Portuguese composer of the late Renaissance and early Baroque. He was one of the most famous Portuguese composers of the time, together with Filipe de Magalh ...

Jean Maillard Jean Maillard (c. 1515 – after 1570) was a French composer of the Renaissance. While little is known with certainty about his life, he may have been associated with the French royal court, since he wrote at least one motet for them. Most li ...

* Jacques Mauduit *

Manuel Mendes Manuel Mendes (or Manoel Mendes; c. 1547 – 24 September 1605) was a Portuguese composer and teacher of the Renaissance. While his music remains obscure, he was important as the teacher of several of the composers of the golden age of Portugu ...

* Cristóbal de Morales * Johannes Ockeghem (the earliest to survive) * Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina *

Pietro Pontio Pietro Pontio (or Ponzio; March 25, 1532 – December 27, 1596) was an Italian theorist and composer. Pontio was born and died in Parma. He is best known for his 1588 treatise ''Ragionamento di Musica'', which is thought to have influenced Claud ...

(2 for four voices—both incomplete—and one for five low voices) *

Costanzo Porta Costanzo Porta (1528 or 1529 – 19 May 1601) was an Italian composer of the Renaissance, and a representative of what is known today as the Venetian School. He was highly praised throughout his life both as a composer and a teacher, and had ...

* Johannes Prioris * Jean Richafort *

Pedro Rimonte Pedro Ruimonte (or ''Rimonte'', ''Ruymonte'') (1565 – November 30, 1627) was a Spanish composer and musician who spent much of his career in the Low Countries. Early years He was born in Zaragoza, the son of Pedro Ruimonte and Gracia de Bolea y ...

* Pierre de la Rue * Claudin de Sermisy *

Jacobus Vaet Jacobus Vaet ( – 8 January 1567) was a Flemish composer of the Renaissance. He was a representative of the generation between Josquin and Palestrina, writing smooth polyphony with pervasive imitation, and he was a friend both of Clemens non Pap ...

Tomás Luis de Victoria Tomás Luis de Victoria (sometimes Italianised as ''da Vittoria''; ) was the most famous Spanish composer of the Renaissance. He stands with Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina and Orlande de Lassus as among the principal composers of the late Ren ...

Baroque

Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber (baptism, bapt. 12 August 1644, Stráž pod Ralskem – 3 May 1704, Salzburg) was a Bohemian-Austrian composer and violinist. Biber worked in Graz and Kroměříž before he illegally left his employer, Prince-Bishop ...

André Campra André Campra (; baptized 4 December 1660 – 29 June 1744) was a French composer and conductor of the Baroque era. The leading French opera composer in the period between Jean-Baptiste Lully and Jean-Philippe Rameau, Campra wrote several '' tra ...

* Marc-Antoine Charpentier * Johann Joseph Fux * Jean Gilles *

Antonio Lotti Antonio Lotti (5 January 1667 – 5 January 1740) was an Italian composer of the Baroque era. Biography Lotti was born in Venice, although his father Matteo was ''Kapellmeister'' at Hanover at the time. Oral tradition says that in 1682, Lotti be ...

(Requiem in F Major) *

Benedetto Marcello Benedetto Giacomo Marcello (; 31 July or 1 August 1686 – 24 July 1739) was an Italian composer, writer, advocate, magistrate, and teacher. Life Born in Venice, Benedetto Marcello was a member of a noble family and in his compositions he is f ...

(Requiem in the Venetian Manner) *

Claudio Monteverdi Claudio Giovanni Antonio Monteverdi (baptized 15 May 1567 – 29 November 1643) was an Italian composer, choirmaster and string player. A composer of both secular and sacred music, and a pioneer in the development of opera, he is considered ...

(lost) * Michael Praetorius * Heinrich Schütz * Andrzej Siewiński * Jan Dismas Zelenka

Classical period

Johann Georg Albrechtsberger Johann Georg Albrechtsberger (3 February 1736 – 7 March 1809) was an Austrian composer, organist, and music theorist, and one of the teachers of Ludwig van Beethoven. He was a friend of Haydn and Mozart. Biography Albrechtsberger was born at Kl ...

Franz Joseph Aumann Franz Joseph Aumann (also ''Auman'', ''Aumon''; 24 February 1728, Traismauer – 30 March 1797, Sankt Florian) was an Austrian composer. Before his voice broke, he sang in the same Viennese choir as Michael Haydn and Johann Georg Albrechtsberger, ...

Luigi Cherubini Luigi Cherubini ( ; ; 8 or 14 SeptemberWillis, in Sadie (Ed.), p. 833 1760 – 15 March 1842) was an Italian Classical and Romantic composer. His most significant compositions are operas and sacred music. Beethoven regarded Cherubini as the gre ...

* Domenico Cimarosa (1787) * Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf * Joseph Leopold Eybler *

Florian Leopold Gassmann Florian Leopold Gassmann (3 May 1729 – 21 January 1774) was a German-speaking Bohemian opera composer of the transitional period between the baroque and classical eras. He was one of the principal composers of '' dramma giocoso'' immed ...

* François-Joseph Gossec * Johann Adolf Hasse *

Michael Haydn Johann Michael Haydn (; 14 September 173710 August 1806) was an Austrian composer of the Classical period, the younger brother of Joseph Haydn. Life Michael Haydn was born in 1737 in the Austrian village of Rohrau, near the Hungarian border. ...

Amandus Ivanschiz Amandus (Matthias Leopold) Ivanschiz (bapt. 24 December 1727 – 1758) was an Austrian composer of the early classical period and a member of the Pauline order. Other spellings of his surname adopted in Slavic musicological literature ("Ivančić" ...

Georg von Pasterwitz __NOTOC__ Georg Robert von Pasterwitz (7 June 1730 – 26 January 1803) was an Austrian composer and teacher. He was born in Bierhütten, near Passau. First educated at Niederaltaich, he entered the Benedictine monastery in Kremsmünster in 17 ...

Joseph Martin Kraus Joseph Martin Kraus (20 June 1756 – 15 December 1792), was a German-Swedish composer in the Classical era who was born in Miltenberg am Main, Germany. He moved to Sweden at age 21, and died at the age of 36 in Stockholm. He has been referred ...

Andrea Lucchesi Andrea Luca Luchesi (also spelled Lucchesi; 23 May 1741 – 21 March 1801) was an Italian composer. He knew Mozart and Beethoven. Biography Andrea Luchesi was born at Motta di Livenza, near Treviso the eleventh child of Pietro Luchese and Cater ...

* Giovanni Battista Martini *

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (27 January 17565 December 1791), baptised as Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart, was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period. Despite his short life, his rapid pace of composition r ...

(1791) *

José Maurício Nunes Garcia José Maurício Nunes Garcia (September 20, 1767 – April 18, 1830) was a Brazilian classical composer, one of the greatest exponents of Classicism in the Americas. Born in Rio de Janeiro, son of mulattos, Nunes Garcia lost his father at an e ...

Ignaz Pleyel Ignace Joseph Pleyel (; ; 18 June 1757 – 14 November 1831) was an Austrian-born French composer, music publisher and piano builder of the Classical period. Life Early years He was born in in Lower Austria, the son of a schoolmaster named Ma ...

* Antonio Salieri *

Václav Tomášek Václav Jan Křtitel Tomášek (in German: Wenzel Johann Tomaschek; 17 April 1774, Skuteč, Bohemia – 3 April 1850, Prague) was an Austrian-Bohemian, by other accounts a Czech composer and music teacher. He was known as the Musical Pope of P ...

Osip Kozlovsky Osip (Russian ''О́сип'') is a Russian male given name, a variant of the name Joseph. Notable people with the name include: * Osip Abdulov (1900–1953), Soviet actor * Osip Aptekman, Russian revolutionary * Ossip Bernstein (1882-1962), Russia ...

Romantic era

Hector Berlioz In Greek mythology, Hector (; grc, Ἕκτωρ, Hektōr, label=none, ) is a character in Homer's Iliad. He was a Trojan prince and the greatest warrior for Troy during the Trojan War. Hector led the Trojans and their allies in the defense o ...

(1837) *

João Domingos Bomtempo João Domingos Bomtempo (; also Buontempo; Lisbon, 28 December 1775 – Lisbon, 18 August 1842) was a Portuguese classical pianist, composer and pedagogue. Biography Bomtempo was the son of an Italian musician in the Portuguese court orche ...

Johannes Brahms Johannes Brahms (; 7 May 1833 – 3 April 1897) was a German composer, pianist, and conductor of the mid- Romantic period. Born in Hamburg into a Lutheran family, he spent much of his professional life in Vienna. He is sometimes grouped wit ...

(1865–68) *

Anton Bruckner Josef Anton Bruckner (; 4 September 182411 October 1896) was an Austrian composer, organist, and music theorist best known for his symphonies, masses, Te Deum and motets. The first are considered emblematic of the final stage of Austro-Germ ...

, '' Requiem in D minor'' *

Ferruccio Busoni Ferruccio Busoni (1 April 1866 – 27 July 1924) was an Italian composer, pianist, conductor, editor, writer, and teacher. His international career and reputation led him to work closely with many of the leading musicians, artists and literary ...

* Carl Czerny *

Gaetano Donizetti Domenico Gaetano Maria Donizetti (29 November 1797 – 8 April 1848) was an Italian composer, best known for his almost 70 operas. Along with Gioachino Rossini and Vincenzo Bellini, he was a leading composer of the '' bel canto'' opera style dur ...

: '' Requiem in D minor'' (for Bellini) *

Antonín Dvořák Antonín Leopold Dvořák ( ; ; 8 September 1841 – 1 May 1904) was a Czechs, Czech composer. Dvořák frequently employed rhythms and other aspects of the folk music of Moravian traditional music, Moravia and his native Bohemia, following t ...

Gabriel Fauré Gabriel Urbain Fauré (; 12 May 1845 – 4 November 1924) was a French composer, organist, pianist and teacher. He was one of the foremost French composers of his generation, and his musical style influenced many 20th-century composers ...

* Charles Gounod *

Asger Hamerik Asger Hamerik (Hammerich) (April 8, 1843 – July 13, 1923) was a Danish composer of the late romantic period. Life and career Born in Frederiksberg (near Copenhagen), he studied music with J.P.E. Hartmann and Niels Gade, being related to the f ...

* Franz Lachner *

Franz Liszt Franz Liszt, in modern usage ''Liszt Ferenc'' . Liszt's Hungarian passport spelled his given name as "Ferencz". An orthographic reform of the Hungarian language in 1922 (which was 36 years after Liszt's death) changed the letter "cz" to simpl ...

Giacomo Puccini Giacomo Puccini (Lucca, 22 December 1858Bruxelles, 29 November 1924) was an Italian composer known primarily for his operas. Regarded as the greatest and most successful proponent of Italian opera after Verdi, he was descended from a long li ...

ntroit only*

Max Reger Johann Baptist Joseph Maximilian Reger (19 March 187311 May 1916) was a German composer, pianist, organist, conductor, and academic teacher. He worked as a concert pianist, as a musical director at the Paulinerkirche, Leipzig, Leipzig University ...

, '' Hebbel Requiem'', ''Lateinisches Requiem'' (fragment) *

Antonín Rejcha Anton (Antonín, Antoine) Joseph Reicha (Rejcha) (26 February 1770 – 28 May 1836) was a Czech-born, Bavarian-educated, later naturalized French composer and music theorist. A contemporary and lifelong friend of Beethoven, he is now best reme ...

Robert Schumann Robert Schumann (; 8 June 181029 July 1856) was a German composer, pianist, and influential music critic. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest composers of the Romantic era. Schumann left the study of law, intending to pursue a career a ...

Franz von Suppé Franz von Suppé (né Francesco Ezechiele Ermenegildo de Suppe) (18 April 181921 May 1895) was an Austrian composer of light operas and other theatre music. He came from the Kingdom of Dalmatia, Austro-Hungarian Empire (now part of Croatia). A c ...

(1855) * Charles Villiers Stanford *

Giuseppe Verdi Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi (; 9 or 10 October 1813 – 27 January 1901) was an Italian composer best known for his operas. He was born near Busseto to a provincial family of moderate means, receiving a musical education with the h ...

(1874) *

Richard Wetz Richard Wetz (26 February 1875 – 16 January 1935) was a German late Romantic composer best known for his three symphonies. In these works, he "seems to have aimed to be an immediate continuation of Bruckner, as a result of which he actually ...

* See also:

Messa per Rossini The Messa per Rossini is a Requiem Mass (music), Mass composed to commemorate the first anniversary of Gioachino Rossini's death. It was a Classical music written in collaboration, collaboration among 13 Italian composers, initiated by Giuseppe Ver ...

20th century

Julius Fučík (composer) Julius Ernest Wilhelm Fučík (; 18 July 1872 – 25 September 1916) was a Czech composer and conductor of military bands. He became a prolific composer, with over 400 marches, polkas, and waltzes to his name. As most of his works were for milit ...

(1915) *

Mark Alburger Mark Alburger (born April 2, 1957 in Upper Darby, Pennsylvania) is a San Francisco Bay area composer and conductor. He is the founder and music director of the San Francisco Composers Chamber Orchestra, as well as the music director of Goat Ha ...

* Malcolm Archer *

Vyacheslav Artyomov Vyacheslav Petrovich Artyomov (russian: Вячесла́в Петро́вич Артё́мов, link=no; born on June 29, 1940, in Moscow) is a Russian and Soviet Union, Soviet composer. Biography Artyomov was preparing to become a physicist, s ...

John Baboukis John is a common English name and surname: * John (given name) * John (surname) John may also refer to: New Testament Works * Gospel of John, a title often shortened to John * First Epistle of John, often shortened to 1 John * Second ...

’s Requiem Mass for G.K. Chesterton (1986) * Osvaldas Balakauskas *

Benjamin Britten Edward Benjamin Britten, Baron Britten (22 November 1913 – 4 December 1976, aged 63) was an English composer, conductor, and pianist. He was a central figure of 20th-century British music, with a range of works including opera, other ...

* Gavin Bryars * Sylvano Bussotti's "Rara Requiem" (1969) *

Michel Chion Michel Chion (born 1947) is a French film theorist and composer of experimental music. Life Born in Creil, France, Chion teaches at several institutions in France and currently holds the post of Associate Professor at the University of Paris III ...

Vladimir Dashkevich Vladimir Sergeevich Dashkevich (russian: Владимир Серге́евич Дашкевич) (born 20 January 1934) is a Russian composer, known mainly for his film music. Originally, he studied chemical technology at Moscow State University o ...

Stephen DeCesare Stephen or Steven is a common English first name. It is particularly significant to Christians, as it belonged to Saint Stephen ( grc-gre, Στέφανος ), an early disciple and deacon who, according to the Book of Acts, was stoned to death; h ...

's "Requiem" * James DeMars: An American Requiem * Edison Denisov * Alfred Desenclos (1963) * Felix Draeseke (1910) *

Ralph Dunstan Ralph Dunstan (born 17 Nov 1857; died 2 Apr 1933) was born at Carnon Downs in the parish of Feock, Cornwall and is buried at Perranzabuloe. He is honoured now as one of the greatest song collectors in the Cornish musical tradition. Dunstan is be ...

* Maurice Duruflé *

Lorenzo Ferrero Lorenzo Ferrero (; born 1951) is an Italian composer, librettist, author, and book editor. He started composing at an early age and has written over a hundred compositions thus far, including twelve operas, three ballets, and numerous orchestral ...

's '' Introito'', part of the ''Requiem per le vittime della mafia'' *

Gerald Finzi Gerald Raphael Finzi (14 July 1901 – 27 September 1956) was a British composer. Finzi is best known as a choral composer, but also wrote in other genres. Large-scale compositions by Finzi include the cantata '' Dies natalis'' for solo voice and ...

'
Requiem da camera
*

John Foulds John Herbert Foulds (; 2 November 188025 April 1939) was an English cellist and composer of classical music. He was largely self-taught as a composer, and belongs among the figures of the English Musical Renaissance. A successful composer of li ...

"A World Requiem" *

Howard Goodall Howard Lindsay Goodall (; born 26 May 1958) is an English composer of musicals, choral music and music for television. He also presents music-based programmes for television and radio, for which he has won many awards. In May 2008, he was na ...

's "Eternal Light: A Requiem" * William Harper "Requiem" * Hans Werner Henze * Frigyes Hidas *

Herbert Howells Herbert Norman Howells (17 October 1892 – 23 February 1983) was an English composer, organist, and teacher, most famous for his large output of Anglican church music. Life Background and early education Howells was born in Lydney, Gloucest ...

Sigurd Islandsmoen Sigurd Islandsmoen (August 27, 1881 – July 1, 1964) was a Norwegian composer. Sigurd Islandsmoen made significant contributions to the music of the Church of Norway. In all he wrote some 70 opus, among these five feature-length works for ...

Karl Jenkins Sir Karl William Pamp Jenkins (born 17 February 1944) is a Welsh multi-instrumentalist and composer. His best known works include the song " Adiemus" and the ''Adiemus'' album series; '' Palladio''; ''The Armed Man''; and his ''Requiem''. J ...

Dmitry Kabalevsky Dmitry Borisovich Kabalevsky (russian: Дми́трий Бори́сович Кабале́вский ; 14 February 1987) was a Soviet composer, conductor, pianist and pedagogue of Russian gentry descent. He helped set up the Union of Soviet Co ...

(1962) *

Volker David Kirchner Volker David Kirchner (25 June 1942 – 4 February 2020) was a German composer and violist. After studies of violin and composition at the Peter Cornelius Conservatory, the Hochschule für Musik Köln and the Hochschule für Musik Detmold, he w ...

Ståle Kleiberg Ståle Kleiberg (born 8 March 1958) is a contemporary classical composer and musicologist from Norway. Biography Kleiberg was born in Stavanger in 1958. He graduated from the University of Oslo with a degree in musicology and later from the Norw ...

* Joonas Kokkonen *

Cyrillus Kreek Cyrillus Kreek (born as Karl Ustav Kreek; in Võnnu, Lääne county – 26 March 1962 in Haapsalu) was an Estonian composer.Strimple, Nick (2002''Choral music in the twentieth century'' p. 164. Hal Leonard Corporation. . Kreek studied trombo ...

Huub de Lange
*

Morten Lauridsen Morten Johannes Lauridsen (born February 27, 1943) is an American composer. A National Medal of Arts recipient (2007), he was composer-in-residence of the Los Angeles Master Chorale from 1994 to 2001, and is the Distinguished Professor Emeritus of ...

"Lux Aeterna" * Philip Ledger *

Kamilló Lendvay Kamilló Lendvay (28 December 1928; Budapest, Hungary − 30 November 2016; Budapest, Hungary) was a prominent award-winning Hungarian composer, conductor, and music educator of the 20th and 21st centuries whose works have been performed througho ...

György Ligeti György Sándor Ligeti (; ; 28 May 1923 – 12 June 2006) was a Hungarian-Austrian composer of contemporary classical music. He has been described as "one of the most important avant-garde composers in the latter half of the twentieth century" ...

(1965) *

Nils Lindberg Nils Lindberg (11 June 1933 – 20 February 2022) was a Swedish composer and pianist. Biography Lindberg was born in Uppsala on 11 June 1933. He was known both as a jazz composer and musician, but was also active in other styles. Several of his wo ...

Andrew Lloyd Webber Andrew Lloyd Webber, Baron Lloyd-Webber (born 22 March 1948), is an English composer and impresario of musical theatre. Several of his musicals have run for more than a decade both in the West End and on Broadway. He has composed 21 musicals, ...

Fernando Lopes-Graça Fernando Lopes-Graça, Order of St. James of the Sword, GOSE, Order of Infante D. Henrique, GCIH (17 December 1906 – 27 November 1994) was a Portuguese people, Portuguese composer, conductor and musicologist. Lopes-Graça was born in Tomar, and w ...

Roman Maciejewski Roman Maciejewski (28 February 1910 in Berlin, Germany – 30 April 1998 in Gothenburg, Sweden) was a Polish composer. His mother, Bronisława Maciejewska, was a talented violinist and music teacher who taught him to play piano. He studied in Ste ...

Bruno Maderna Bruno Maderna (21 April 1920 – 13 November 1973) was an Italian conductor and composer. Life Maderna was born Bruno Grossato in Venice but later decided to take the name of his mother, Caterina Carolina Maderna.Interview with Maderna‘s thr ...

(1946) * Frank Martin

(1972) *

Jean-Christian Michel Jean-Christian Michel (born 1938) is a composer and clarinetist. His compositions are influenced by jazz and by baroque music, particularly that of Johann Sebastian Bach. Before starting his musical career, Jean-Christian Michel was a doctor, ...

* Otto Olsson (1903) *

Ildebrando Pizzetti Ildebrando Pizzetti (20 September 1880 – 13 February 1968) was an Italian composer of classical music, Musicology, musicologist, and Music criticism, music critic. Biography Pizzetti was born in Parma in 1880. He was part of the "Generation ...

(1968) *

Jocelyn Pook Jocelyn Pook (, rhyming with "book"; born 14 February 1960) is an English composer and viola player. She is known for her scores for many films, including ''Eyes Wide Shut'', ''The Merchant of Venice'' and '' The Wife''. Education Pook gradua ...

* Zbigniew Preisner " Requiem for My Friend (Preisner)" * Aaron Robinson: "An American Requiem" (1997) * John Rutter (1985) *

Joseph Ryelandt Joseph Ryelandt (7 April 1870 – 29 June 1965) was a Belgian classical composer. He is known for sacred vocal music, including several oratorios and masses. His oeuvre catalog, which lists 133 opus numbers, includes symphonies, masses, an opera, ...

* Shigeaki Saegusa * Alfred Schnittke *

Giovanni Sgambati Giovanni Sgambati (28 May 1841 – 14 December 1914) was an Italian pianist and composer. Biography Born in Rome, to an Italian father and an English mother, Sgambati, who lost his father early, received his early education at Trevi, in Umbria ...

(1901) *

Valentin Silvestrov Valentyn Vasylyovych Sylvestrov ( uk, Валенти́н Васи́льович Сильве́стров; born 30 September 1937) is a Ukrainian composer and pianist, who plays and writes contemporary classical music. Biography Valentyn Vasylyo ...

Fredrik Sixten Sven Fredrik Johannes Sixten (born 21 October 1962) is a Swedish people, Swedish composer, cathedral organist and conducting, conductor. Sixten was born in Skövde, Sweden. He earned his Bachelor of Arts (1986) at the Royal College of Music, Stock ...

* Robert Steadman *

Igor Stravinsky Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (6 April 1971) was a Russian composer, pianist and conductor, later of French (from 1934) and American (from 1945) citizenship. He is widely considered one of the most important and influential composers of the ...

* Toru Takemitsu * John Tavener * Mikis Theodorakis * Virgil Thomson * Erkki-Sven Tüür * Malcolm Williamson * Bernd Alois Zimmermann: ' (1969)

21st century

* John Starr Alexander "Requiem" (2001) * Kim André Arnesen "Requiem" (2013-2014) * Lera Auerbach "Russian Requiem" *

Leonardo Balada Leonardo Balada Ibáñez (born September 22, 1933) is a Catalan American classical composer, who is noted for his operas and orchestral works. Life Balada was born in Barcelona, Spain. After studying piano at the Conservatori Superior de Mús ...

"No-res (Nothing) - An Agnostic Requiem" * Troy Banarzi "Requiem for the Missing" (2009) *

Virgin Black Virgin Black is an Australian symphonic gothic and doom metal band. The band was signed to The End Records (for the United States) and Germany's Massacre Records (for Europe), through which it released four albums and one EP. A fifth album, o ...

"Requiem Trilogy" * Jamie Brown "A Cornish Requiem / Requiem Kernewek" * Gavin Bryars "Cadman Requiem" * Paul Carr "Requiem for an Angel" *

Bob Chilcott Robert "Bob" Chilcott (born 9 April 1955) is a British choral composer, conductor, and singer, based in Oxfordshire, England. He was a member of the King's Singers from 1985 to 1997, singing tenor. He has been a composer since 1997. Earl ...

* Richard Danielpour "An American Requiem" (2001) *

"Missa De Profunctis" *

Bradley Ellingboe Bradley Ellingboe (born April 16, 1958) is an American composer, conductor, and bass-baritone singer. Biography Born in Lakeville, Minnesota, Ellingboe is a 1980 graduate of Saint Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota, where he received a degre ...

Mohammed Fairouz Mohammed Fairouz (born November 1, 1985) is an American composer. He is one of the most frequently performed composers of his generation and has been described by Daniel J. Wakin of ''The New York Times'' as an "important new artistic voice". Fa ...

"Requiem Mass" *

Dan Forrest Daniel Ernest Forrest Jr. (born January 7, 1978) is an American composer, pianist, educator, and music editor. Biography Dan Forrest was born in Breesport, New York, and began piano lessons with his elementary school music teacher at age 8. In ...

Requiem for the Living ''Requiem for the Living'' is a choral composition in five movements by Dan Forrest, completed in 2013, an extended setting of the Requiem, scored for boy soprano, soprano, choir and orchestra. The Latin text that Forrest set combines sections f ...

(2013) * Eliza Gilkyson, arr. by Craig Hella Johnson "Requiem" *

"Eternal Light: A Requiem" (2008) * Steve Gray "Requiem For Choir and Big Band"
Roman Grygoriv and Illia Razumeiko

IYOV IYOV is an opera- requiem for prepared piano, cello, drums and voices by composers Roman Grygoriv and Illia Razumeiko, directed by Vlad Troitskyi. Performance history ''IYOV'' was created in 2015 commissioned by the festival of contemporary ...

, opera-requiem for prepared piano, cello, drums and voices (2015) * John Harbison:

(2002) *

Patrick Hawes Patrick Hawes (born 1958) is a British composer, conductor, organist and pianist. Biography Born in Grimsby, Lincolnshire, the son of publican parents, Hawes grew up in pubs along the Lincolnshire coast and was educated at De Aston School. ...

"Lazarus Requiem" *

Tyzen Hsiao Tyzen Hsiao (; 1 January 1938 – 24 February 2015) was a Taiwanese composer of the neo-Romantic school. Many of his vocal works set poems written in Taiwanese Hokkien, the mother tongue of the majority of the island's residents at the time. Hi ...

" Ilha Formosa: Requiem for Formosa's Martyrs" *

" (2004) *

Rami Khalifé Rami Khalifé (born September 25, 1981) is a French- Lebanese composer and pianist. Early life and education Khalifé was born in Beirut, Lebanon, into a family of musicians. His father is musician Marcel Khalifé and his mother is vocalist Yoll ...

"Requiem for Beirut" (2013) *

Iver Kleive Iver Kleive (born 25 May 1949 in Skien, Norway) is a Norwegian composer and organist. He is known for his composing style which is a fusion of traditional church music with other musical idioms such as blues, jazz, and Norwegian folk music. He h ...

Fan-Long Ko Ko Fan-long (; born 1947) is a Taiwanese composer. He is a professor of composition at the National Taiwan Normal University (NTNU) in Taipei. (Ko's family name is pronounced "Kuh", as in the English word ''cup''.) Life and career Ko, a native ...

"2-28 Requiem" (2008) *

Thierry Lancino Thierry Lancino (born 27 March 1954) is a French composer. Thierry Lancino was born in Civray, Vienne. He was appointed Pensionnaire of the Académie de France à Rome (1988–90) at the Villa Médicis. During that time he wrote his often-perfo ...

" (2006) * Christopher Rouse * Carl Rütti "Requiem" (2007) * Kentaro Sato *

Mattias Sköld Mattias is a masculine given name found most prominently in Northern Europe. It is a cognate of Matthew and Matthias, and may refer to: Sports * Mattias Adelstam (born 1982), Swedish footballer * Mattias Asper (born 1974), Swedish goalkeeper ...

"Requiem" (2007) *

Somtow Sucharitkul S. P. Somtow (a rearrangement of his real name Somtow Papinian Sucharitkul; th, สมเถา สุจริตกุล; ; born 30 December 1952) is a Thai-American musical composer. He is also a science fiction, fantasy, and horror autho ...

* John Tavener "

A Celtic Requiem ''A Celtic Requiem (Requiem for Jenny Jones)'' is a requiem by the English composer John Tavener, written in 1969. It is written for soprano, children's choir and orchestra. Despite its title, the work is not actually a requiem for anyone in part ...

" (1969) / "Requiem" (2008) * Chris Williams "Tsunami Requiem" *

Mack Wilberg Mack J. Wilberg (born February 20, 1955) is an American composer, Arrangement, arranger, Conducting, conductor, and choral clinician who has been the music director of the Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square (Choir) since 2008. Early life and educ ...

* David Crowder Band "

Give Us Rest ''Give Us Rest; or, A Requiem Mass in C (the Happiest of All Keys)'' is the sixth and final studio album and their eleventh overall album release from the David Crowder Band. This album was released on January 10, 2012 through sixstepsrecords. The ...

" *

António Pinho Vargas António Pinho Vargas (born Vila Nova de Gaia, August 15, 1951) is a Portuguese composer and pianist specializing in jazz and contemporary music. He has also written books, essays, and articles on music. Career Having obtained a degree in history ...

Ehsan Saboohi Ihsan (also transliterated as Ehsan; Arabic, Persian and ur, إحسان or , ku, ئیحسان) is an Arabic masculine given name. Given name ; Ihsan * İhsan Oktay Anar (born 1960), Turkish writer * İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil (1908–1993), Turki ...

"Phonemes Requiem" (2014-2015) * Gabriela Lena Frank "Conquest Requiem" (2017) *

Ashley Bryan Ashley Frederick Bryan (July 13, 1923February 4, 2022) was an American writer and illustrator of children's books. Most of his subjects are from the African-American experience. He was U.S. nominee for the Hans Christian Andersen Award in 2006 ...

: "A Tender Bridge" * Anlun Huang"Requiem" (2004) * Xia Guan"Earth Requiem" (2009) * Marc L. Vogler "Requiem Covid-19" (2020)

Requiem by language (other than Latin)

English with Latin *

: ''

'' * Richard Danielpour: An American Requiem *

: "Eternal Light" *

"Lazarus Requiem" *

Paul Hindemith Paul Hindemith (; 16 November 189528 December 1963) was a German composer, music theorist, teacher, violist and conductor. He founded the Amar Quartet in 1921, touring extensively in Europe. As a composer, he became a major advocate of the ''Ne ...

: '' When lilacs last in the dooryard bloom'd: A Requiem for those we love'' *

* John Rutter: ''

'' *

* Sir Henry Walford Davies "A Short Requiem" (1915) 'In Sacred Memory of all those who have fallen in the war' *

* Aaron Robinson: "A Tender Bridge - An African American Requiem" (2018) Cornish * Jamie Brown: ''A Cornish Requiem / Requiem Kernewek'' Estonian *

: ''Estonian Requiem'' German *

: '' Ein deutsches Requiem'' * Michael Praetorius *

, '' Hebbel Requiem'' *

Franz Schubert Franz Peter Schubert (; 31 January 179719 November 1828) was an Austrian composer of the late Classical and early Romantic eras. Despite his short lifetime, Schubert left behind a vast ''oeuvre'', including more than 600 secular vocal wor ...

* Heinrich Schütz French, Greek, with Latin *

French, English, German with Latin * Edison Denisov *

Jacques Hiver Ancient and noble French family names, Jacques, Jacq, or James are believed to originate from the Middle Ages in the historic northwest Brittany region in France, and have since spread around the world over the centuries. To date, there are over ...

Latin and Japanese *

: ''

'' * Hina Sakamoto: ''REQUIEM For the spirits of the victims of the Pacific War Latin and German and others * Bernd Alois Zimmermann:

Requiem für einen jungen Dichter ' (''Requiem for a Young Poet'') is an extended composition by Bernd Alois Zimmermann, written from 1967 to 1969 for two speakers, soprano and baritone soloists, three choirs, jazz band, organ, tapes and a large orchestra. Subtitled ''Lingual'' (sp ...

Latin and Polish * Krzysztof Penderecki: ''

'' * Zbigniew Preisner: '' Requiem for my friend'' Latin and 7th Century Northumbrian * Gavin Bryars ''Cadman Requiem'' Russian * Lera Auerbach – ''Russian Requiem'', on Russian Orthodox sacred text and poetry *

– ''Requiem'' (Text by Anna Akhmatova) *

Elena Firsova Elena Olegovna Firsova (russian: link=no, Еле́на Оле́говна Фи́рсова; also ''Yelena'' or ''Jelena Firssowa''; born 21 March 1950) is a Russian composer. Life Firsova was born in Leningrad into the family of physicists Ol ...

– ''Requiem'', Op.100 (Text by Anna Akhmatova) * Dmitri Kabalevsky – ''War Requiem'' (Text by

Robert Rozhdestvensky Robert Ivanovich Rozhdestvensky (russian: Ро́берт Ива́нович Рожде́ственский; 20 June 1932 – 19 August 1994) was a Soviet-Russian poet and Songwriter who broke with socialist realism in the 1950s–1960s during ...

) * Sergei Taneyev – Cantata ''John of Damascus'', Op.1 (Text by Alexey Tolstoy) Chinese *

– '' Ilha Formosa: Requiem for Formosa's Martyrs'', 2001 (Text by Min-yung Lee, 1994) *

– ''2-28 Requiem'', 2008. (Text by Li Kuei-Hsien) * Anlun Huang – ''Requiem'', 2004. (Text by Youzhi Tang) * Xia Guan – ''Earth Requiem'', 2009. (Text by Lin Liu, Xiaoming Song) Persian *

– '' Phonemes Requiem'' (For four Soloists, mixed Chorus, Didgeridoo, prepared Tombak, Electronics, Computer) Nonlinguistic *

Luciano Berio Luciano Berio (24 October 1925 – 27 May 2003) was an Italian composer noted for his experimental work (in particular his 1968 composition ''Sinfonia'' and his series of virtuosic solo pieces titled ''Sequenza''), and for his pioneering work ...

's ''Requies: in memoriam'' *

's ''

Sinfonia da Requiem ''Sinfonia da Requiem'', Op. 20, for orchestra is a symphony written by Benjamin Britten in 1940 at the age of 26. It was one of several works commissioned from different composers by the Japanese government to mark Emperor Jimmu's 2600th annive ...

'' and

Arthur Honegger Arthur Honegger (; 10 March 1892 – 27 November 1955) was a Swiss composer who was born in France and lived a large part of his life in Paris. A member of Les Six, his best known work is probably ''Antigone'', composed between 1924 and 1927 to ...

's ''

Symphonie Liturgique The Symphonie satellites (2 satellites orbited) were the first communications satellites built by France and Germany (and the first to use three-axis stabilization in geostationary orbit with a bipropellant propulsion system) to provide geost ...

'' use titles from the traditional Requiem as subtitles of movements. *

Carlo Forlivesi Carlo Forlivesi (born 23 October 1971) is an Italian composer, performer and researcher. Forlivesi was born in Faenza, Emilia-Romagna. He studied at Bologna Conservatory, Milan Conservatory and the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia of Rome. H ...

– Requiem, for 8-channel tapeALM Records ALCD-76

Silenziosa Luna is an album by the Italian composer Carlo Forlivesi. It was released in 2008 by ALM Records. "Silenziosa luna" is a quotation from Giacomo Leopardi's poem '' Canto notturno di un pastore errante dell'Asia''. Description The album includes work ...

* Hans Werner Henze – Requiem (instrumental) * Wojciech Kilar ''Requiem Father Kolbe'' *

Lansing McLoskey Lansing McLoskey (born 1964) is an American composer of contemporary classical music. His ''Zealot Canticles: An Oratorio for Tolerance'' was a winner of the 61st Annual Grammy Award for Best Choral Performance by the ensemble The Crossing. M ...

– ''Requiem, v.2.001'' (versions for chamber sextet and orchestra) *

John Zorn John Zorn (born September 2, 1953) is an American composer, conductor, saxophonist, arranger and producer who "deliberately resists category". Zorn's avant-garde and experimental approaches to composition and improvisation are inclusive of jaz ...

– ''Missa Sine Voces'' (instrumental)

Modern treatments

In the 20th century the requiem evolved in several new directions. One offshoot consists of compositions dedicated to the memory of people killed in wartime. These often include extra-liturgical poems of a pacifist or non-liturgical nature; for example, the ''

'' of

juxtaposes the Latin text with the poetry of Wilfred Owen, Krzysztof Penderecki's ''

'' includes a traditional Polish hymn within the sequence, and Robert Steadman's ''Mass in Black'' intersperses

environmental A biophysical environment is a biotic and abiotic surrounding of an organism or population, and consequently includes the factors that have an influence in their survival, development, and evolution. A biophysical environment can vary in scale f ...

poetry Poetry (derived from the Greek ''poiesis'', "making"), also called verse, is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language − such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre − to evoke meanings i ...

and prophecies of Nostradamus.

Holocaust The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; a ...

Requiem may be regarded as a specific subset of this type. The ''

World Requiem ''A World Requiem'', Opus number, Op. 60 is a large-scale symphonic work with soloists and choirs by the United Kingdom, British composer John Foulds. Written as a requiem and using forces similar in scale to Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 8 (Mahler ...

'' of

was written in the aftermath of the

First World War World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

and initiated the Royal British Legion's annual festival of remembrance. Recent requiem works by

Taiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the nort ...

ese composers

and

follow in this tradition, honouring victims of the February 28 Incident and subsequent

White Terror White Terror is the name of several episodes of mass violence in history, carried out against anarchists, communists, socialists, liberals, revolutionaries, or other opponents by conservative or nationalist groups. It is sometimes contrasted wit ...

. Lastly, the 20th century saw the development of the secular Requiem, written for public performance without specific religious observance, such as Frederick Delius's ''

'', completed in 1916 and dedicated to "the memory of all young Artists fallen in the war",Corleonis, Adrian
Requiem, for soprano, baritone, double chorus & orchestra, RT ii/8
''All Music Guide'', Retrieved 2011-02-20 and

's ''

'' (Op. 72 – 1962), a setting of a poem written by

especially for the composition.Flaxman, Fred.
Controversial Comrade Kabalevsky
''Compact Discoveries with Fred Flaxman'', 2007, Retrieved 2011-02-20;

's unaccompanied ''Requiem'' uses Psalm 23 ("The Lord is my shepherd"), Psalm 121 ("I will lift up mine eyes"), "Salvator mundi" ("O Saviour of the world," in English), "Requiem aeternam" (two different settings), and "I heard a voice from heaven." Some composers have written purely instrumental works bearing the title of ''requiem'', as famously exemplified by Britten's ''

''. Hans Werner Henze's ''

Das Floß der Medusa ' (''The Raft of the Medusa'') is a secular oratorio by the German composer Hans Werner Henze. It is regarded as a seminal work in the composer's alignment with left-wing politics. Background Henze wrote it as a Requiem for Che Guevara, and set i ...

'', written in 1968 as a requiem for

Che Guevara Ernesto Che Guevara (; 14 June 1928The date of birth recorded on /upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Ernesto_Guevara_Acta_de_Nacimiento.jpg his birth certificatewas 14 June 1928, although one tertiary source, (Julia Constenla, quoted ...

, is properly speaking an

; Henze's

is instrumental but retains the traditional Latin titles for the movements.

's '' Requiem Canticles'' mixes instrumental movements with segments of the "Introit," "Dies irae," "Pie Jesu," and "Libera me."

References

External links

Mozart's "Requiem".
Spanish Radio and Television Symphony Orchestra and Chorus. Carlos Kalmar, conductor. Live concert with the completion of its well-known unfinished musical score of the musicologist Robert Levin.
Fauré's "Requiem".
Spanish Radio and Television Symphony Orchestra and Chorus. Petri Sakari, conductor. Live concert.
Dvořák's "Requiem".
Spanish Radio and Television Symphony Orchestra and Chorus. Carlos Kalmar, conductor. Live concert
Los conciertos de La 2 - Concierto RTVE A-5 - RTVE.es
* http://www.rtve.es/alacarta/videos/los-conciertos-de-la-2/conciertos-2-concierto-rtve-5/2258548/ Dvořák's "Requiem".] Spanish Radio and Television Symphony Orchestra and Chorus. Carlos Kalmar, conductor. Live concert
Los conciertos de La 2 - Concierto RTVE A-5 - RTVE.es

Lansing McLoskey's "Requiem, v.2.001".
Stony Brook Contemporary Chamber Players. Eduardo Leandro, conductor. (Albany Records, 2013).
Lansing McLoskey's "Requiem, v.2.001".
What Is Noise ensemble. (Centaur Records, 2018). {{Authority control Requiem Masses,