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The 58th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the
United States Senate The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress, with the House of Representatives being the lower chamber. Together they compose the national bicameral legislature of the United States. The composition and po ...
and the
United States House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives, often referred to as the House of Representatives, the U.S. House, or simply the House, is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, with the Senate being the upper chamber. Together they ...
. It met in Washington, DC, from March 4, 1903, to March 4, 1905, during the third and fourth years of
Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Jr. ( ; October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919), often referred to as Teddy or by his initials, T. R., was an American politician, statesman, soldier, conservationist, naturalist, historian, and writer who served as the 26t ...
's
presidency A presidency is an administration or the executive, the collective administrative and governmental entity that exists around an office of president of a state or nation. Although often the executive branch of government, and often personified by ...
. The apportionment of seats in the
House of Representatives House of Representatives is the name of legislative bodies in many countries and sub-national entitles. In many countries, the House of Representatives is the lower house of a bicameral legislature, with the corresponding upper house often c ...
was based on the Twelfth Census of the United States in 1900. Both chambers had a
Republican Republican can refer to: Political ideology * An advocate of a republic, a type of government that is not a monarchy or dictatorship, and is usually associated with the rule of law. ** Republicanism, the ideology in support of republics or agains ...
majority.


Major events


Major legislation

* April 28, 1904:
Kinkaid Act The Kinkaid Act of 1904 (ch. 1801, , Apr. 28, 1904, ) is a U.S. statute that amended the 1862 Homestead Act so that one section (1 mi2, 2.6 km2, 640 acres) of public domain land could be acquired free of charge, apart from a modest filin ...
* February 1, 1905:
Transfer Act of 1905 The Transfer Act of 1905 (33 Stat. 628) transferred the forest reserves of the United States from the Department of the Interior, General Land Office to the Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Forestry. General information On February 1st 1905, ...


Party summary


Senate


House of Representatives


Leadership


Senate

*
President President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) * President (education), a leader of a college or university * President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ...
: Vacant *
President pro tempore A president pro tempore or speaker pro tempore is a constitutionally recognized officer of a legislative body who presides over the chamber in the absence of the normal presiding officer. The phrase '' pro tempore'' is Latin "for the time being". ...
:
William P. Frye William Pierce Frye (September 2, 1830 – August 8, 1911) was an American politician from Maine. A member of the Republican Party, Frye spent most of his political career as a legislator, serving in the Maine House of Representatives and the ...
(R) * Republican Conference Chairman: William B. Allison * Democratic Caucus Chairman:
Arthur P. Gorman Arthur Pue Gorman (March 11, 1839June 4, 1906) was an American politician. He was leader of the Gorman-Rasin organization with Isaac Freeman Rasin that controlled the Maryland Democratic Party from the late 1870s until his death in 1906. Gorman ...
* Democratic Caucus Secretary:
Edward W. Carmack Edward Ward Carmack (November 5, 1858November 9, 1908) was an attorney, newspaperman, and political figure who served as a U.S. Senator from Tennessee from 1901 to 1907. Following his political service, and after an unsuccessful run for Governo ...


House of Representatives

*
Speaker Speaker may refer to: Society and politics * Speaker (politics), the presiding officer in a legislative assembly * Public speaker, one who gives a speech or lecture * A person producing speech: the producer of a given utterance, especially: ** In ...
:
Joseph G. Cannon Joseph Gurney Cannon (May 7, 1836 – November 12, 1926) was an American politician from Illinois and leader of the Republican Party. Cannon served as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1903 to 1911, and many consi ...
(R)


Majority (Republican) leadership

*
Majority Leader In U.S. politics (as well as in some other countries utilizing the presidential system), the majority floor leader is a partisan position in a legislative body.
:
Sereno E. Payne Sereno Elisha Payne (June 26, 1843 – December 10, 1914) was a United States representative from New York and the first House Majority Leader, holding the office from 1899 to 1911. He was a Republican congressman from 1883 to 1887 and the ...
*
Majority Whip A whip is an official of a political party whose task is to ensure party discipline in a legislature. This means ensuring that members of the party vote according to the party platform, rather than according to their own individual ideolog ...
: James A. Tawney * Republican Conference Chair:
William Peters Hepburn William Peters Hepburn (November 4, 1833 – February 7, 1916) was an American Civil War officer and an eleven-term Republican congressman from Iowa's now-obsolete 8th congressional district, serving from 1881 to 1887, and from 1893 to 1909. ...


Minority (Democratic) leadership

* Minority Leader:
John Sharp Williams John Sharp Williams (July 30, 1854September 27, 1932) was a prominent American politician in the Democratic Party from the 1890s through the 1920s, and served as the Minority Leader of the United States House of Representatives from 1903 to 1908 ...
*
Minority Whip The positions of majority leader and minority leader are held by two United States senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate. They serve as the chief spokespersons for their respective political parties holding t ...
: James T. Lloyd * Democratic Caucus Chairman:
James Hay James Hay may refer to: *James Hay (bishop) (died 1538), Scottish abbot and bishop * James Hay, 1st Earl of Carlisle (c.1580–1636), British noble * James Hay, 2nd Earl of Carlisle (1612–1660), British noble * James Hay, 15th Earl of Erroll (172 ...
* Democratic Campaign Committee Chairman: James M. Griggs


Members

This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and representatives are listed by district. :'' Skip to House of Representatives, below''


Senate

At this time, senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election, In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term ended with this Congress, facing re-election in 1904; Class 2 meant their term began in the last Congress, facing re-election in 1906; and Class 3 meant their term began in this Congress, facing re-election in 1908.


Alabama (We dare defend our rights) , anthem = " Alabama" , image_map = Alabama in United States.svg , seat = Montgomery , LargestCity = Huntsville , LargestCounty = Baldwin County , LargestMetro = Greater Birmingham , area_total_km2 = 135,7 ...

: 2. John T. Morgan (D) : 3. Edmund W. Pettus (D)


Arkansas Arkansas ( ) is a landlocked state in the South Central United States. It is bordered by Missouri to the north, Tennessee and Mississippi to the east, Louisiana to the south, and Texas and Oklahoma to the west. Its name is from the O ...

: 2.
James H. Berry James Henderson Berry (May 15, 1841 – January 30, 1913) was a United States Senator and served as the 14th governor of Arkansas. Early life James Henderson Berry was born in Jackson County, Alabama, to Isabella Jane (née Orr) and James McFe ...
(D) : 3.
James P. Clarke James Paul Clarke (August 18, 1854 – October 1, 1916) was a United States Senator and the 18th Governor of Arkansas as well as a white supremacist. Biography Clarke was born in Yazoo City, Mississippi. His father died when Clarke was seven ye ...
(D)


California California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the m ...

: 1.
Thomas R. Bard Thomas Robert Bard (December 8, 1841March 5, 1915) was an American political leader in California who assisted in the organization of Ventura County and represented the state in the United States Senate from 1900 to 1905 as a Republican. He is ...
(R) : 3. George C. Perkins (R)


Colorado Colorado (, other variants) is a state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. It encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains, as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the ...

: 2.
Thomas M. Patterson Thomas MacDonald Patterson (November 4, 1839 – July 23, 1916) was an American politician and newspaper publisher who served as a member of the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives from Colorado. Early life Patters ...
(D) : 3. Henry M. Teller (D)


Connecticut Connecticut () is the southernmost state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York (state), New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the ...

: 1.
Joseph R. Hawley Joseph Roswell Hawley (October 31, 1826March 18, 1905) was the 42nd Governor of Connecticut, a U.S. politician in the Republican and Free Soil parties, a Civil War general, and a journalist and newspaper editor. He served two terms in the U ...
(R) : 3.
Orville H. Platt Orville Hitchcock Platt (July 19, 1827 – April 21, 1905) was a United States senator from Connecticut. Platt was a prominent conservative Republican and by the 1890s he became one of the "big four" key Republicans who largely controlled the m ...
(R)


Delaware Delaware ( ) is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Maryland to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and New Jersey and the Atlantic Ocean to its east. The state takes its name from the adjacent ...

: 1.
L. Heisler Ball Lewis Heisler Ball (September 21, 1861 – October 18, 1932) was an American physician and politician from Mill Creek Hundred, New Castle County, Delaware. He was a member of the Republican Party and served as U.S. Representative from Delaware a ...
(R) : 2. J. Frank Allee (R)


Florida Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, and ...

: 2. James P. Taliaferro (D) : 3.
Stephen Mallory Stephen Russell Mallory (1812 – November 9, 1873) was a Democratic senator from Florida from 1851 to the secession of his home state and the outbreak of the American Civil War. For much of that period, he was chairman of the Committee on Nav ...
(D)


Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States Georgia may also refer to: Places Historical states and entities * Related to the ...

: 2.
Augustus O. Bacon Augustus Octavius Bacon (October 20, 1839February 14, 1914) was a Confederate soldier, segregationist, and U.S. politician. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as a U.S. Senator from Georgia, becoming the first Senator to be directly ele ...
(D) : 3. Alexander S. Clay (D)


Idaho Idaho ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Pacific Northwest region of the Western United States. To the north, it shares a small portion of the Canada–United States border with the province of British Columbia. It borders the states of Monta ...

: 2.
Fred T. Dubois Fred Thomas Dubois (May 29, 1851February 14, 1930) was a controversial American politician from Idaho who served two terms in the United States Senate. He was best known for his opposition to the gold standard and his efforts to disenfranchise ...
(D) : 3. Weldon B. Heyburn (R)


Illinois Illinois ( ) is a state in the Midwestern United States. Its largest metropolitan areas include the Chicago metropolitan area, and the Metro East section, of Greater St. Louis. Other smaller metropolitan areas include, Peoria and Rock ...

: 2.
Shelby M. Cullom Shelby Moore Cullom (November 22, 1829 – January 28, 1914) was a U.S. political figure, serving in various offices, including the United States House of Representatives, the United States Senate and the 17th Governor of Illinois. Life and ca ...
(R) : 3.
Albert J. Hopkins Albert Jarvis Hopkins (August 15, 1846August 23, 1922) was a Congressman and U.S. Senator from Illinois. Biography Hopkins was born near Cortland, Illinois on August 15, 1846. He was admitted to the bar in 1871 and practiced in Aurora. He ma ...
(R)


Indiana Indiana () is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States. It is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 States. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th ...

: 1. Albert J. Beveridge (R) : 3. Charles W. Fairbanks (R), until March 3, 1905


Iowa Iowa () is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States, bordered by the Mississippi River to the east and the Missouri River and Big Sioux River to the west. It is bordered by six states: Wiscon ...

: 2.
Jonathan P. Dolliver Jonathan Prentiss Dolliver (February 6, 1858October 15, 1910) was a Republican orator, U.S. Representative, then U.S. Senator from Iowa at the turn of the 20th century.Thomas Richard Ross, ''Jonathan Prentiss Dolliver: A Study in Political Int ...
(R) : 3. William B. Allison (R)


Kansas Kansas () is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern United States. Its Capital city, capital is Topeka, Kansas, Topeka, and its largest city is Wichita, Kansas, Wichita. Kansas is a landlocked state bordered by Nebras ...

: 2. Joseph R. Burton (R) : 3.
Chester I. Long Chester Isaiah Long (October 12, 1860July 1, 1934) was a United States representative and Senator from Kansas. Born in Greenwood Township, Pennsylvania, he moved with his parents to Daviess County, Missouri, in 1865 and to Paola, Kansas, in 1879 ...
(R)


Kentucky Kentucky ( , ), officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States and one of the states of the Upper South. It borders Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio to the north; West Virginia and Virginia ...

: 2.
Joseph C. S. Blackburn Joseph Clay Stiles Blackburn (October 1, 1838September 12, 1918) was a Democratic Representative and Senator from Kentucky. Blackburn, a skilled and spirited orator, was also a prominent trial lawyer known for his skill at swaying juries. Biog ...
(D) : 3. James B. McCreary (D)


Louisiana Louisiana , group=pronunciation (French: ''La Louisiane'') is a state in the Deep South and South Central regions of the United States. It is the 20th-smallest by area and the 25th most populous of the 50 U.S. states. Louisiana is bord ...

: 2.
Murphy J. Foster Murphy James Foster (January 12, 1849June 12, 1921) was the 31st Governor of the U.S. state of Louisiana, an office he held for two terms from 1892 to 1900. Foster supported the Louisiana Constitution of 1898, which effectively disfranchised ...
(D) : 3. Samuel D. McEnery (D)


Maine Maine () is a state in the New England and Northeastern regions of the United States. It borders New Hampshire to the west, the Gulf of Maine to the southeast, and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the northeast and nor ...

: 1.
Eugene Hale Eugene Hale (June 9, 1836October 27, 1918) was a Republican United States Senator from Maine. Biography Born in Turner, Maine, he was educated in local schools and at Maine's Hebron Academy. He was admitted to the bar in 1857 and served for n ...
(R) : 2.
William P. Frye William Pierce Frye (September 2, 1830 – August 8, 1911) was an American politician from Maine. A member of the Republican Party, Frye spent most of his political career as a legislator, serving in the Maine House of Representatives and the ...
(R)


Maryland Maryland ( ) is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It shares borders with Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean t ...

: 1.
Louis E. McComas Louis Emory McComas (October 28, 1846 – November 10, 1907) was an American attorney, politician, and jurist who served as a member of both branches of the United States Congress and as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the District o ...
(R) : 3.
Arthur P. Gorman Arthur Pue Gorman (March 11, 1839June 4, 1906) was an American politician. He was leader of the Gorman-Rasin organization with Isaac Freeman Rasin that controlled the Maryland Democratic Party from the late 1870s until his death in 1906. Gorman ...
(D)


Massachusetts Massachusetts (Massachusett: ''Muhsachuweesut Massachusett_writing_systems.html" ;"title="nowiki/> məhswatʃəwiːsət.html" ;"title="Massachusett writing systems">məhswatʃəwiːsət">Massachusett writing systems">məhswatʃəwiːsət'' En ...

: 1.
Henry Cabot Lodge Henry Cabot Lodge (May 12, 1850 November 9, 1924) was an American Republican politician, historian, and statesman from Massachusetts. He served in the United States Senate from 1893 to 1924 and is best known for his positions on foreign polic ...
(R) : 2. George F. Hoar (R), until September 30, 1904 :: Winthrop M. Crane (R), from October 12, 1904


Michigan Michigan () is a state in the Great Lakes region of the upper Midwestern United States. With a population of nearly 10.12 million and an area of nearly , Michigan is the 10th-largest state by population, the 11th-largest by area, and t ...

: 1.
Julius C. Burrows Julius Caesar Burrows (January 9, 1837November 16, 1915) was a U.S. Representative and a U.S. Senator from the state of Michigan. Early life and education Burrows was born in North East, Pennsylvania and moved then with his parents to Ashtabu ...
(R) : 2. Russell A. Alger (R)


Minnesota Minnesota () is a state in the upper midwestern region of the United States. It is the 12th largest U.S. state in area and the 22nd most populous, with over 5.75 million residents. Minnesota is home to western prairies, now given over t ...

: 1. Moses E. Clapp (R) : 2.
Knute Nelson Knute Nelson (born Knud Evanger; February 2, 1843 – April 28, 1923) was an American attorney and politician active in Wisconsin and Minnesota. A Republican, he served in state and national positions: he was elected to the Wisconsin and Minnesot ...
(R)


Mississippi Mississippi () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered to the north by Tennessee; to the east by Alabama; to the south by the Gulf of Mexico; to the southwest by Louisiana; and to the northwest by Arkansas. Miss ...

: 1. Hernando D. Money (D) : 2. Anselm J. McLaurin (D)


Missouri Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. Ranking 21st in land area, it is bordered by eight states (tied for the most with Tennessee): Iowa to the north, Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee to the east, Arkansas t ...

: 1. Francis M. Cockrell (D) : 3.
William J. Stone William Joel Stone (May 7, 1848April 14, 1918) was a Democratic politician from Missouri who represented his state in the United States House of Representatives from 1885 to 1891, and in the U.S. Senate from 1903 until his death; he also served ...
(D)


Montana Montana () is a state in the Mountain West division of the Western United States. It is bordered by Idaho to the west, North Dakota and South Dakota to the east, Wyoming to the south, and the Canadian provinces of Alberta, British Columb ...

: 1.
Paris Gibson Paris Gibson (July 1, 1830December 16, 1920) was an American entrepreneur and politician. Gibson was born in Brownfield, Maine. An 1851 graduate of Bowdoin College, he served as a member of the Montana State Senate and as a Democratic member of ...
(D) : 2.
William A. Clark William Andrews Clark Sr. (January 8, 1839March 2, 1925) was an American politician and entrepreneur, involved with mining, banking, and railroads. Biography Clark was born in Connellsville, Pennsylvania. He moved with his family to Iowa in 1 ...
(D)


Nebraska Nebraska () is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is bordered by South Dakota to the north; Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast, both across the Missouri River; Kansas to the south; Colorado to the sout ...

: 1. Charles H. Dietrich (R) : 2. Joseph H. Millard (R)


Nevada Nevada ( ; ) is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States, Western region of the United States. It is bordered by Oregon to the northwest, Idaho to the northeast, California to the west, Arizona to the southeast, and Utah to the east. N ...

: 1.
William M. Stewart William Morris Stewart (August 9, 1827April 23, 1909) was an American lawyer and politician. In 1964, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum. Personal Stewart was born in Wayne Count ...
(R) : 3. Francis G. Newlands (D)


New Hampshire New Hampshire is a U.S. state, state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Gulf of Maine to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec t ...

: 2.
Henry E. Burnham Henry Eben Burnham (November 8, 1844February 8, 1917) was a United States senator from New Hampshire. Born in Dunbarton, New Hampshire, he attended the public schools and Kimball Union Academy and married Hannah Elizabeth Patterson. Burnham gra ...
(R) : 3.
Jacob H. Gallinger Jacob Harold Gallinger (March 28, 1837 – August 17, 1918), was a United States senator from New Hampshire who served as President pro tempore of the Senate in 1912 and 1913. Early life and career Jacob Harold Gallinger was born in Cornwall ...
(R)


New Jersey New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York; on the east, southeast, and south by the Atlantic Ocean; on the west by the Delawa ...

: 1. John Kean (R) : 2.
John F. Dryden John Fairfield Dryden (August 7, 1839 – November 24, 1911) was the founder of the Prudential Insurance Company and a United States senator from New Jersey. He was known as the "father of industrial insurance". Early life Dryden was born ...
(R)


New York New York most commonly refers to: * New York City, the most populous city in the United States, located in the state of New York * New York (state), a state in the northeastern United States New York may also refer to: Film and television * '' ...

: 1.
Chauncey M. Depew Chauncey Mitchell Depew (April 23, 1834April 5, 1928) was an American attorney, businessman, and Republican politician. He is best remembered for his two terms as United States Senator from New York and for his work for Cornelius Vanderbilt, as ...
(R) : 3.
Thomas C. Platt Thomas Collier Platt (July 15, 1833 – March 6, 1910), also known as Tom Platt
(R)


North Carolina North Carolina () is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. The state is the List of U.S. states and territories by area, 28th largest and List of states and territories of the United ...

: 2.
Furnifold M. Simmons Furnifold McLendel Simmons (January 20, 1854April 30, 1940) was an American politicians who served as a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from March 4, 1887 to March 4, 1889 and U.S. senator from the state of North ...
(D) : 3. Lee S. Overman (D)


North Dakota North Dakota () is a U.S. state in the Upper Midwest, named after the indigenous Dakota Sioux. North Dakota is bordered by the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba to the north and by the U.S. states of Minnesota to the east, ...

: 1.
Porter J. McCumber Porter James McCumber (February 3, 1858May 18, 1933) was a United States senator from North Dakota. He was a supporter of the 1906 "Pure Food and Drug Act", and of the League of Nations. Early life Born in Crete, Illinois in 1858, he moved with ...
(R) : 3. Henry C. Hansbrough (R)


Ohio Ohio () is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States. Of the List of states and territories of the United States, fifty U.S. states, it is the List of U.S. states and territories by area, 34th-l ...

: 1.
Marcus A. Hanna Marcus Alonzo Hanna (September 24, 1837 – February 15, 1904) was an American businessman and Republican politician who served as a United States Senator from Ohio as well as chairman of the Republican National Committee. A friend and po ...
(R), until February 15, 1904 :: Charles W. F. Dick (R), from March 2, 1904 : 3.
Joseph B. Foraker Joseph Benson Foraker (July 5, 1846 – May 10, 1917) was an American politician of the Republican Party who served as the 37th governor of Ohio from 1886 to 1890 and as a United States senator from Ohio from 1897 until 1909. Foraker was ...
(R)


Oregon Oregon () is a U.S. state, state in the Pacific Northwest region of the Western United States. The Columbia River delineates much of Oregon's northern boundary with Washington (state), Washington, while the Snake River delineates much of it ...

: 2. John H. Mitchell (R) : 3. Charles W. Fulton (R)


Pennsylvania Pennsylvania (; ( Pennsylvania Dutch: )), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state spanning the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes regions of the United States. It borders Delaware to its southeast, ...

: 1. Matthew S. Quay (R), until May 28, 1904 :: Philander C. Knox (R), from June 10, 1904 : 3.
Boies Penrose Boies Penrose (November 1, 1860 – December 31, 1921) was an American lawyer and Republican politician from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. After serving in both houses of the Pennsylvania legislature, he represented Pennsylvania in the Un ...
(R)


Rhode Island Rhode Island (, like ''road'') is a U.S. state, state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It is the List of U.S. states by area, smallest U.S. state by area and the List of states and territories of the United States ...

: 1.
Nelson W. Aldrich Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich (/ ˈɑldɹɪt͡ʃ/; November 6, 1841 – April 16, 1915) was a prominent American politician and a leader of the Republican Party in the United States Senate, where he represented Rhode Island from 1881 to 1911. By the 1 ...
(R) : 2.
George P. Wetmore George Peabody Wetmore (August 2, 1846September 11, 1921) was an American politician who was the 37th Governor of, and a Senator from, Rhode Island. Early life George Peabody Wetmore was born in London, England, during a visit of his parents ...
(R)


South Carolina )''Animis opibusque parati'' ( for, , Latin, Prepared in mind and resources, links=no) , anthem = " Carolina";" South Carolina On My Mind" , Former = Province of South Carolina , seat = Columbia , LargestCity = Charleston , LargestMetro = ...

: 2.
Benjamin R. Tillman Benjamin Ryan Tillman (August 11, 1847 – July 3, 1918) was an American politician of the Democratic Party who served as governor of South Carolina from 1890 to 1894, and as a United States Senator from 1895 until his death in 1918. A whi ...
(D) : 3. Asbury C. Latimer (D)


South Dakota South Dakota (; Sioux: , ) is a U.S. state in the North Central region of the United States. It is also part of the Great Plains. South Dakota is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux Native American tribes, who comprise a large po ...

: 2.
Robert J. Gamble Robert Jackson Gamble (February 7, 1851September 22, 1924) was a U.S. Representative and Senator from South Dakota. He was the father of Ralph Abernethy Gamble and brother of John Rankin Gamble, members of South Dakota's prominent Gamble family ...
(R) : 3. Alfred B. Kittredge (R)


Tennessee Tennessee ( , ), officially the State of Tennessee, is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. Tennessee is the List of U.S. states and territories by area, 36th-largest by ...

: 1.
William B. Bate William Brimage Bate (October 7, 1826March 9, 1905) was a planter and slaveholder, Confederate officer, and politician in Tennessee. After the Reconstruction era, he served as the 23rd governor of Tennessee from 1883 to 1887. He was elected to th ...
(D) : 2.
Edward W. Carmack Edward Ward Carmack (November 5, 1858November 9, 1908) was an attorney, newspaperman, and political figure who served as a U.S. Senator from Tennessee from 1901 to 1907. Following his political service, and after an unsuccessful run for Governo ...
(D)


Texas Texas (, ; Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2020, it is the second-largest U.S. state by ...

: 1.
Charles A. Culberson Charles Allen Culberson (June 10, 1855March 19, 1925) was an American political figure and Democrat who served as the 21st Governor of Texas from 1895 to 1899, and as a United States senator from Texas from 1899 to 1923. Early life and educat ...
(D) : 2. Joseph W. Bailey (D)


Utah Utah ( , ) is a state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. Utah is a landlocked U.S. state bordered to its east by Colorado, to its northeast by Wyoming, to its north by Idaho, to its south by Arizona, and to its ...

: 1.
Thomas Kearns Thomas Kearns (April 11, 1862 – October 18, 1918) was an American mining, banking, railroad, and newspaper magnate. He was a US Senator from Utah from 1901 to 1905. Unlike the predominantly Mormon constituents of his state, Senator Kearns wa ...
(R) : 3.
Reed Smoot Reed Smoot (January 10, 1862February 9, 1941) was an American politician, businessman, and apostle of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). First elected by the Utah State Legislature to the U.S. Senate in 1902, he serv ...
(R)


Vermont Vermont () is a U.S. state, state in the northeast New England region of the United States. Vermont is bordered by the states of Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, and New York (state), New York to the west, and the Provin ...

: 1.
Redfield Proctor Redfield Proctor (June 1, 1831March 4, 1908) was a U.S. politician of the Republican Party. He served as the 37th governor of Vermont from 1878 to 1880, as Secretary of War from 1889 to 1891, and as a United States Senator for Vermont from 189 ...
(R) : 3.
William P. Dillingham William Paul Dillingham (December 12, 1843July 12, 1923) was an American attorney and politician from the state of Vermont. A Republican and the son of Congressman and Governor Paul Dillingham, William P. Dillingham served as governor from 1888 ...
(R)


Virginia Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States, between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are ...

: 1.
John W. Daniel John Warwick Daniel (September 5, 1842June 29, 1910) was an American lawyer, author, and Democratic politician from Lynchburg, Virginia who promoted the Lost Cause of the Confederacy. Daniel served in both houses of the Virginia General Assemb ...
(D) : 2. Thomas S. Martin (D)


Washington Washington commonly refers to: * Washington (state), United States * Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States ** A metonym for the federal government of the United States ** Washington metropolitan area, the metropolitan area centered o ...

: 1. Addison G. Foster (R) : 3.
Levi Ankeny Levi Ankeny (August 1, 1844March 29, 1921) was a Republican United States Senator from the state of Washington. He was born in Buchanan County, Missouri near St. Joseph, but crossed the plains to Oregon in 1850 with his parents and settled in P ...
(R)


West Virginia West Virginia is a state in the Appalachian, Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States.The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the Southern United States while the ...

: 1.
Nathan B. Scott Nathan Bay Scott (December 18, 1842January 2, 1924) was a United States senator from West Virginia. Biography Born near Quaker City, Ohio, he attended the common schools and engaged in mining near Colorado Springs, Colorado from 1859 to 1862. ...
(R) : 2. Stephen B. Elkins (R)


Wisconsin Wisconsin () is a state in the upper Midwestern United States. Wisconsin is the 25th-largest state by total area and the 20th-most populous. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake M ...

: 1. Joseph V. Quarles (R) : 3.
John C. Spooner John Coit Spooner (January 6, 1843June 11, 1919) was a politician and lawyer from Wisconsin. He served in the United States Senate from 1885 to 1891 and from 1897 to 1907. A Republican, by the 1890s, he was one of the "Big Four" key Republicans ...
(R)


Wyoming Wyoming () is a state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. It is bordered by Montana to the north and northwest, South Dakota and Nebraska to the east, Idaho to the west, Utah to the southwest, and Colorado to t ...

: 1. Clarence D. Clark (R) : 2. Francis E. Warren (R)


House of Representatives

The names of members of the House of Representatives elected statewide on the
general ticket The general ticket, also known as party block voting (PBV) or ticket voting, is a type of block voting in which voters opt for a party, or a team's set list of candidates, and the highest-polling party/team becomes the winner. Unless specifically ...
or otherwise ''at-large,'' are preceded by an "At-large," and the names of those elected from districts, whether plural or single member, are preceded by their district numbers. Many of the congressional district numbers are linked to articles describing the district itself. Since the boundaries of the districts have changed often and substantially, the linked article may only describe the district as it exists today, and not as it was at the time of this Congress.


Alabama (We dare defend our rights) , anthem = " Alabama" , image_map = Alabama in United States.svg , seat = Montgomery , LargestCity = Huntsville , LargestCounty = Baldwin County , LargestMetro = Greater Birmingham , area_total_km2 = 135,7 ...

: . George W. Taylor (D) : .
Ariosto A. Wiley Ariosto Appling Wiley (November 6, 1848 – June 17, 1908) was a U.S. Representative from Alabama, brother of Oliver Cicero Wiley. Early life Born in Clayton, Alabama, Wiley moved with his parents to Troy, Alabama. He attended the common ...
(D) : .
Henry D. Clayton Henry De Lamar Clayton Jr. (February 10, 1857 – December 21, 1929) was a United States representative from Alabama and a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama and the United States D ...
(D) : .
Sydney J. Bowie Sydney Johnston Bowie (July 26, 1865 – May 7, 1928) was a U.S. Representative from Alabama, nephew of Franklin Welsh Bowdon. Born in Talladega, Alabama, Bowie attended private schools, and was graduated from the law department of the Univ ...
(D) : . Charles Winston Thompson (D), until March 20, 1904 ::
J. Thomas Heflin James Thomas Heflin (April 9, 1869 – April 22, 1951), nicknamed "Cotton Tom", was an American politician who served as a United States representative and United States senator from Alabama. Early life Born in Louina, Alabama, he attended ...
(D), from May 19, 1904 : . John H. Bankhead (D) : .
John L. Burnett John Lawson Burnett (January 20, 1854 – May 13, 1919) was a U.S. Representative from Alabama. Life Born in Cedar Bluff, Alabama, Burnett attended the common schools of the county, Wesleyan Institute, Cave Spring, Georgia, and the local high ...
(D) : .
William N. Richardson William Richardson (May 8, 1839 – March 31, 1914) was an American politician and lawyer. Born in Athens, Alabama to William Richardson and Anne Davis, Richardson served in the Civil War, fighting for the Confederacy. Civil War Richardson ...
(D) : . Oscar W. Underwood (D)


Arkansas Arkansas ( ) is a landlocked state in the South Central United States. It is bordered by Missouri to the north, Tennessee and Mississippi to the east, Louisiana to the south, and Texas and Oklahoma to the west. Its name is from the O ...

: .
Robert B. Macon Robert Bruce Macon (July 6, 1859 – October 9, 1925) was a U.S. Representative from Arkansas. Macon was born near Trenton, Arkansas, and was left an orphan at the age of nine. He attended the public schools and studied at home, and engaged ...
(D) : . Stephen Brundidge Jr. (D) : .
Hugh A. Dinsmore Hugh Anderson Dinsmore (December 24, 1850 – May 2, 1930) was an American lawyer and politician who served six terms as and a United States House of Representatives, U.S. Representative from Arkansas from 1893 to 1905. He was a vocal opponent ...
(D) : . John S. Little (D) : . Charles C. Reid (D) : .
Joseph Taylor Robinson Joseph Taylor Robinson (August 26, 1872 – July 14, 1937), also known as Joe T. Robinson, was an American politician from Arkansas. A member of the Democratic Party, he represented Arkansas in the United States Senate from 1913 to 1937, servin ...
(D) : . Robert M. Wallace (D)


California California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the m ...

: . James N. Gillett (R) : .
Theodore A. Bell Theodore Arlington Bell (July 25, 1872 – September 4, 1922) was an American politician who served one term as a Democratic Congressman from California from 1903 to 1905. Biography Born in Vallejo, California on July 25, 1872 to Charles E. B ...
(D) : . Victor H. Metcalf (R), until July 1, 1904 ::
Joseph R. Knowland Joseph Russell Knowland (August 5, 1873 – February 1, 1966) was an American politician and newspaper publisher. He served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from California and was owner, editor and publisher of the ''O ...
(R), from November 8, 1904 : . Edward J. Livernash (D) : . William J. Wynn (D) : .
James C. Needham James Carson Needham (September 17, 1864 – July 11, 1942) was an American lawyer and politician who served as a seven-term U.S. Representative from California from 1899 to 1913. Biography Born in a covered wagon at Carson City, Nevada, Ja ...
(R) : . James McLachlan (R) : .
Milton J. Daniels Milton John Daniels (April 18, 1838 – December 1, 1914) was an American Civil War veteran and politician who served one term as a U.S. Representative from California from 1903 to 1905. Biography Born in Cobleskill (village), New York, Dan ...
(R)


Colorado Colorado (, other variants) is a state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. It encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains, as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the ...

: . Franklin E. Brooks (R) : .
John F. Shafroth John Franklin Shafroth (June 9, 1854February 20, 1922) was an American politician who served as a representative, member of the United States Senate, and Governor of Colorado. Early life Born in Fayette, Missouri, he attended the common scho ...
(D), until February 15, 1904 ::
Robert W. Bonynge Robert William Bonynge (September 8, 1863 – September 22, 1939) was a lawyer in Denver and New York City. He was a U.S. Representative from Colorado, member of the National Monetary Commission, and the Tripartite Claims Commission. He was c ...
(R), from February 16, 1904 : . Herschel M. Hogg (R)


Connecticut Connecticut () is the southernmost state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York (state), New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the ...

: . George L. Lilley (R) : . E. Stevens Henry (R) : .
Nehemiah D. Sperry Nehemiah Day Sperry (July 10, 1827 – November 13, 1911) was a U.S. Representative from Connecticut. Biography Born in Woodbridge, Connecticut, Sperry was the third of six children of Enoch Sperry and Mary Atlanta (nee Sperry) Sperry. His eld ...
(R) : .
Frank B. Brandegee Frank Bosworth Brandegee (July 8, 1864October 14, 1924) was a United States representative and senator from Connecticut. Early life Frank Brandegee was born in New London, Connecticut, on July 8, 1864. He was the son of Augustus Brandegee, ...
(R) : . Ebenezer J. Hill (R)


Delaware Delaware ( ) is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Maryland to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and New Jersey and the Atlantic Ocean to its east. The state takes its name from the adjacent ...

: . Henry A. Houston (D)


Florida Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, and ...

: .
Stephen M. Sparkman Stephen Milancthon Sparkman (July 29, 1849 – September 26, 1929) was a U.S. Representative from Florida. Biography Stephen M. Sparkman was born on a farm in Hernando County, Florida, on July 29, 1849. He attended the common schools. He taug ...
(D) : .
Robert Wyche Davis Robert Wyche Davis (March 15, 1849 – September 15, 1929) was a United States Representative from Florida. Biography Born near Albany, Georgia, Davis attended public schools. He enlisted in 1863 in the Fifth Georgia Volunteer Infantry Regime ...
(D) : . William B. Lamar (D)


Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States Georgia may also refer to: Places Historical states and entities * Related to the ...

: . Rufus E. Lester (D) : . James M. Griggs (D) : . Elijah B. Lewis (D) : . William C. Adamson (D) : .
Leonidas F. Livingston Leonidas Felix Livingston (April 3, 1832 – February 11, 1912) was a U.S. Representative from Georgia. Early life and political involvement Born near Covington, Georgia, Livingston attended the common schools, and engaged in agricultur ...
(D) : . Charles L. Bartlett (D) : . John W. Maddox (D) : . William M. Howard (D) : .
Farish C. Tate Farish Carter Tate (November 20, 1856 – February 7, 1922) was an American attorney and politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives for Georgia's 9th congressional district from 1893 to 1905.he owned 355 s ...
(D) : . Thomas W. Hardwick (D) : . William G. Brantley (D)


Idaho Idaho ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Pacific Northwest region of the Western United States. To the north, it shares a small portion of the Canada–United States border with the province of British Columbia. It borders the states of Monta ...

: .
Burton L. French Burton Lee French (August 1, 1875 – September 12, 1954) was a congressman from Idaho. French served as a Republican in the House from 1903 to 1909, 1911 to 1915 and 1917 to 1933. With a combined 26 years in office, he remains the longest-s ...
(R)


Illinois Illinois ( ) is a state in the Midwestern United States. Its largest metropolitan areas include the Chicago metropolitan area, and the Metro East section, of Greater St. Louis. Other smaller metropolitan areas include, Peoria and Rock ...

: . Martin Emerich (D) : . James R. Mann (R) : .
William W. Wilson William W. Wilson may refer to: * William Warfield Wilson (1868–1942), U.S. Representative from Illinois * William Wallace Wilson, Alberta politician * William Wilber Wilfred Wilson (1885–1964), Canadian politician See also * William Wilson ...
(R) : . George P. Foster (D) : .
James McAndrews James McAndrews (October 22, 1862 – August 31, 1942) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois. Born in Woonsocket, Rhode Island, McAndrews attended the common schools. He moved to Chicago, Illinois, and engaged in business, serving as buil ...
(D) : . William Lorimer (R) : .
Philip Knopf Philip Knopf (November 18, 1847 – August 14, 1920) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois. Biography Born near Long Grove, Illinois, Knopf attended public schools. During the Civil War, he enlisted in Company I, 147th Illinois Volun ...
(R) : . William F. Mahoney (D), until December 27, 1904 : .
Henry S. Boutell Henry Sherman Boutell (March 14, 1856 – March 11, 1926) was an American lawyer and diplomat. Biography Boutell was born at Boston, Massachusetts, the son of Lewis Henry and Anna (Greene) Boutell. A colonial ancestry entitled him to membersh ...
(R) : . George E. Foss (R) : . Howard M. Snapp (R) : .
Charles Eugene Fuller Charles Eugene Fuller (March 31, 1849 – June 25, 1926) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois. Born near Belvidere, Illinois, Fuller attended the common schools. He studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1870 and commenced practi ...
(R) : .
Robert R. Hitt Robert Roberts Hitt (January 16, 1834 – September 20, 1906) was an American diplomat and Republican politician from Illinois. He served briefly as assistant secretary of state in the short-lived administration of James A. Garfield but r ...
(R) : . Benjamin F. Marsh (R) : . George W. Prince (R) : .
Joseph V. Graff Joseph Verdi Graff (July 1, 1854 – November 10, 1921) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois. Born in Terre Haute, Indiana, Graff was graduated from the Terre Haute High School, and attended Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Indiana, one yea ...
(R) : . John A. Sterling (R) : .
Joseph G. Cannon Joseph Gurney Cannon (May 7, 1836 – November 12, 1926) was an American politician from Illinois and leader of the Republican Party. Cannon served as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1903 to 1911, and many consi ...
(R) : .
Vespasian Warner Vespasian Warner (April 23, 1842 – March 31, 1925) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois. Biography Born in Mount Pleasant (now Farmer City), De Witt County, Illinois, Warner moved with his parents to Clinton, Illinois, in 1843. He attend ...
(R) : .
Henry T. Rainey Henry Thomas Rainey (August 20, 1860 – August 19, 1934) was an American politician. A member of the Democratic Party from Illinois, he served in the United States House of Representatives from 1903 to 1921 and from 1923 to his death. He rose t ...
(D) : . Ben F. Caldwell (D) : .
William A. Rodenberg William August Rodenberg (October 30, 1865 – September 10, 1937) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois. Born near Chester, Illinois, the son of German immigrants, Rodenberg attended the public schools. He graduated from Central Wesleyan ...
(R) : . Joseph B. Crowley (D) : . James R. Williams (D) : . George W. Smith (R)


Indiana Indiana () is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States. It is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 States. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th ...

: . James A. Hemenway (R) : . Robert W. Miers (D) : .
William T. Zenor William Taylor Zenor (April 30, 1846 – June 2, 1916) was an American lawyer, jurist, and politician who served five terms as a United States representative from Indiana from 1897 2007. Biography He was born near Corydon, Indiana and attende ...
(D) : .
Francis M. Griffith Francis Marion Griffith (August 21, 1849 – February 8, 1927) was an American educator and politician who served four terms as a U.S. Representative from Indiana from 1897 to 1905. Biography Born in Moorefield, Indiana, Griffith attended the c ...
(D) : .
Elias S. Holliday Elias Selah Holliday (March 5, 1842 – March 13, 1936) was an American lawyer, Civil War veteran, and politician who served four terms as a U.S. Representative from Indiana from 1901 to 1909. Early life and career Born in Aurora, Indian ...
(R) : .
James E. Watson James Eli Watson (November 2, 1864July 29, 1948) was a U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator from Indiana. He was the Senate's second official majority leader. While an article published by the Senate (see References) gives his year of birth as ...
(R) : .
Jesse Overstreet Jesse E. Overstreet (December 14, 1859 – May 27, 1910) was an American lawyer and politician who served seven terms as a U.S. Representative from Indiana from 1895 to 1909. In 1900, Overstreet introduced the legislation that was ultimatel ...
(R) : .
George W. Cromer George Washington Cromer (May 13, 1856 – November 8, 1936) was an American lawyer and politician who served four terms as a United States House of Representatives, U.S. Representative from Indiana from 1899 to 1907. Early life and education ...
(R) : .
Charles B. Landis Charles Beary Landis (July 9, 1858 – April 24, 1922) was an American newspaperman and politician who served six terms as a U.S. Representative from Indiana from 1897 to 1909. Early life and career He was a brother of both Congressman Freder ...
(R) : .
Edgar D. Crumpacker Edgar Dean Crumpacker (May 27, 1851 – May 19, 1920) was an American lawyer and politician who served eight terms as a U.S. Representative from Indiana from 1897 to 1913. He was the father of Maurice Edgar Crumpacker and cousin of Shepard J. ...
(R) : . Frederick Landis (R) : .
James M. Robinson James McConkey Robinson (June 30, 1924 – March 22, 2016) was an American scholar who retired as Professor Emeritus of Religion at Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, California, specializing in New Testament Studies and Nag Hammadi S ...
(D) : . Abraham L. Brick (R)


Iowa Iowa () is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States, bordered by the Mississippi River to the east and the Missouri River and Big Sioux River to the west. It is bordered by six states: Wiscon ...

: .
Thomas Hedge Thomas Hedge (June 24, 1844 – November 28, 1920) was a four-term Republican U.S. Representative from Iowa's 1st congressional district, in southeastern Iowa. Early life Thomas Hedge was born on June 24, 1844, in Burlington, Iowa Territory, H ...
(R) : . Martin Joseph Wade (D) : .
Benjamin P. Birdsall Benjamin Pixley Birdsall (October 26, 1858 – May 16, 1916) was a three-term Republican U.S. Representative from Iowa's 3rd congressional district during the first decade of the 20th century. Biography Born in Weyauwega, Wisconsin, Birdsall at ...
(R) : .
Gilbert N. Haugen Gilbert Nelson Haugen (April 21, 1859 – July 18, 1933) was a seventeen-term Republican U.S. Representative from Iowa's 4th congressional district, then located in northeastern Iowa. For nearly five years, he was the longest-serving member o ...
(R) : .
Robert G. Cousins Robert Gordon Cousins (January 31, 1859 – June 20, 1933) was an eight-term Republican U.S. Representative from Iowa's 5th congressional district. He represented the Cedar Rapids, Iowa, area for the last eight years of the 19th century and t ...
(R) : .
John F. Lacey John Fletcher Lacey (May 30, 1841 – September 29, 1913) was an eight-term Republican United States congressman from Iowa's 6th congressional district. He was also the author of the Lacey Act of 1900, which made it a crime to ship illegal ...
(R) : . John A. T. Hull (R) : . William P. Hepburn (R) : . Walter I. Smith (R) : . James P. Conner (R) : .
Lot Thomas Lot Thomas (October 17, 1843 – March 17, 1905) was a state-court judge who also served three terms as a Republican U.S. Representative from Iowa's now-obsolete 11th congressional district, in northwestern Iowa. Born on a farm near Markleysb ...
(R)


Kansas Kansas () is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern United States. Its Capital city, capital is Topeka, Kansas, Topeka, and its largest city is Wichita, Kansas, Wichita. Kansas is a landlocked state bordered by Nebras ...

: . Charles F. Scott (R) : .
Charles Curtis Charles Curtis (January 25, 1860 – February 8, 1936) was an American attorney and Republican politician from Kansas who served as the 31st vice president of the United States from 1929 to 1933 under Herbert Hoover. He had served as the Sena ...
(R) : . Justin De Witt Bowersock (R) : .
Philip P. Campbell Philip Pitt Campbell (April 25, 1862 – May 26, 1941) was a U.S. Representative from Kansas. Biography Born in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Canada, Campbell moved with his parents to Neosho County, Kansas, in 1867. He attended the common sch ...
(R) : .
James Monroe Miller James Monroe Miller (May 6, 1852 – January 20, 1926) was a U.S. Representative from Kansas. Born in Three Springs, Pennsylvania, Miller attended the district school and graduated from Lycoming College, Williamsport, Pennsylvania, in 1875. ...
(R) : . William A. Calderhead (R) : .
William A. Reeder William Augustus Reeder (August 28, 1849 – November 7, 1929) was a U.S. Representative from Kansas. Born near Shippensburg, Pennsylvania, Reeder moved with his parents to Ipava, Illinois, in 1853, attended the public schools, and taught sch ...
(R) : . Victor Murdock (R), from May 26, 1903


Kentucky Kentucky ( , ), officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States and one of the states of the Upper South. It borders Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio to the north; West Virginia and Virginia ...

: .
Ollie M. James Ollie Murray James (July 27, 1871August 28, 1918) was an American politician. A Democrat, he represented Kentucky in the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate. Biography James was born and raised in western Kentucky ...
(D) : .
Augustus Stanley Augustus Owsley Stanley I (May 21, 1867 – August 12, 1958) was an American politician from Kentucky. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as the 38th governor of Kentucky and also represented the state in both the U.S. House of Repre ...
(D) : .
John Stockdale Rhea John Stockdale Rhea (March 9, 1855 – July 29, 1924) was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky. Born in Russellville, Kentucky, Rhea pursued preparatory studies. He attended Bethel College, Russellville, Kentucky, and Washington and Lee Univer ...
(D) : . David Highbaugh Smith (D) : .
J. Swagar Sherley Joseph Swagar Sherley (November 28, 1871 – February 13, 1941) was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky. Biography Born in Louisville, Kentucky, Sherley attended public schools, graduating from the Louisville High School in 1889 and from the ...
(D) : .
Daniel Linn Gooch Daniel Linn Gooch (October 28, 1853 – April 12, 1913) was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky and businessman. Born in Rumsey, McLean County, Kentucky, Gooch attended a private school. After entering the pharmaceutical industry at the age of ...
(D) : . South Trimble (D) : . George G. Gilbert (D) : . James Nicholas Kehoe (D) : .
Francis A. Hopkins Francis Alexander Hopkins (May 27, 1853 – June 5, 1918) was an American lawyer and politician who served two terms as a U.S. Representative from Kentucky from 1903 to 1907. Biography Born in Jeffersonville, Virginia, Hopkins attended th ...
(D) : .
Vincent Boreing Vincent Boreing (November 24, 1839 – September 16, 1903) was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky. Biography Boreing was born near Jonesboro, Washington County, Tennessee in 1839. He moved with his father to Laurel County, Kentucky, in 1847. ...
(R), until September 16, 1903 ::
W. Godfrey Hunter Whiteside Godfrey Hunter (December 25, 1841 – November 2, 1917) was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky. Early life Born near Belfast, Ireland, Hunter completed preparatory studies. He immigrated to the United States in 1858 and settled in ...
(R), from November 10, 1903


Louisiana Louisiana , group=pronunciation (French: ''La Louisiane'') is a state in the Deep South and South Central regions of the United States. It is the 20th-smallest by area and the 25th most populous of the 50 U.S. states. Louisiana is bord ...

: .
Adolph Meyer Adolph Meyer (October 19, 1842 – March 8, 1908) was a member of the U. S. House of Representatives representing the state of Louisiana. He served nine terms as a Democrat from 1891 until his death in office in 1908. Biography Meyer was bo ...
(D) : .
Robert Charles Davey Robert Charles Davey (October 22, 1853 – December 26, 1908) was a United States House of Representatives, U.S. Representative from Louisiana. Born in New Orleans, Louisiana, Davey attended the public schools, and was graduated from St. Vincen ...
(D) : .
Robert Foligny Broussard Robert Foligny Broussard (August 17, 1864 – April 12, 1918) was both a U.S. representative and a U.S. senator from Louisiana. He was born on the Mary Louise plantation near New Iberia, the seat of Iberia Parish, to Jean Dorville Broussar ...
(D) : . Phanor Breazeale (D) : .
Joseph Eugene Ransdell Joseph Eugene Ransdell (October 7, 1858July 27, 1954) was an attorney and politician from Louisiana. Beginning in 1899, he was elected for seven consecutive terms as United States representative from Louisiana's 5th congressional district. He sub ...
(D) : .
Samuel Matthews Robertson Samuel Matthews Robertson (January 1, 1852 – December 24, 1911) was a United States House of Representatives, U.S. Representative from Louisiana, son of Edward White Robertson. Born in Plaquemine, Iberville Parish, Louisiana, Robertson a ...
(D) : . Arsène Paulin Pujó (D)


Maine Maine () is a state in the New England and Northeastern regions of the United States. It borders New Hampshire to the west, the Gulf of Maine to the southeast, and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the northeast and nor ...

: . Amos L. Allen (R) : . Charles E. Littlefield (R) : . Edwin C. Burleigh (R) : .
Llewellyn Powers Llewellyn Powers (October 14, 1836July 28, 1908) was a U.S. Representative from Maine and the 44th Governor of Maine. Biography Born in Pittsfield, Maine, Powers attended the common schools of Pittsfield and St. Albans Academy. He graduate ...
(R)


Maryland Maryland ( ) is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It shares borders with Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean t ...

: .
William Humphreys Jackson William Humphreys Jackson (October 15, 1839 – April 3, 1915) represented Maryland's 1st congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1901 to 1905 and from 1907 to 1909. His son, William P. Jackson, was a U.S. ...
(R) : . J. Frederick C. Talbott (D) : . Frank C. Wachter (R) : . James W. Denny (D) : . Sydney Emanuel Mudd I (R) : .
George A. Pearre George Alexander Pearre (July 16, 1860 – September 19, 1923) was an American politician. Born in Cumberland, Maryland, Pearre attended private schools, the Allegany County Academy at Cumberland, St. James College near Hagerstown, a ...
(R)


Massachusetts Massachusetts (Massachusett: ''Muhsachuweesut Massachusett_writing_systems.html" ;"title="nowiki/> məhswatʃəwiːsət.html" ;"title="Massachusett writing systems">məhswatʃəwiːsət">Massachusett writing systems">məhswatʃəwiːsət'' En ...

: .
George P. Lawrence George Pelton Lawrence (May 19, 1859 – November 21, 1917) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts. Early life and education Born in Adams, Massachusetts, Lawrence was the son of Dr. George C. Lawrence an ...
(R) : . Frederick H. Gillett (R) : . John R. Thayer (D) : . Charles Q. Tirrell (R) : .
Butler Ames Butler Ames (August 22, 1871 – November 6, 1954) was an American politician, engineer, soldier and businessman. He was the son of Adelbert Ames and grandson of Benjamin Franklin Butler, both decorated generals in the Union Army during the Ame ...
(R) : .
Augustus P. Gardner Augustus Peabody Gardner (November 5, 1865 – January 14, 1918) was an American military officer and Republican Party politician from Massachusetts. He represented the North Shore region in the Massachusetts Senate and United States House of Re ...
(R) : .
Ernest W. Roberts Ernest William Roberts (November 22, 1858 – February 27, 1924) was a U.S. Representative from Massachusetts. Born in East Madison, Maine, Roberts attended the public schools in Chelsea, Massachusetts. He was graduated from Highland Milit ...
(R) : .
Samuel W. McCall Samuel Walker McCall (February 28, 1851 – November 4, 1923) was a Republican lawyer, politician, and writer from Massachusetts. He was for twenty years (1893–1913) a member of the United States House of Representatives, and the 47th Govern ...
(R) : . John A. Keliher (D) : .
William S. McNary William Sarsfield McNary (March 29, 1863 – June 26, 1930) was an American Democratic politician who served two terms as a U.S. Representative from Boston, Massachusetts and exercised tremendous influence over the Massachusetts Democratic Party ...
(D) : .
John Andrew Sullivan John Andrew Sullivan (May 10, 1868 – May 31, 1927) was a United States House of Representatives, U.S. Representative from Massachusetts. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Sullivan attended the common and high schools. He was graduated from the B ...
(D) : . Samuel Leland Powers (R) : .
William S. Greene William Stedman Greene (April 28, 1841 – September 22, 1924) was a United States representative from Massachusetts. Biography William S. Greene was born in Tremont, Illinois on April 28, 1841. He moved with his parents to Fall River, Massachu ...
(R) : .
William C. Lovering William Croad Lovering (February 25, 1835 – February 4, 1910) was a U.S. Representative from Massachusetts. Biography Born in Woonsocket, Rhode Island, Lovering moved with his parents to Taunton, Massachusetts, in 1837. He attended the Camb ...
(R)


Michigan Michigan () is a state in the Great Lakes region of the upper Midwestern United States. With a population of nearly 10.12 million and an area of nearly , Michigan is the 10th-largest state by population, the 11th-largest by area, and t ...

: . Alfred Lucking (D) : .
Charles E. Townsend Charles Elroy Townsend (August 15, 1856August 3, 1924) was an American lawyer who served as both a U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator from the state of Michigan. He served in the United States Congress from 1903 to 1923. Early life and car ...
(R) : . Washington Gardner (R) : .
Edward L. Hamilton Edward La Rue Hamilton (December 9, 1857 – November 2, 1923) was a politician from the U.S. state of Michigan. Hamilton was born in Niles Township, Michigan, where he attended grade school and graduated from the Niles High School in 1876. H ...
(R) : . William A. Smith (R) : .
Samuel W. Smith Samuel William Smith (August 23, 1852 – June 19, 1931), was a politician from the U.S. state of Michigan. He was born in Independence Township and attended the common schools in Clarkston and Detroit. He began teaching school in 1869, ser ...
(R) : .
Henry McMorran Henry Gordon McMorran (June 11, 1844 – July 19, 1929) was an American Republican politician and businessman. He served five terms in the U.S. Congress as a U.S. Representative from Michigan's 7th congressional district from March 4, ...
(R) : .
Joseph W. Fordney Joseph Warren Fordney (November 5, 1853 – January 8, 1932) was an American Republican politician from Saginaw, Michigan. He represented Saginaw County and the surrounding area of Central Michigan in the U.S. House of Representatives for twenty ...
(R) : . Roswell P. Bishop (R) : . George A. Loud (R) : . Archibald B. Darragh (R) : . H. Olin Young (R)


Minnesota Minnesota () is a state in the upper midwestern region of the United States. It is the 12th largest U.S. state in area and the 22nd most populous, with over 5.75 million residents. Minnesota is home to western prairies, now given over t ...

: .
James Albertus Tawney James Albertus Tawney (January 3, 1855 – June 12, 1919) was an American blacksmith, machinist and U.S. politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives from Minnesota. He was the first House Majority Whip, holding tha ...
(R) : . James McCleary (R) : .
Charles Russell Davis Charles Russell Davis (September 17, 1849 – July 29, 1930) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Minnesota. He was born in Pittsfield, Illinois, but moved with his father to Le Sueur County, Minnesota, in 1854, whe ...
(R) : . Frederick Stevens (R) : .
John Lind John Lind is the name of: * John Lind (barrister) (1737–1781), English lawyer and political writer * John Lind (politician) (1854–1930), US politician * John Lind (female impersonator) (1877–1940), female impersonator See also

*Jon Lind, ...
(D) : . Clarence Buckman (R) : .
Andrew Volstead Andrew John Volstead () (October 31, 1860 – January 20, 1947) was an American member of the United States House of Representatives from Minnesota, 1903–1923, and a member of the Republican Party. His name is closely associated with the N ...
(R) : .
James Bede James Adam Bede (January 13, 1856 – April 11, 1942) was an American politician who served as U.S. Representative from Minnesota. Early life and education Bede and his twin brother were born on a farm in Eaton Township, Lorain County, Oh ...
(R) : .
Halvor Steenerson Halvor Steenerson (June 30, 1852 – November 22, 1926) was an American Republican politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Minnesota's 9th congressional district from 1903 to 1923. Background Hal ...
(R)


Mississippi Mississippi () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered to the north by Tennessee; to the east by Alabama; to the south by the Gulf of Mexico; to the southwest by Louisiana; and to the northwest by Arkansas. Miss ...

: .
Ezekiel S. Candler Jr. Ezekiel Samuel Candler Jr. (January 18, 1862 – December 18, 1944) was a United States representative from Mississippi. He was the nephew of Milton A. Candler and cousin of Allen Daniel Candler. He was born in Belleville, Florida. Later, he mo ...
(D) : .
Thomas Spight Thomas Spight (October 25, 1841 – January 5, 1924) was a U.S. Representative from Mississippi. Born near Ripley, Mississippi, Spight attended the common schools, Ripley Academy, Purdy (Tennessee) College, and the La Grange (Tennessee) Synodi ...
(D) : .
Benjamin G. Humphreys II Benjamin Grubb Humphreys II (August 17, 1865 – October 16, 1923) was a U.S. Representative from Mississippi. He was known by his constituents as "Our Ben." Early life Benjamin Grubb Humphreys II was born on August 17, 1865, in Claiborne Coun ...
(D) : . Wilson S. Hill (D) : . Adam M. Byrd (D) : .
Eaton J. Bowers Eaton Jackson Bowers (June 17, 1865 – October 26, 1939) was a U.S. Representative from Mississippi. Born in Canton, Mississippi, Bowers attended the public schools, and Mississippi Military Institute at Pass Christian. He studied law and gain ...
(D) : . Frank A. McLain (D) : .
John Sharp Williams John Sharp Williams (July 30, 1854September 27, 1932) was a prominent American politician in the Democratic Party from the 1890s through the 1920s, and served as the Minority Leader of the United States House of Representatives from 1903 to 1908 ...
(D)


Missouri Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. Ranking 21st in land area, it is bordered by eight states (tied for the most with Tennessee): Iowa to the north, Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee to the east, Arkansas t ...

: .
James Tilghman Lloyd James Tilghman Lloyd (August 28, 1857 – April 3, 1944) was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Missouri from 1897 to 1917. He served as the House minority whip between 1901 and 1909. Lloyd was born in Canton, Missou ...
(D) : . William W. Rucker (D) : . John Anderson Dougherty (D) : . Charles Fremont Cochran (D) : . William Strother Cowherd (D) : .
David A. De Armond David Albaugh De Armond (March 18, 1844 – November 23, 1909) was a Democratic Party (United States), Democratic United States House of Representatives, Representative representing Missouri's 12th congressional district from March 4, 1891 unti ...
(D) : . Courtney W. Hamlin (D) : . Dorsey W. Shackleford (D) : .
James Beauchamp Clark James Beauchamp Clark (March 7, 1850March 2, 1921) was an American politician and attorney who represented Missouri in the United States House of Representatives and served as Speaker of the House from 1911 to 1919. Born in Kentucky, he establis ...
(D) : . Richard Bartholdt (R) : . John T. Hunt (D) : . James Joseph Butler (D) : . Edward Franklin Robb (D) : .
Willard Duncan Vandiver Willard Duncan Vandiver (March 30, 1854 – May 30, 1932) was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from the state of Missouri. He is popularly credited with the authorship of the famous expression: "I'm from Misso ...
(D) : .
Maecenas Eason Benton Maecenas Eason Benton (January 29, 1848 – April 27, 1924) was a U.S. Representative from Missouri. He was the father of Thomas Hart Benton, who gained fame as a painter of the American Scene. Biography Born near Dyersburg, Tennessee, Bent ...
(D) : . J. Robert Lamar (D)


Montana Montana () is a state in the Mountain West division of the Western United States. It is bordered by Idaho to the west, North Dakota and South Dakota to the east, Wyoming to the south, and the Canadian provinces of Alberta, British Columb ...

: .
Joseph M. Dixon Joseph Moore Dixon (July 31, 1867May 22, 1934) was an American History of the Republican Party (United States), Republican politician from Montana. He served as a U.S. House of Representatives, Representative, United States Senate, Senator, and th ...
(R)


Nebraska Nebraska () is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is bordered by South Dakota to the north; Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast, both across the Missouri River; Kansas to the south; Colorado to the sout ...

: . Elmer Jacob Burkett (R) : .
Gilbert M. Hitchcock Gilbert Monell Hitchcock (September 18, 1859February 3, 1934) was an American congressman and U.S. Senator from Nebraska, and the founder of the ''Omaha World-Herald'' newspaper. Life and career Born in Omaha, Nebraska, Hitchcock was the son o ...
(D) : . John J. McCarthy (R) : .
Edmund H. Hinshaw Edmund Howard Hinshaw (December 8, 1860 – June 15, 1932) was an American Republican Party politician. Born in Greensboro, Indiana on December 8, 1860, he graduated from Butler College in Indianapolis, Indiana in 1885. He moved to Fairbury, ...
(R) : .
George W. Norris George William Norris (July 11, 1861September 2, 1944) was an American politician from the state of Nebraska in the Midwestern United States. He served five terms in the United States House of Representatives as a Republican, from 1903 until ...
(R) : . Moses P. Kinkaid (R)


Nevada Nevada ( ; ) is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States, Western region of the United States. It is bordered by Oregon to the northwest, Idaho to the northeast, California to the west, Arizona to the southeast, and Utah to the east. N ...

: . Clarence D. Van Duzer (D)


New Hampshire New Hampshire is a U.S. state, state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Gulf of Maine to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec t ...

: . Cyrus Adams Sulloway (R) : .
Frank Dunklee Currier Frank Dunklee Currier (October 30, 1853 – November 25, 1921) was an American politician and a U.S. Representative from New Hampshire. Early life Born in Canaan, New Hampshire, Currier attended the common schools, then Kimball Union Academ ...
(R)


New Jersey New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York; on the east, southeast, and south by the Atlantic Ocean; on the west by the Delawa ...

: .
Henry C. Loudenslager Henry Clay Loudenslager (May 22, 1852 – August 12, 1911) was an American Republican Party politician from New Jersey who represented the 1st congressional district from 1893 to 1911. Biography Loudenslager was born in Mauricetown, New Jerse ...
(R) : .
John James Gardner John James Gardner (October 17, 1845 – February 7, 1921) was an American Republican Party politician who represented New Jersey's 2nd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives for ten terms from 1893 to 1913, a ...
(R) : .
Benjamin F. Howell Benjamin Franklin Howell (January 27, 1844 – February 1, 1933) was an American Republican Party politician who represented in the United States House of Representatives from 1895 to 1911. Early life and education Born in Cedarville, New Jers ...
(R) : .
William M. Lanning William Mershon Lanning (January 1, 1849 – February 16, 1912) was an American lawyer, jurist, and Republican Party politician who represented in the United States House of Representatives from 1903 to 1904. He later served as a United States ...
(R), until June 6, 1904 ::
Ira W. Wood Ira Wells Wood (June 19, 1856 in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania – October 5, 1931 in Trenton, New Jersey) was an American Republican Party politician who represented from 1904 to 1913. Walsh was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania on June 19 ...
(R), from November 8, 1904 : . Charles N. Fowler (R) : . William Hughes (D) : .
Richard W. Parker Richard Wayne Parker (August 6, 1848 – November 28, 1923) was an American Republican Party politician from New Jersey who represented the 6th congressional district from 1895 to 1903, the 7th district from 1903 to 1911, and the 9th distri ...
(R) : .
William H. Wiley William Halsted Wiley (July 10, 1842 in New York City – May 2, 1925 in Orange, New Jersey), was an American Republican Party politician who represented New Jersey's 8th congressional district from 1903 to 1907 and from 1909 to 1911, an ...
(R) : . Allan Benny (D) : . Allan L. McDermott (D)


New York New York most commonly refers to: * New York City, the most populous city in the United States, located in the state of New York * New York (state), a state in the northeastern United States New York may also refer to: Film and television * '' ...

: .
Townsend Scudder Townsend Scudder (July 26, 1865 – February 22, 1960) was an American lawyer, jurist, and politician who served two non-consecutive terms as a United States representative from New York around the turn of the 20th century Biography Born in ...
(D) : . George H. Lindsay (D) : . Charles T. Dunwell (R) : . Frank E. Wilson (D) : . Edward M. Bassett (D) : . Robert Baker (D) : .
John J. Fitzgerald John Joseph Fitzgerald (March 10, 1872 – May 13, 1952) was an American lawyer and politician who served nine terms as a United States Representative from New York from 1899 to 1917. Life and politics Born in Brooklyn, he attended the pu ...
(D) : . Timothy D. Sullivan (D) : .
Henry M. Goldfogle Henry Mayer Goldfogle (May 23, 1856 – June 1, 1929) was an American lawyer and politician who served seven terms as a United States representative from New York from 1901 to 1915. Biography Born in New York City, he attended the public sc ...
(D) : .
William Sulzer William Sulzer (March 18, 1863 – November 6, 1941) was an American lawyer and politician, nicknamed Plain Bill Sulzer. He was the 39th Governor of New York and a long-serving congressman from the same state. Sulzer was the first, and to date ...
(D) : .
William Randolph Hearst William Randolph Hearst Sr. (; April 29, 1863 – August 14, 1951) was an American businessman, newspaper publisher, and politician known for developing the nation's largest newspaper chain and media company, Hearst Communications. His flamboya ...
(D) : .
George B. McClellan Jr. George Brinton McClellan Jr. (November 23, 1865November 30, 1940), was an American statesman, author, historian, and educator. The son of the American Civil War general and presidential candidate George B. McClellan, he was the 93rd Mayor of Ne ...
(D), until December 21, 1903 :: W. Bourke Cockran (D), from February 23, 1904 : .
Francis B. Harrison Francis Burton Harrison (December 18, 1873 – November 21, 1957) was an American statesman who served in the United States House of Representatives and was appointed governor-general of the Philippines by President of the United States Woodrow ...
(D) : . Ira E. Rider (D) : . William H. Douglas (R) : . Jacob Ruppert Jr. (D) : . Francis E. Shober (D) : . Joseph A. Goulden (D) : . Norton P. Otis (R), until February 20, 1905 : .
Thomas W. Bradley Thomas Wilson Bradley (April 6, 1844 – May 30, 1920) was a United States Representative from New York and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor. Biography Born in Yorkshire, England, Bradley immig ...
(R) : . John H. Ketcham (R) : . William H. Draper (R) : . George N. Southwick (R) : . George J. Smith (R) : . Lucius N. Littauer (R) : .
William H. Flack William Henry Flack (March 22, 1861 – February 2, 1907) was a U.S. Representative from New York. Career Flack attended public schools. He became interested in lumbering and tanning. He had some family members in Indiana west of downtown Ind ...
(R) : . James S. Sherman (R) : . Charles L. Knapp (R) : . Michael E. Driscoll (R) : . John W. Dwight (R) : .
Sereno E. Payne Sereno Elisha Payne (June 26, 1843 – December 10, 1914) was a United States representative from New York and the first House Majority Leader, holding the office from 1899 to 1911. He was a Republican congressman from 1883 to 1887 and the ...
(R) : . James B. Perkins (R) : . Charles W. Gillet (R) : .
James Wolcott Wadsworth James Wolcott Wadsworth (October 12, 1846 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – December 24, 1926 in Washington, D.C.) was an American farmer, soldier and statesman. Early life He was the son of Civil War General James Samuel Wadsworth (1 ...
(R) : . William H. Ryan (D) : . De Alva S. Alexander (R) : . Edward B. Vreeland (R)


North Carolina North Carolina () is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. The state is the List of U.S. states and territories by area, 28th largest and List of states and territories of the United ...

: .
John Humphrey Small John Humphrey Small (August 29, 1858 – July 13, 1946) was an American attorney and politician who served eleven terms as a U.S. Representative from North Carolina from 1899 to 1921. Early life and education Born in Washington, North Ca ...
(D) : .
Claude Kitchin Claude Kitchin (March 24, 1869 – May 31, 1923) was an American politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from the state of North Carolina from 1901 until his death in 1923. A lifelong member of the Democ ...
(D) : . Charles Randolph Thomas (D) : .
Edward W. Pou Edward William Pou (; September 9, 1863 – April 1, 1934), was an American politician, serving in the United States Congress as a representative from 1901 until his death in Washington, D.C., on April 1, 1934. From March 1933 to April 1934, he ...
(D) : . William Walton Kitchin (D) : .
Gilbert B. Patterson Gilbert Brown Patterson (May 29, 1863 – January 26, 1922) was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina. Biography Born May 29, 1863 near Maxton, Robeson County, North Carolina, Patt ...
(D) : .
Robert N. Page Robert Newton Page (October 26, 1859 – October 3, 1933) was a U.S. Representative from North Carolina. Born in Cary, North Carolina, Page attended the Cary High School and Bingham Military School in Mebane, North Carolina. He moved to Aber ...
(D) : . Theodore F. Kluttz (D) : .
Edwin Y. Webb Edwin Yates Webb (May 23, 1872 – February 7, 1955) was a Democratic United States Representative from North Carolina and a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina. Education ...
(D) : . James M. Gudger Jr. (D)


North Dakota North Dakota () is a U.S. state in the Upper Midwest, named after the indigenous Dakota Sioux. North Dakota is bordered by the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba to the north and by the U.S. states of Minnesota to the east, ...

: . Thomas Frank Marshall (R) : . Burleigh F. Spalding (R)


Ohio Ohio () is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States. Of the List of states and territories of the United States, fifty U.S. states, it is the List of U.S. states and territories by area, 34th-l ...

: .
Nicholas Longworth Nicholas Longworth III (November 5, 1869 – April 9, 1931) was an American politician who became Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. He was a Republican. A lawyer by training, he was elected to the Ohio Senate, where he ini ...
(R) : . Herman P. Goebel (R) : . Robert M. Nevin (R) : . Harvey C. Garber (D) : . John S. Snook (D) : . Charles Q. Hildebrant (R) : . Thomas B. Kyle (R) : .
William R. Warnock William Robert Warnock (August 29, 1838 – July 30, 1918) was an American lawyer, politician, and veteran of the Civil War who served two terms as a U.S. Representative from Ohio from 1901 to 1905. Biography Born in Urbana, Ohio, Warnock ...
(R) : .
James H. Southard James Harding Southard (January 20, 1851 – February 20, 1919) was an American lawyer and politician who served six terms as a U.S. Representative from Ohio from 1895 to 1907. Biography Born near Toledo, Ohio, in Washington Township, Lucas ...
(R) : . Stephen Morgan (R) : .
Charles H. Grosvenor Charles Henry Grosvenor (September 20, 1833 – October 30, 1917) was a multiple-term U.S. Representative from Ohio, as well as a brigade commander in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Biography Grosvenor was born in Pomfret, ...
(R) : . De Witt C. Badger (D) : . Amos H. Jackson (R) : . William W. Skiles (R), until January 9, 1904 ::
Amos R. Webber Amos Richard Webber (January 21, 1852 – February 25, 1948) was an American lawyer and politician who served as a U.S. Representative from Ohio from 1904 to 1907. Biography Born in Hinckley, Ohio, Webber attended the public schools of ...
(R), from November 8, 1904 : . Henry C. Van Voorhis (R) : . John J. Gill (R), until October 31, 1903 :: Capell L. Weems (R), from November 3, 1903 : . John W. Cassingham (D) : . James Kennedy (R) : . Charles William Dick (R), until March 23, 1904 :: W. Aubrey Thomas (R), from November 8, 1904 : .
Jacob A. Beidler Jacob Atlee Beidler (November 2, 1852 – September 13, 1912) was an American businessman and politician who served three terms as a U.S. Representative from Ohio from 1901 to 1907. Biography Born in Tredyffrin Township, Chester County, P ...
(R) : . Theodore Elijah Burton (R)


Oregon Oregon () is a U.S. state, state in the Pacific Northwest region of the Western United States. The Columbia River delineates much of Oregon's northern boundary with Washington (state), Washington, while the Snake River delineates much of it ...

: .
Binger Hermann Binger Hermann (February 19, 1843 – April 15, 1926) was an American attorney and politician in Oregon. A native of Maryland, he immigrated to the Oregon Territory with his parents as part of the Baltimore Colony. Hermann would serve in both ...
(R), from June 1, 1903 : .
John N. Williamson John Newton Williamson (November 8, 1855August 29, 1943) was an American rancher and politician in the state of Oregon. A native Oregonian, he served in both chambers of the Oregon Legislative Assembly representing central and eastern Oregon in ...
(R)


Pennsylvania Pennsylvania (; ( Pennsylvania Dutch: )), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state spanning the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes regions of the United States. It borders Delaware to its southeast, ...

: .
Henry H. Bingham Henry Harrison Bingham (December 4, 1841 – March 22, 1912) was an American politician from Pennsylvania who served as a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district from 1879 to 1912. He w ...
(R) : . Robert Adams Jr. (R) : . Henry Burk (R), until December 5, 1903 :: George A. Castor (R), from February 16, 1904 : . Robert H. Foerderer (R), until July 26, 1903 :: Reuben O. Moon (R), from November 3, 1903 : .
Edward de Veaux Morrell Edward de Veaux Morrell (August 7, 1863 – September 1, 1917) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. Early life Morrell was born in Newport, Rhode Island on August 7, 1863. He was the son of Edward ...
(R) : . George D. McCreary (R) : .
Thomas S. Butler Thomas Stalker Butler (November 4, 1855 – May 26, 1928) was an American politician who served as a U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania from March 4, 1897 until his death, having been elected to the House sixteen times. He was the father ...
(R) : . Irving P. Wanger (R) : . Henry B. Cassel (R) : . George Howell (D), until February 10, 1904 :: William Connell (R), from February 10, 1904 : . Henry W. Palmer (R) : . George R. Patterson (R) : . Marcus C.L. Kline (D) : . Charles F. Wright (R) : .
Elias Deemer Elias Deemer (January 3, 1838 – March 29, 1918) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. Biography Elias Deemer was born near Durham, Pennsylvania. He was engaged in the mercantile business in Lycoming ...
(R) : . Charles H. Dickerman (D) : . Thaddeus M. Mahon (R) : . Marlin E. Olmsted (R) : . Alvin Evans (R) : . Daniel F. Lafean (R) : . Solomon R. Dresser (R) : .
George F. Huff George Franklin Huff (July 16, 1842 – April 18, 1912) was a Republican Party (United States), Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. Biography George F. Huff was born in Norristown, Pennsylvania. He atte ...
(R) : . Allen F. Cooper (R) : .
Ernest F. Acheson Ernest Francis Acheson (September 19, 1855 – May 16, 1917) was a newspaper editor and a representative to the United States House of Representatives. Biography He was born in Washington, Pennsylvania on September 19, 1855, son of Alexander W. ...
(R) : . Arthur L. Bates (R) : . Joseph H. Shull (D) : . William O. Smith (R) : . Joseph C. Sibley (R) : .
George Shiras III George Shiras III (January 1, 1859 – March 24, 1942) was a U.S. Representative from the state of Pennsylvania and nature photographer who pioneered the use of nighttime flash photography. Biography George Shiras (son of George Shiras Jr.) was ...
(R) : .
John Dalzell John Dalzell (April 19, 1845 – October 2, 1927) was an American attorney and Republican politician who represented his hometown of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1887–1913. During the presidency of Th ...
(R) : . Henry K. Porter (R) : . James W. Brown (R)


Rhode Island Rhode Island (, like ''road'') is a U.S. state, state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It is the List of U.S. states by area, smallest U.S. state by area and the List of states and territories of the United States ...

: . Daniel L. D. Granger (D) : . Adin B. Capron (R)


South Carolina )''Animis opibusque parati'' ( for, , Latin, Prepared in mind and resources, links=no) , anthem = " Carolina";" South Carolina On My Mind" , Former = Province of South Carolina , seat = Columbia , LargestCity = Charleston , LargestMetro = ...

: . George S. Legare (D) : . George W. Croft (D), until March 10, 1904 :: Theodore G. Croft (D), from May 17, 1904 : .
Wyatt Aiken Wyatt Aiken (December 14, 1863 – February 6, 1923) was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives for South Carolina's 3rd congressional district. He served for six terms from 1903 to 1917. Early life and family Wyatt Aiken was born near ...
(D) : . Joseph T. Johnson (D) : .
David E. Finley David E. Finley (February 28, 1861 – January 26, 1917) was a United States representative from South Carolina. He was born in Trenton, Arkansas. He attended the public schools of Rock Hill, South Carolina, and Ebenezer, South Carolina and was ...
(D) : . Robert Bethea Scarborough (D) : .
Asbury F. Lever Asbury Francis "Frank" Lever (January 5, 1875 – April 28, 1940) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina. Early life Frank Lever was born near Springhill, Lexington County, South Carolina on January ...
(D)


South Dakota South Dakota (; Sioux: , ) is a U.S. state in the North Central region of the United States. It is also part of the Great Plains. South Dakota is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux Native American tribes, who comprise a large po ...

: . Charles Henry Burke (R) : . Eben Wever Martin (R)


Tennessee Tennessee ( , ), officially the State of Tennessee, is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. Tennessee is the List of U.S. states and territories by area, 36th-largest by ...

: .
Walter P. Brownlow Walter Preston Brownlow (March 27, 1851 – July 8, 1910) was an American politician who represented Tennessee's 1st district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1897 until his death in 1910. He is remembered for obtaining large federa ...
(R) : . Henry Richard Gibson (R) : .
John Austin Moon John Austin Moon (April 22, 1855 – June 26, 1921) was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives for the 3rd congressional district of Tennessee. Biography Born on April 22, 1855, near Charlottesville, V ...
(D) : . Morgan Cassius Fitzpatrick (D) : . James Daniel Richardson (D) : . John Wesley Gaines (D) : .
Lemuel Phillips Padgett Lemuel Phillips Padgett (November 28, 1855 – August 2, 1922) was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives for the 7th congressional district of Tennessee. Biography Born in Columbia, Tennessee, i ...
(D) : .
Thetus Willrette Sims Thetus Willrette Sims (April 25, 1852 – December 17, 1939) was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives for the 8th congressional district of Tennessee. Biography Sims was born on April 25, 1852 ne ...
(D) : .
Rice Alexander Pierce Rice Alexander Pierce (July 3, 1848 – July 12, 1936) was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives for the 9th congressional district of Tennessee. Biography Pierce was born on July 3, 1848 in Dresden, T ...
(D) : .
Malcolm R. Patterson Malcolm Rice Patterson (June 7, 1861 – March 8, 1935) was an American politician and jurist. He served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1901 to 1906, and as the 30th governor of Tennessee from 1907 to 1911. He later served as a circ ...
(D)


Texas Texas (, ; Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2020, it is the second-largest U.S. state by ...

: . Morris Sheppard (D) : .
Samuel Bronson Cooper Samuel Bronson Cooper (May 30, 1850 – August 21, 1918) was a United States representative from Texas and a Member of the Board of General Appraisers. Education and career Born on May 30, 1850, near Eddyville in Caldwell County, Kentucky, ...
(D) : .
Gordon James Russell Gordon James Russell (December 22, 1859 – September 14, 1919) was a United States representative from Texas and a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas. Russell was nominated by Pr ...
(D) : . Choice Boswell Randell (D) : . James Andrew Beall (D) : . Scott Field (D) : . Alexander W. Gregg (D) : .
Thomas Henry Ball Thomas Henry Ball (January 14, 1859 – May 7, 1944) was a Texas politician and a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives. He was mayor of Huntsville, Texas, from 1877 to 1892, and moved to Houston in 1902. Thomas Henry B ...
(D), until November 16, 1903 ::
John M. Pinckney John McPherson Pinckney (May 4, 1845April 24, 1905) was a United States Representative from Texas who was shot and killed in Hempstead, Texas in 1905, making him the third member of the United States Congress assassinated in office. Life and ca ...
(D), from November 17, 1903 : . George Farmer Burgess (D) : . Albert Sidney Burleson (D) : . Robert L. Henry (D) : . Oscar W. Gillespie (D) : .
John Hall Stephens John Hall Stephens (November 22, 1847 – November 18, 1924) was a U.S. Representative from Texas. Born in Shelby County, Texas, Stephens attended the common schools in Mansfield, Texas. He graduated from Mansfield College, and from the law dep ...
(D) : .
James L. Slayden James Luther Slayden (June 1, 1853 – February 24, 1924) was an American politician, cotton merchant, and rancher. He was elected from San Antonio to United States United States House of Representatives, House of Representatives, serving eleven c ...
(D) : .
John Nance Garner John Nance Garner III (November 22, 1868 – November 7, 1967), known among his contemporaries as "Cactus Jack", was an American Democratic politician and lawyer from Texas who served as the 32nd vice president of the United States under Fran ...
(D) : . William R. Smith (D)


Utah Utah ( , ) is a state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. Utah is a landlocked U.S. state bordered to its east by Colorado, to its northeast by Wyoming, to its north by Idaho, to its south by Arizona, and to its ...

: . Joseph Howell (R)


Vermont Vermont () is a U.S. state, state in the northeast New England region of the United States. Vermont is bordered by the states of Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, and New York (state), New York to the west, and the Provin ...

: .
David J. Foster David Johnson Foster (June 27, 1857 – March 21, 1912) was an American lawyer and politician. He served as a U.S. Representative from Vermont. Biography Foster was born in Barnet, Vermont, a son of Jacob Prentiss Foster and Matilda (Cahoon) F ...
(R) : . Kittredge Haskins (R)


Virginia Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States, between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are ...

: .
William Atkinson Jones William Atkinson Jones (March 21, 1849 – April 17, 1918) was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1891 to 1918 from the first district of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Early life Jones was born in Warsaw, Virginia on March ...
(D) : . Harry Lee Maynard (D) : . John Fletcher Lamb (D) : . Robert G. Southall (D) : . Claude Augustus Swanson (D) : .
Carter Glass Carter Glass (January 4, 1858 – May 28, 1946) was an American newspaper publisher and Democratic politician from Lynchburg, Virginia. He represented Virginia in both houses of Congress and served as the United States Secretary of the Treas ...
(D) : .
James Hay James Hay may refer to: *James Hay (bishop) (died 1538), Scottish abbot and bishop * James Hay, 1st Earl of Carlisle (c.1580–1636), British noble * James Hay, 2nd Earl of Carlisle (1612–1660), British noble * James Hay, 15th Earl of Erroll (172 ...
(D) : .
John Franklin Rixey John Franklin Rixey (August 1, 1854 – February 8, 1907) was a Democratic U.S. Congressman from Virginia's 8th congressional district from 1897 to 1907. Early and family life John Franklin Rixey was born on August 1, 1854, in the Catalpa dist ...
(D) : .
Campbell Slemp Campbell Slemp (December 2, 1839 – October 13, 1907) was a farmer and Confederate officer in southwest Virginia who became a Readjuster Democrat after Congressional Reconstruction and served in the Virginia House of Delegates. He eventually ...
(R) : . Henry De Flood (D)


Washington Washington commonly refers to: * Washington (state), United States * Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States ** A metonym for the federal government of the United States ** Washington metropolitan area, the metropolitan area centered o ...

: . Wesley Livsey Jones (R) : . Francis Wellington Cushman (R) : .
William E. Humphrey William Ewart Humphrey (March 31, 1862 – February 14, 1934), an United States, American politician, served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1903 to 1917. He represented the state of Washington (state), Washin ...
(R)


West Virginia West Virginia is a state in the Appalachian, Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States.The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the Southern United States while the ...

: .
Blackburn B. Dovener Blackburn Barrett Dovener (April 20, 1842 – May 9, 1914) was a Republican Party (United States), Republican politician from West Virginia who served as a United States representative. Dovener was born in Teays Valley, West Virginia, Tays Valle ...
(R) : .
Alston G. Dayton Alston Gordon Dayton (October 18, 1857 – July 30, 1920) was a United States representative from West Virginia and a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia. Education and ca ...
(R) : . Joseph Holt Gaines (R) : .
Harry C. Woodyard Harry Chapman Woodyard (November 13, 1867 – June 21, 1929) was a Republican politician from West Virginia who served as a United States representative. Congressman Woodyard was born in Spencer, West Virginia, in Roane County. He served as a ...
(R) : . James Anthony Hughes (R)


Wisconsin Wisconsin () is a state in the upper Midwestern United States. Wisconsin is the 25th-largest state by total area and the 20th-most populous. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake M ...

: .
Henry Allen Cooper Henry Allen Cooper (September 8, 1850 – March 1, 1931) was a U.S. Representative from Wisconsin. Early life Cooper was born in Spring Prairie, Wisconsin, son of former Free Soil Party State Representative Joel H. Cooper, a physician. In ...
(R) : .
Henry Cullen Adams Henry Cullen Adams (November 28, 1850 – July 9, 1906) was an American farmer, public administrator, and U.S. Congressman from Wisconsin, best known for his support of pure food laws. Biography Adams was born in Verona, New York to Hamilto ...
(R) : .
Joseph W. Babcock Joseph Weeks Babcock (March 6, 1850 – April 27, 1909) was a seven-term Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Wisconsin. Born in Swanton, Vermont. Babcock was the grandson of Joseph Weeks, a Congressman from Ver ...
(R) : . Theobald Johnston Otjen (R) : . William H. Stafford (R) : .
Charles H. Weisse Charles Herman Weisse (October 24, 1866 – October 8, 1919) was a U.S. Representative from Wisconsin.'C. H. Weiss Meets Tragic Death,' Sheboygan Press, October 9, 1919, pg. 1 Born near Sheboygan Falls, Wisconsin, Weisse attended the public scho ...
(D) : .
John Jacob Esch John Jacob Esch (March 20, 1861 – April 27, 1941) was an American attorney and member of the United States House of Representatives from 1899 to 1921 serving as a Republican. Born near Norwalk, Wisconsin, he graduated from the University ...
(R) : .
James Henry Davidson James Henry Davidson (June 18, 1858 – August 6, 1918) was a U.S. Representative from Wisconsin. Born in Colchester, New York, Davidson attended the public schools and Walton (New York) Academy. He taught school in Delaware and Sullivan Co ...
(R) : . Edward Sloman Minor (R) : .
Webster Everett Brown Webster Everett Brown (July 16, 1851 – December 14, 1929) was a U.S. representative from Wisconsin. Born near Peterboro, New York, in Madison County, Brown moved with his parents to Wisconsin in 1857. Resided for a time in Newport, Colum ...
(R) : . John J. Jenkins (R)


Wyoming Wyoming () is a state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. It is bordered by Montana to the north and northwest, South Dakota and Nebraska to the east, Idaho to the west, Utah to the southwest, and Colorado to t ...

: .
Franklin Wheeler Mondell Frank Wheeler Mondell (November 6, 1860August 6, 1939) was a United States representative of Wyoming. Biography Born in St. Louis, Missouri, he was educated in the public schools. For many years he was engaged in farming, stock-raising, and ra ...
(R)


Non-voting members

: . John Frank Wilson (D) : . Jonah Kunio Kalanianaole (R) : .
Bernard Shandon Rodey Bernard Shandon Rodey (March 1, 1856 – March 10, 1927) was an Irish-born American politician who was a Delegate from the New Mexico Territory and later a federal judge in Puerto Rico. Early life Rodey was born in County Mayo, Ireland. He e ...
(R) : .
Bird Segle McGuire Bird Segle McGuire (October 13, 1865 – November 9, 1930) was an American politician, a Delegate and the last U.S. Representative from Oklahoma Territory. After statehood, he was elected as an Oklahoma member of Congress, where he served four co ...
(R) : .
Federico Degetau Federico Degetau y González (December 5, 1862 – February 20, 1914) was a Puerto Rican politician, lawyer, writer, author, and the first Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico to the United States House of Representatives. Early years Degetau ...
(Resident Commissioner) (R)


Changes in membership

The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.


Senate

* Replacements: 3 ** Democratic: no net change **
Republican Republican can refer to: Political ideology * An advocate of a republic, a type of government that is not a monarchy or dictatorship, and is usually associated with the rule of law. ** Republicanism, the ideology in support of republics or agains ...
: no net change * Deaths: 3 * Resignations: 1 * Vacancy: 0 * Total seats with changes: 4


House of Representatives

* Replacements: 14 ** Democratic: 2 seat loss **
Republican Republican can refer to: Political ideology * An advocate of a republic, a type of government that is not a monarchy or dictatorship, and is usually associated with the rule of law. ** Republicanism, the ideology in support of republics or agains ...
: 2 seat gain * Deaths: 8 * Resignations: 7 * Contested elections: 1 * Total seats with changes: 18


Committees


Senate

* Additional Accommodations for the Library of Congress (Select) (Chairman:
James H. Berry James Henderson Berry (May 15, 1841 – January 30, 1913) was a United States Senator and served as the 14th governor of Arkansas. Early life James Henderson Berry was born in Jackson County, Alabama, to Isabella Jane (née Orr) and James McFe ...
; Ranking Member:
Shelby M. Cullom Shelby Moore Cullom (November 22, 1829 – January 28, 1914) was a U.S. political figure, serving in various offices, including the United States House of Representatives, the United States Senate and the 17th Governor of Illinois. Life and ca ...
) * Agriculture and Forestry (Chairman:
Redfield Proctor Redfield Proctor (June 1, 1831March 4, 1908) was a U.S. politician of the Republican Party. He served as the 37th governor of Vermont from 1878 to 1880, as Secretary of War from 1889 to 1891, and as a United States Senator for Vermont from 189 ...
; Ranking Member:
William B. Bate William Brimage Bate (October 7, 1826March 9, 1905) was a planter and slaveholder, Confederate officer, and politician in Tennessee. After the Reconstruction era, he served as the 23rd governor of Tennessee from 1883 to 1887. He was elected to th ...
) * Appropriations (Chairman: William B. Allison; Ranking Member: Francis M. Cockrell) * Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate (Chairman: John Kean; Ranking Member: Hernando D. Money) * Canadian Relations (Chairman: Charles W. Fulton; Ranking Member:
Benjamin R. Tillman Benjamin Ryan Tillman (August 11, 1847 – July 3, 1918) was an American politician of the Democratic Party who served as governor of South Carolina from 1890 to 1894, and as a United States Senator from 1895 until his death in 1918. A whi ...
) *
Census A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring, recording and calculating information about the members of a given population. This term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses; other common censuses inc ...
(Chairman: Joseph V. Quarles; Ranking Member: Samuel D. McEnery) * Civil Service and Retrenchment (Chairman: George C. Perkins; Ranking Member:
William B. Bate William Brimage Bate (October 7, 1826March 9, 1905) was a planter and slaveholder, Confederate officer, and politician in Tennessee. After the Reconstruction era, he served as the 23rd governor of Tennessee from 1883 to 1887. He was elected to th ...
) *
Claims Claim may refer to: * Claim (legal) * Claim of Right Act 1689 * Claims-based identity * Claim (philosophy) * Land claim * A ''main contention'', see conclusion of law * Patent claim * The assertion of a proposition; see Douglas N. Walton * A ri ...
(Chairman: Francis E. Warren; Ranking Member: Thomas S. Martin) * Coast and Insular Survey (Chairman:
Levi Ankeny Levi Ankeny (August 1, 1844March 29, 1921) was a Republican United States Senator from the state of Washington. He was born in Buchanan County, Missouri near St. Joseph, but crossed the plains to Oregon in 1850 with his parents and settled in P ...
; Ranking Member:
John Tyler Morgan John Tyler Morgan (June 20, 1824 – June 11, 1907) was an American politician was served as a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War and later was elected for six terms as the U.S. Senator (1877–1907) ...
) * Coast Defenses (Chairman: John H. Mitchell; Ranking Member:
Charles A. Culberson Charles Allen Culberson (June 10, 1855March 19, 1925) was an American political figure and Democrat who served as the 21st Governor of Texas from 1895 to 1899, and as a United States senator from Texas from 1899 to 1923. Early life and educat ...
) *
Commerce Commerce is the large-scale organized system of activities, functions, procedures and institutions directly and indirectly related to the exchange (buying and selling) of goods and services among two or more parties within local, regional, natio ...
(Chairman:
William P. Frye William Pierce Frye (September 2, 1830 – August 8, 1911) was an American politician from Maine. A member of the Republican Party, Frye spent most of his political career as a legislator, serving in the Maine House of Representatives and the ...
; Ranking Member:
James H. Berry James Henderson Berry (May 15, 1841 – January 30, 1913) was a United States Senator and served as the 14th governor of Arkansas. Early life James Henderson Berry was born in Jackson County, Alabama, to Isabella Jane (née Orr) and James McFe ...
) * Corporations Organized in the District of Columbia (Chairman: Thomas S. Martin; Ranking Member:
Nelson W. Aldrich Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich (/ ˈɑldɹɪt͡ʃ/; November 6, 1841 – April 16, 1915) was a prominent American politician and a leader of the Republican Party in the United States Senate, where he represented Rhode Island from 1881 to 1911. By the 1 ...
) * Cuban Relations (Chairman:
Orville H. Platt Orville Hitchcock Platt (July 19, 1827 – April 21, 1905) was a United States senator from Connecticut. Platt was a prominent conservative Republican and by the 1890s he became one of the "big four" key Republicans who largely controlled the m ...
; Ranking Member: Henry M. Teller) * Distributing Public Revenue Among the States (Select) *
District of Columbia ) , image_skyline = , image_caption = Clockwise from top left: the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall, United States Capitol, Logan Circle (Washington, D.C.), Logan Circle, Jefferson Memoria ...
(Chairman:
Jacob H. Gallinger Jacob Harold Gallinger (March 28, 1837 – August 17, 1918), was a United States senator from New Hampshire who served as President pro tempore of the Senate in 1912 and 1913. Early life and career Jacob Harold Gallinger was born in Cornwall ...
; Ranking Member:
Nelson W. Aldrich Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich (/ ˈɑldɹɪt͡ʃ/; November 6, 1841 – April 16, 1915) was a prominent American politician and a leader of the Republican Party in the United States Senate, where he represented Rhode Island from 1881 to 1911. By the 1 ...
) * Education and Labor (Chairman:
Louis E. McComas Louis Emory McComas (October 28, 1846 – November 10, 1907) was an American attorney, politician, and jurist who served as a member of both branches of the United States Congress and as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the District o ...
; Ranking Member:
John W. Daniel John Warwick Daniel (September 5, 1842June 29, 1910) was an American lawyer, author, and Democratic politician from Lynchburg, Virginia who promoted the Lost Cause of the Confederacy. Daniel served in both houses of the Virginia General Assemb ...
) * Engrossed Bills (Chairman: Francis M. Cockrell; Ranking Member: George F. Hoar) * Enrolled Bills (Chairman:
John F. Dryden John Fairfield Dryden (August 7, 1839 – November 24, 1911) was the founder of the Prudential Insurance Company and a United States senator from New Jersey. He was known as the "father of industrial insurance". Early life Dryden was born ...
; Ranking Member:
Murphy J. Foster Murphy James Foster (January 12, 1849June 12, 1921) was the 31st Governor of the U.S. state of Louisiana, an office he held for two terms from 1892 to 1900. Foster supported the Louisiana Constitution of 1898, which effectively disfranchised ...
) * Establish a University in the United States (Select) (Chairman:
Chester I. Long Chester Isaiah Long (October 12, 1860July 1, 1934) was a United States representative and Senator from Kansas. Born in Greenwood Township, Pennsylvania, he moved with his parents to Daviess County, Missouri, in 1865 and to Paola, Kansas, in 1879 ...
; Ranking Member: Alexander S. Clay) * Examination and Disposition of Documents (Select) (Chairman: Russell A. Alger; Ranking Member: N/A) * Examine the Several Branches in the Civil Service (Chairman: Moses E. Clapp; Ranking Member:
Charles A. Culberson Charles Allen Culberson (June 10, 1855March 19, 1925) was an American political figure and Democrat who served as the 21st Governor of Texas from 1895 to 1899, and as a United States senator from Texas from 1899 to 1923. Early life and educat ...
) * Expenditures in Executive Departments *
Finance Finance is the study and discipline of money, currency and capital assets. It is related to, but not synonymous with economics, the study of production, distribution, and consumption of money, assets, goods and services (the discipline of f ...
(Chairman:
Nelson W. Aldrich Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich (/ ˈɑldɹɪt͡ʃ/; November 6, 1841 – April 16, 1915) was a prominent American politician and a leader of the Republican Party in the United States Senate, where he represented Rhode Island from 1881 to 1911. By the 1 ...
; Ranking Member:
John W. Daniel John Warwick Daniel (September 5, 1842June 29, 1910) was an American lawyer, author, and Democratic politician from Lynchburg, Virginia who promoted the Lost Cause of the Confederacy. Daniel served in both houses of the Virginia General Assemb ...
) *
Fisheries Fishery can mean either the enterprise of raising or harvesting fish and other aquatic life; or more commonly, the site where such enterprise takes place ( a.k.a. fishing ground). Commercial fisheries include wild fisheries and fish farms, ...
(Chairman:
Albert J. Hopkins Albert Jarvis Hopkins (August 15, 1846August 23, 1922) was a Congressman and U.S. Senator from Illinois. Biography Hopkins was born near Cortland, Illinois on August 15, 1846. He was admitted to the bar in 1871 and practiced in Aurora. He ma ...
; Ranking Member:
Stephen R. Mallory Stephen Russell Mallory (1812 – November 9, 1873) was a Democratic senator from Florida from 1851 to the secession of his home state and the outbreak of the American Civil War. For much of that period, he was chairman of the Committee on Na ...
) * Five Civilized Tribes of Indians (Select) (Chairman:
William B. Bate William Brimage Bate (October 7, 1826March 9, 1905) was a planter and slaveholder, Confederate officer, and politician in Tennessee. After the Reconstruction era, he served as the 23rd governor of Tennessee from 1883 to 1887. He was elected to th ...
; Ranking Member: Charles H. Dietrich) *
Foreign Relations A state's foreign policy or external policy (as opposed to internal or domestic policy) is its objectives and activities in relation to its interactions with other states, unions, and other political entities, whether bilaterally or through m ...
(Chairman:
Shelby M. Cullom Shelby Moore Cullom (November 22, 1829 – January 28, 1914) was a U.S. political figure, serving in various offices, including the United States House of Representatives, the United States Senate and the 17th Governor of Illinois. Life and ca ...
; Ranking Member:
John Tyler Morgan John Tyler Morgan (June 20, 1824 – June 11, 1907) was an American politician was served as a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War and later was elected for six terms as the U.S. Senator (1877–1907) ...
) * Forest Reservations and the Protection of Game (Chairman: Joseph R. Burton; Ranking Member: John T. Morgan) *
Geological Survey A geological survey is the systematic investigation of the geology beneath a given piece of ground for the purpose of creating a geological map or model. Geological surveying employs techniques from the traditional walk-over survey, studying o ...
(Chairman: Addison G. Foster; Ranking Member: Hernando D. Money) *
Immigration Immigration is the international movement of people to a destination country of which they are not natives or where they do not possess citizenship in order to settle as permanent residents or naturalized citizens. Commuters, tourists, ...
(Chairman:
William P. Dillingham William Paul Dillingham (December 12, 1843July 12, 1923) was an American attorney and politician from the state of Vermont. A Republican and the son of Congressman and Governor Paul Dillingham, William P. Dillingham served as governor from 1888 ...
; Ranking Member: Anselm J. McLaurin) *
Indian Affairs The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), also known as Indian Affairs (IA), is a United States federal agency within the Department of the Interior. It is responsible for implementing federal laws and policies related to American Indians and Al ...
(Chairman:
William M. Stewart William Morris Stewart (August 9, 1827April 23, 1909) was an American lawyer and politician. In 1964, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum. Personal Stewart was born in Wayne Count ...
; Ranking Member:
John Tyler Morgan John Tyler Morgan (June 20, 1824 – June 11, 1907) was an American politician was served as a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War and later was elected for six terms as the U.S. Senator (1877–1907) ...
) * Indian Depredations (Chairman: J. Frank Allee; Ranking Member:
Augustus O. Bacon Augustus Octavius Bacon (October 20, 1839February 14, 1914) was a Confederate soldier, segregationist, and U.S. politician. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as a U.S. Senator from Georgia, becoming the first Senator to be directly ele ...
) * Industrial Expositions (Chairman:
Henry E. Burnham Henry Eben Burnham (November 8, 1844February 8, 1917) was a United States senator from New Hampshire. Born in Dunbarton, New Hampshire, he attended the public schools and Kimball Union Academy and married Hannah Elizabeth Patterson. Burnham gra ...
; Ranking Member:
John W. Daniel John Warwick Daniel (September 5, 1842June 29, 1910) was an American lawyer, author, and Democratic politician from Lynchburg, Virginia who promoted the Lost Cause of the Confederacy. Daniel served in both houses of the Virginia General Assemb ...
) * Investigate the Condition of the Potomac River Front at Washington (Select) (Chairman: Joseph H. Millard; Ranking Member:
William B. Bate William Brimage Bate (October 7, 1826March 9, 1905) was a planter and slaveholder, Confederate officer, and politician in Tennessee. After the Reconstruction era, he served as the 23rd governor of Tennessee from 1883 to 1887. He was elected to th ...
) *
Indian Territory The Indian Territory and the Indian Territories are terms that generally described an evolving land area set aside by the United States Government for the relocation of Native Americans who held aboriginal title to their land as a sovereign ...
(Select) * Interoceanic Canals (Chairman:
Mark Hanna Marcus Alonzo Hanna (September 24, 1837 – February 15, 1904) was an American businessman and Republican politician who served as a United States Senator from Ohio as well as chairman of the Republican National Committee. A friend and p ...
; Ranking Member:
Edward W. Carmack Edward Ward Carmack (November 5, 1858November 9, 1908) was an attorney, newspaperman, and political figure who served as a U.S. Senator from Tennessee from 1901 to 1907. Following his political service, and after an unsuccessful run for Governo ...
) *
Interstate Commerce The Commerce Clause describes an enumerated power listed in the United States Constitution ( Article I, Section 8, Clause 3). The clause states that the United States Congress shall have power "to regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and amo ...
(Chairman: Stephen B. Elkins; Ranking Member:
Benjamin R. Tillman Benjamin Ryan Tillman (August 11, 1847 – July 3, 1918) was an American politician of the Democratic Party who served as governor of South Carolina from 1890 to 1894, and as a United States Senator from 1895 until his death in 1918. A whi ...
) * Irrigation and Reclamation of Arid Lands (Chairman:
Thomas R. Bard Thomas Robert Bard (December 8, 1841March 5, 1915) was an American political leader in California who assisted in the organization of Ventura County and represented the state in the United States Senate from 1900 to 1905 as a Republican. He is ...
; Ranking Member: Josiah W. Bailey) *
Judiciary The judiciary (also known as the judicial system, judicature, judicial branch, judiciative branch, and court or judiciary system) is the system of courts that adjudicates legal disputes/disagreements and interprets, defends, and applies the law ...
(Chairman: George F. Hoar; Ranking Member:
Augustus O. Bacon Augustus Octavius Bacon (October 20, 1839February 14, 1914) was a Confederate soldier, segregationist, and U.S. politician. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as a U.S. Senator from Georgia, becoming the first Senator to be directly ele ...
) *
Library A library is a collection of materials, books or media that are accessible for use and not just for display purposes. A library provides physical (hard copies) or digital access (soft copies) materials, and may be a physical location or a vi ...
(Chairman:
George P. Wetmore George Peabody Wetmore (August 2, 1846September 11, 1921) was an American politician who was the 37th Governor of, and a Senator from, Rhode Island. Early life George Peabody Wetmore was born in London, England, during a visit of his parents ...
; Ranking Member:
William A. Clark William Andrews Clark Sr. (January 8, 1839March 2, 1925) was an American politician and entrepreneur, involved with mining, banking, and railroads. Biography Clark was born in Connellsville, Pennsylvania. He moved with his family to Iowa in 1 ...
) *
Manufactures Manufacturing is the creation or production of goods with the help of equipment, labor, machines, tools, and chemical or biological processing or formulation. It is the essence of secondary sector of the economy. The term may refer to a rang ...
(Chairman: Weldon B. Heyburn; Ranking Member: Alexander S. Clay) * Military Affairs (Chairman:
Joseph R. Hawley Joseph Roswell Hawley (October 31, 1826March 18, 1905) was the 42nd Governor of Connecticut, a U.S. politician in the Republican and Free Soil parties, a Civil War general, and a journalist and newspaper editor. He served two terms in the U ...
; Ranking Member:
William B. Bate William Brimage Bate (October 7, 1826March 9, 1905) was a planter and slaveholder, Confederate officer, and politician in Tennessee. After the Reconstruction era, he served as the 23rd governor of Tennessee from 1883 to 1887. He was elected to th ...
) * Mines and Mining (Chairman:
Nathan B. Scott Nathan Bay Scott (December 18, 1842January 2, 1924) was a United States senator from West Virginia. Biography Born near Quaker City, Ohio, he attended the common schools and engaged in mining near Colorado Springs, Colorado from 1859 to 1862. ...
; Ranking Member:
Benjamin R. Tillman Benjamin Ryan Tillman (August 11, 1847 – July 3, 1918) was an American politician of the Democratic Party who served as governor of South Carolina from 1890 to 1894, and as a United States Senator from 1895 until his death in 1918. A whi ...
) * Mississippi River and its Tributaries (Select) (Chairman:
Knute Nelson Knute Nelson (born Knud Evanger; February 2, 1843 – April 28, 1923) was an American attorney and politician active in Wisconsin and Minnesota. A Republican, he served in state and national positions: he was elected to the Wisconsin and Minnesot ...
; Ranking Member:
William B. Bate William Brimage Bate (October 7, 1826March 9, 1905) was a planter and slaveholder, Confederate officer, and politician in Tennessee. After the Reconstruction era, he served as the 23rd governor of Tennessee from 1883 to 1887. He was elected to th ...
) * National Banks (Select) (Chairman:
Thomas Kearns Thomas Kearns (April 11, 1862 – October 18, 1918) was an American mining, banking, railroad, and newspaper magnate. He was a US Senator from Utah from 1901 to 1905. Unlike the predominantly Mormon constituents of his state, Senator Kearns wa ...
; Ranking Member: Samuel D. McEnery) * Naval Affairs (Chairman:
Eugene Hale Eugene Hale (June 9, 1836October 27, 1918) was a Republican United States Senator from Maine. Biography Born in Turner, Maine, he was educated in local schools and at Maine's Hebron Academy. He was admitted to the bar in 1857 and served for n ...
; Ranking Member:
Benjamin R. Tillman Benjamin Ryan Tillman (August 11, 1847 – July 3, 1918) was an American politician of the Democratic Party who served as governor of South Carolina from 1890 to 1894, and as a United States Senator from 1895 until his death in 1918. A whi ...
) * Organization, Conduct and Expenditures of the Executive Departments (Chairman: Matthew S. Quay; Ranking Member: Anselm J. McLaurin) * Pacific Islands and Puerto Rico (Chairman:
Joseph B. Foraker Joseph Benson Foraker (July 5, 1846 – May 10, 1917) was an American politician of the Republican Party who served as the 37th governor of Ohio from 1886 to 1890 and as a United States senator from Ohio from 1897 until 1909. Foraker was ...
; Ranking Member: Francis M. Cockrell) * Pacific Railroads (Chairman:
Jonathan P. Dolliver Jonathan Prentiss Dolliver (February 6, 1858October 15, 1910) was a Republican orator, U.S. Representative, then U.S. Senator from Iowa at the turn of the 20th century.Thomas Richard Ross, ''Jonathan Prentiss Dolliver: A Study in Political Int ...
; Ranking Member:
John Tyler Morgan John Tyler Morgan (June 20, 1824 – June 11, 1907) was an American politician was served as a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War and later was elected for six terms as the U.S. Senator (1877–1907) ...
) *
Patents A patent is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the legal right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention for a limited period of time in exchange for publishing an enabling disclosure of the invention."A ...
(Chairman: Alfred B. Kittredge; Ranking Member:
Stephen R. Mallory Stephen Russell Mallory (1812 – November 9, 1873) was a Democratic senator from Florida from 1851 to the secession of his home state and the outbreak of the American Civil War. For much of that period, he was chairman of the Committee on Na ...
) *
Pensions A pension (, from Latin ''pensiō'', "payment") is a fund into which a sum of money is added during an employee's employment years and from which payments are drawn to support the person's retirement from work in the form of periodic payments ...
(Chairman:
Porter J. McCumber Porter James McCumber (February 3, 1858May 18, 1933) was a United States senator from North Dakota. He was a supporter of the 1906 "Pure Food and Drug Act", and of the League of Nations. Early life Born in Crete, Illinois in 1858, he moved with ...
; Ranking Member: James P. Taliaferro) *
Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...
(Chairman:
Henry Cabot Lodge Henry Cabot Lodge (May 12, 1850 November 9, 1924) was an American Republican politician, historian, and statesman from Massachusetts. He served in the United States Senate from 1893 to 1924 and is best known for his positions on foreign polic ...
; Ranking Member:
Charles A. Culberson Charles Allen Culberson (June 10, 1855March 19, 1925) was an American political figure and Democrat who served as the 21st Governor of Texas from 1895 to 1899, and as a United States senator from Texas from 1899 to 1923. Early life and educat ...
) * Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman:
Boies Penrose Boies Penrose (November 1, 1860 – December 31, 1921) was an American lawyer and Republican politician from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. After serving in both houses of the Pennsylvania legislature, he represented Pennsylvania in the Un ...
; Ranking Member: Alexander S. Clay) * Potomac River Front (Select) *
Printing Printing is a process for mass reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The earliest non-paper products involving printing include cylinder seals and objects such as the Cyrus Cylinder and the Cylinders of Nabonidus. The ...
(Chairman:
Thomas C. Platt Thomas Collier Platt (July 15, 1833 – March 6, 1910), also known as Tom Platt
; Ranking Member:
Arthur P. Gorman Arthur Pue Gorman (March 11, 1839June 4, 1906) was an American politician. He was leader of the Gorman-Rasin organization with Isaac Freeman Rasin that controlled the Maryland Democratic Party from the late 1870s until his death in 1906. Gorman ...
) * Private Land Claims (Chairman: Henry M. Teller; Ranking Member:
Eugene Hale Eugene Hale (June 9, 1836October 27, 1918) was a Republican United States Senator from Maine. Biography Born in Turner, Maine, he was educated in local schools and at Maine's Hebron Academy. He was admitted to the bar in 1857 and served for n ...
) * Privileges and Elections (Chairman:
Julius C. Burrows Julius Caesar Burrows (January 9, 1837November 16, 1915) was a U.S. Representative and a U.S. Senator from the state of Michigan. Early life and education Burrows was born in North East, Pennsylvania and moved then with his parents to Ashtabu ...
; Ranking Member: Edmund W. Pettus) * Public Buildings and Grounds (Chairman: Charles W. Fairbanks; Ranking Member:
Charles A. Culberson Charles Allen Culberson (June 10, 1855March 19, 1925) was an American political figure and Democrat who served as the 21st Governor of Texas from 1895 to 1899, and as a United States senator from Texas from 1899 to 1923. Early life and educat ...
) * Public Health and National Quarantine (Chairman:
John Tyler Morgan John Tyler Morgan (June 20, 1824 – June 11, 1907) was an American politician was served as a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War and later was elected for six terms as the U.S. Senator (1877–1907) ...
; Ranking Member:
John Coit Spooner John Coit Spooner (January 6, 1843June 11, 1919) was a politician and lawyer from Wisconsin. He served in the United States Senate from 1885 to 1891 and from 1897 to 1907. A Republican, by the 1890s, he was one of the "Big Four" key Republicans ...
) * Public Lands (Chairman: Henry C. Hansbrough; Ranking Member:
James H. Berry James Henderson Berry (May 15, 1841 – January 30, 1913) was a United States Senator and served as the 14th governor of Arkansas. Early life James Henderson Berry was born in Jackson County, Alabama, to Isabella Jane (née Orr) and James McFe ...
) *
Railroads Rail transport (also known as train transport) is a means of transport that transfers passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, which are incorporated in tracks. In contrast to road transport, where the vehicles run on a prep ...
(Chairman: Clarence D. Clark; Ranking Member:
Augustus O. Bacon Augustus Octavius Bacon (October 20, 1839February 14, 1914) was a Confederate soldier, segregationist, and U.S. politician. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as a U.S. Senator from Georgia, becoming the first Senator to be directly ele ...
) * Revision of the Laws (Chairman:
Chauncey M. Depew Chauncey Mitchell Depew (April 23, 1834April 5, 1928) was an American attorney, businessman, and Republican politician. He is best remembered for his two terms as United States Senator from New York and for his work for Cornelius Vanderbilt, as ...
; Ranking Member:
John W. Daniel John Warwick Daniel (September 5, 1842June 29, 1910) was an American lawyer, author, and Democratic politician from Lynchburg, Virginia who promoted the Lost Cause of the Confederacy. Daniel served in both houses of the Virginia General Assemb ...
) * Revolutionary Claims (Chairman:
Benjamin R. Tillman Benjamin Ryan Tillman (August 11, 1847 – July 3, 1918) was an American politician of the Democratic Party who served as governor of South Carolina from 1890 to 1894, and as a United States Senator from 1895 until his death in 1918. A whi ...
; Ranking Member:
Orville H. Platt Orville Hitchcock Platt (July 19, 1827 – April 21, 1905) was a United States senator from Connecticut. Platt was a prominent conservative Republican and by the 1890s he became one of the "big four" key Republicans who largely controlled the m ...
) *
Rules Rule or ruling may refer to: Education * Royal University of Law and Economics (RULE), a university in Cambodia Human activity * The exercise of political or personal control by someone with authority or power * Business rule, a rule pert ...
(Chairman:
John C. Spooner John Coit Spooner (January 6, 1843June 11, 1919) was a politician and lawyer from Wisconsin. He served in the United States Senate from 1885 to 1891 and from 1897 to 1907. A Republican, by the 1890s, he was one of the "Big Four" key Republicans ...
; Ranking Member: Henry M. Teller) * Standards, Weights and Measures (Select) (Chairman:
Reed Smoot Reed Smoot (January 10, 1862February 9, 1941) was an American politician, businessman, and apostle of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). First elected by the Utah State Legislature to the U.S. Senate in 1902, he serv ...
) * Tariff Regulation (Select) *
Territories A territory is an area of land, sea, or space, particularly belonging or connected to a country, person, or animal. In international politics, a territory is usually either the total area from which a state may extract power resources or a ...
(Chairman: Albert J. Beveridge; Ranking Member:
William B. Bate William Brimage Bate (October 7, 1826March 9, 1905) was a planter and slaveholder, Confederate officer, and politician in Tennessee. After the Reconstruction era, he served as the 23rd governor of Tennessee from 1883 to 1887. He was elected to th ...
) * Transportation and Sale of Meat Products (Select) (Chairman:
John W. Daniel John Warwick Daniel (September 5, 1842June 29, 1910) was an American lawyer, author, and Democratic politician from Lynchburg, Virginia who promoted the Lost Cause of the Confederacy. Daniel served in both houses of the Virginia General Assemb ...
; Ranking Member:
Porter J. McCumber Porter James McCumber (February 3, 1858May 18, 1933) was a United States senator from North Dakota. He was a supporter of the 1906 "Pure Food and Drug Act", and of the League of Nations. Early life Born in Crete, Illinois in 1858, he moved with ...
) * Transportation Routes to the Seaboard (Chairman:
Robert J. Gamble Robert Jackson Gamble (February 7, 1851September 22, 1924) was a U.S. Representative and Senator from South Dakota. He was the father of Ralph Abernethy Gamble and brother of John Rankin Gamble, members of South Dakota's prominent Gamble family ...
; Ranking Member: Edmund W. Pettus) * Trespassers upon Indian Lands (Select) (Chairman: Charles H. Dietrich; Ranking Member:
John Tyler Morgan John Tyler Morgan (June 20, 1824 – June 11, 1907) was an American politician was served as a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War and later was elected for six terms as the U.S. Senator (1877–1907) ...
) * Ventilation and Acoustics (Select) (Chairman:
L. Heisler Ball Lewis Heisler Ball (September 21, 1861 – October 18, 1932) was an American physician and politician from Mill Creek Hundred, New Castle County, Delaware. He was a member of the Republican Party and served as U.S. Representative from Delaware a ...
; Ranking Member: N/A) * Whole *
Woman Suffrage Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections. Beginning in the start of the 18th century, some people sought to change voting laws to allow women to vote. Liberal political parties would go on to grant women the right to vot ...
(Select) (Chairman:
Augustus O. Bacon Augustus Octavius Bacon (October 20, 1839February 14, 1914) was a Confederate soldier, segregationist, and U.S. politician. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as a U.S. Senator from Georgia, becoming the first Senator to be directly ele ...
; Ranking Member:
Thomas R. Bard Thomas Robert Bard (December 8, 1841March 5, 1915) was an American political leader in California who assisted in the organization of Ventura County and represented the state in the United States Senate from 1900 to 1905 as a Republican. He is ...
)


House of Representatives

* Accounts (Chairman: Charles Q. Hildebrant; Ranking Member:
Charles Lafayette Bartlett Charles Lafayette Bartlett (January 31, 1853 – April 21, 1938) was an American politician. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as a United States Representative from Georgia from 1895 to 1915. Early years and education Bartlett was bo ...
) *
Agriculture Agriculture or farming is the practice of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people ...
(Chairman: James W. Wadsworth; Ranking Member: John Lamb) * Alcoholic Liquor Traffic (Chairman:
Nehemiah D. Sperry Nehemiah Day Sperry (July 10, 1827 – November 13, 1911) was a U.S. Representative from Connecticut. Biography Born in Woodbridge, Connecticut, Sperry was the third of six children of Enoch Sperry and Mary Atlanta (nee Sperry) Sperry. His eld ...
; Ranking Member:
John L. Burnett John Lawson Burnett (January 20, 1854 – May 13, 1919) was a U.S. Representative from Alabama. Life Born in Cedar Bluff, Alabama, Burnett attended the common schools of the county, Wesleyan Institute, Cave Spring, Georgia, and the local high ...
) * Appropriations (Chairman: James A. Hemenway; Ranking Member:
Leonidas F. Livingston Leonidas Felix Livingston (April 3, 1832 – February 11, 1912) was a U.S. Representative from Georgia. Early life and political involvement Born near Covington, Georgia, Livingston attended the common schools, and engaged in agricultur ...
) * Banking and Currency (Chairman: Charles N. Fowler; Ranking Member: John R. Thayer) *
Census A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring, recording and calculating information about the members of a given population. This term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses; other common censuses inc ...
(Chairman:
Edgar D. Crumpacker Edgar Dean Crumpacker (May 27, 1851 – May 19, 1920) was an American lawyer and politician who served eight terms as a U.S. Representative from Indiana from 1897 to 1913. He was the father of Maurice Edgar Crumpacker and cousin of Shepard J. ...
; Ranking Member:
Francis M. Griffith Francis Marion Griffith (August 21, 1849 – February 8, 1927) was an American educator and politician who served four terms as a U.S. Representative from Indiana from 1897 to 1905. Biography Born in Moorefield, Indiana, Griffith attended the c ...
) *
Claims Claim may refer to: * Claim (legal) * Claim of Right Act 1689 * Claims-based identity * Claim (philosophy) * Land claim * A ''main contention'', see conclusion of law * Patent claim * The assertion of a proposition; see Douglas N. Walton * A ri ...
(Chairman:
Joseph V. Graff Joseph Verdi Graff (July 1, 1854 – November 10, 1921) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois. Born in Terre Haute, Indiana, Graff was graduated from the Terre Haute High School, and attended Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Indiana, one yea ...
; Ranking Member:
Henry M. Goldfogle Henry Mayer Goldfogle (May 23, 1856 – June 1, 1929) was an American lawyer and politician who served seven terms as a United States representative from New York from 1901 to 1915. Biography Born in New York City, he attended the public sc ...
) * Coinage, Weights and Measures (Chairman:
James H. Southard James Harding Southard (January 20, 1851 – February 20, 1919) was an American lawyer and politician who served six terms as a U.S. Representative from Ohio from 1895 to 1907. Biography Born near Toledo, Ohio, in Washington Township, Lucas ...
; Ranking Member: Charles F. Cochran) * Disposition of Executive Papers *
District of Columbia ) , image_skyline = , image_caption = Clockwise from top left: the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall, United States Capitol, Logan Circle (Washington, D.C.), Logan Circle, Jefferson Memoria ...
(Chairman:
Joseph W. Babcock Joseph Weeks Babcock (March 6, 1850 – April 27, 1909) was a seven-term Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Wisconsin. Born in Swanton, Vermont. Babcock was the grandson of Joseph Weeks, a Congressman from Ver ...
; Ranking Member:
Adolph Meyer Adolph Meyer (October 19, 1842 – March 8, 1908) was a member of the U. S. House of Representatives representing the state of Louisiana. He served nine terms as a Democrat from 1891 until his death in office in 1908. Biography Meyer was bo ...
) *
Education Education is a purposeful activity directed at achieving certain aims, such as transmitting knowledge or fostering skills and character traits. These aims may include the development of understanding, rationality, kindness, and honesty ...
(Chairman: George N. Southwick; Ranking Member:
Willard Vandiver Willard Duncan Vandiver (March 30, 1854 – May 30, 1932) was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from the state of Missouri. He is popularly credited with the authorship of the famous expression: "I'm from Misso ...
) * Election of the President, Vice President and Representatives in Congress (Chairman: Joseph H. Gaines; Ranking Member: William W. Rucker) * Elections No.#1 (Chairman: James Robert Mann; Ranking Member:
Ollie M. James Ollie Murray James (July 27, 1871August 28, 1918) was an American politician. A Democrat, he represented Kentucky in the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate. Biography James was born and raised in western Kentucky ...
) * Elections No.#2 (Chairman: Marlin E. Olmsted; Ranking Member: Joshua Frederick Cockey Talbott) * Elections No.#3 (Chairman: Michael E. Driscoll; Ranking Member: Frank A. McLain) * Enrolled Bills (Chairman: Frank C. Wachter; Ranking Member: James T. Lloyd) * Expenditures in the Agriculture Department (Chairman: Charles F. Wright; Ranking Member:
Henry D. Flood Henry De La Warr Flood (September 2, 1865 – December 8, 1921) was a representative from the Commonwealth of Virginia to the United States House of Representatives, brother of U.S. Representative Joel West Flood and uncle of U.S. Senator Har ...
) * United States House Committee on Expenditures in the Commerce Department, Expenditures in the Commerce and Labor Departments (Chairman:
David J. Foster David Johnson Foster (June 27, 1857 – March 21, 1912) was an American lawyer and politician. He served as a U.S. Representative from Vermont. Biography Foster was born in Barnet, Vermont, a son of Jacob Prentiss Foster and Matilda (Cahoon) F ...
; Ranking Member: N/A) * United States House Committee on Expenditures in the Interior Department, Expenditures in the Interior Department (Chairman: Edward S. Minor; Ranking Member:
Ezekiel S. Candler Jr. Ezekiel Samuel Candler Jr. (January 18, 1862 – December 18, 1944) was a United States representative from Mississippi. He was the nephew of Milton A. Candler and cousin of Allen Daniel Candler. He was born in Belleville, Florida. Later, he mo ...
) * United States House Committee on Expenditures in the Justice Department, Expenditures in the Justice Department (Chairman: William A. Calderhead; Ranking Member:
Henry M. Goldfogle Henry Mayer Goldfogle (May 23, 1856 – June 1, 1929) was an American lawyer and politician who served seven terms as a United States representative from New York from 1901 to 1915. Biography Born in New York City, he attended the public sc ...
) * United States House Committee on Expenditures in the Navy Department, Expenditures in the Navy Department (Chairman:
Joseph W. Fordney Joseph Warren Fordney (November 5, 1853 – January 8, 1932) was an American Republican politician from Saginaw, Michigan. He represented Saginaw County and the surrounding area of Central Michigan in the U.S. House of Representatives for twenty ...
; Ranking Member: Charles Winston Thompson, Charles W. Thompson) * United States House Committee on Expenditures in the Post Office Department, Expenditures in the Post Office Department (Chairman: Irving P. Wanger; Ranking Member: Edward Robb) * United States House Committee on Expenditures in the State Department, Expenditures in the State Department (Chairman: John H. Ketcham; Ranking Member: Rufus E. Lester) * United States House Committee on Expenditures in the Treasury Department, Expenditures in the Treasury Department (Chairman:
Robert G. Cousins Robert Gordon Cousins (January 31, 1859 – June 20, 1933) was an eight-term Republican U.S. Representative from Iowa's 5th congressional district. He represented the Cedar Rapids, Iowa, area for the last eight years of the 19th century and t ...
; Ranking Member: John Lamb) * United States House Committee on Expenditures in the War Department, Expenditures in the War Department (Chairman:
William R. Warnock William Robert Warnock (August 29, 1838 – July 30, 1918) was an American lawyer, politician, and veteran of the Civil War who served two terms as a U.S. Representative from Ohio from 1901 to 1905. Biography Born in Urbana, Ohio, Warnock ...
; Ranking Member: George F. Burgess) * United States House Committee on Expenditures on Public Buildings, Expenditures on Public Buildings (Chairman: James A. Hughes; Ranking Member: John H. Small) * United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Foreign Affairs (Chairman:
Robert R. Hitt Robert Roberts Hitt (January 16, 1834 – September 20, 1906) was an American diplomat and Republican politician from Illinois. He served briefly as assistant secretary of state in the short-lived administration of James A. Garfield but r ...
; Ranking Member:
Hugh A. Dinsmore Hugh Anderson Dinsmore (December 24, 1850 – May 2, 1930) was an American lawyer and politician who served six terms as and a United States House of Representatives, U.S. Representative from Arkansas from 1893 to 1905. He was a vocal opponent ...
) * United States House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, Immigration and Naturalization (Chairman:
Benjamin F. Howell Benjamin Franklin Howell (January 27, 1844 – February 1, 1933) was an American Republican Party politician who represented in the United States House of Representatives from 1895 to 1911. Early life and education Born in Cedarville, New Jers ...
; Ranking Member: Jacob Ruppert Jr.) * United States House Committee on Indian Affairs, Indian Affairs (Chairman: James S. Sherman; Ranking Member: John H. Stephens) * United States House Committee on Industrial Arts and Expositions, Industrial Arts and Expositions (Chairman: James A. Tawney; Ranking Member:
Charles Lafayette Bartlett Charles Lafayette Bartlett (January 31, 1853 – April 21, 1938) was an American politician. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as a United States Representative from Georgia from 1895 to 1915. Early years and education Bartlett was bo ...
) * United States House Committee on Insular Affairs, Insular Affairs (Chairman:
Henry Allen Cooper Henry Allen Cooper (September 8, 1850 – March 1, 1931) was a U.S. Representative from Wisconsin. Early life Cooper was born in Spring Prairie, Wisconsin, son of former Free Soil Party State Representative Joel H. Cooper, a physician. In ...
; Ranking Member: William Atkinson Jones, William A. Jones) * United States House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Interstate and Foreign Commerce (Chairman: William P. Hepburn; Ranking Member: Robert C. Davey) * United States House Committee on Invalid Pensions, Invalid Pensions (Chairman: Cyrus A. Sulloway; Ranking Member: Robert W. Miers) * United States House Committee on Irrigation of Arid Lands, Irrigation of Arid Lands (Chairman: Frank W. Mondell; Ranking Member: Oscar W. Underwood) * United States House Committee on Judiciary, Judiciary (Chairman: John J. Jenkins; Ranking Member:
David A. De Armond David Albaugh De Armond (March 18, 1844 – November 23, 1909) was a Democratic Party (United States), Democratic United States House of Representatives, Representative representing Missouri's 12th congressional district from March 4, 1891 unti ...
) * United States House Committee on Labor, Labor (Chairman: John J. Gardner; Ranking Member: Ben F. Caldwell) * United States House Committee on Levees and Improvements of the Mississippi River, Levees and Improvements of the Mississippi River (Chairman: Richard Bartholdt; Ranking Member: Robert F. Broussard) * United States House Committee on the Library, Library (Chairman: James McCleary (politician), James T. McCleary; Ranking Member: James D. Richardson) * United States House Committee on Manufactures, Manufactures (Chairman: Joseph C. Sibley; Ranking Member: Willard D. Vandiver) * United States House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, Merchant Marine and Fisheries (Chairman:
Charles H. Grosvenor Charles Henry Grosvenor (September 20, 1833 – October 30, 1917) was a multiple-term U.S. Representative from Ohio, as well as a brigade commander in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Biography Grosvenor was born in Pomfret, ...
; Ranking Member:
Thomas Spight Thomas Spight (October 25, 1841 – January 5, 1924) was a U.S. Representative from Mississippi. Born near Ripley, Mississippi, Spight attended the common schools, Ripley Academy, Purdy (Tennessee) College, and the La Grange (Tennessee) Synodi ...
) * United States House Committee on Mileage, Mileage (Chairman:
William A. Reeder William Augustus Reeder (August 28, 1849 – November 7, 1929) was a U.S. Representative from Kansas. Born near Shippensburg, Pennsylvania, Reeder moved with his parents to Ipava, Illinois, in 1853, attended the public schools, and taught sch ...
; Ranking Member: Elijah B. Lewis) * United States House Committee on Military Affairs, Military Affairs (Chairman: John A.T. Hull; Ranking Member:
William Sulzer William Sulzer (March 18, 1863 – November 6, 1941) was an American lawyer and politician, nicknamed Plain Bill Sulzer. He was the 39th Governor of New York and a long-serving congressman from the same state. Sulzer was the first, and to date ...
) * United States House Committee on the Militia, Militia (Chairman: Charles W. F. Dick, Charles Dick; Ranking Member: Joseph B. Crowley) * United States House Committee on Mines and Mining, Mines and Mining (Chairman: Webster E. Brown; Ranking Member: Farish Carter Tate) * United States House Committee on Naval Affairs, Naval Affairs (Chairman: George Edmund Foss, George E. Foss; Ranking Member:
Adolph Meyer Adolph Meyer (October 19, 1842 – March 8, 1908) was a member of the U. S. House of Representatives representing the state of Louisiana. He served nine terms as a Democrat from 1891 until his death in office in 1908. Biography Meyer was bo ...
) * United States House Committee on Pacific Railroads, Pacific Railroads (Chairman: William A. Smith; Ranking Member: William J. Wynn) * United States House Committee on Patents, Patents (Chairman: Frank D. Currier; Ranking Member:
William Sulzer William Sulzer (March 18, 1863 – November 6, 1941) was an American lawyer and politician, nicknamed Plain Bill Sulzer. He was the 39th Governor of New York and a long-serving congressman from the same state. Sulzer was the first, and to date ...
) * United States House Committee on Pensions, Pensions (Chairman:
Henry C. Loudenslager Henry Clay Loudenslager (May 22, 1852 – August 12, 1911) was an American Republican Party politician from New Jersey who represented the 1st congressional district from 1893 to 1911. Biography Loudenslager was born in Mauricetown, New Jerse ...
; Ranking Member: William N. Richardson, William Richardson) * United States House Committee on Post Office and Post Roads, Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman:
Jesse Overstreet Jesse E. Overstreet (December 14, 1859 – May 27, 1910) was an American lawyer and politician who served seven terms as a U.S. Representative from Indiana from 1895 to 1909. In 1900, Overstreet introduced the legislation that was ultimatel ...
; Ranking Member: John A. Moon) * United States House Committee on Printing, Printing (Chairman:
Charles B. Landis Charles Beary Landis (July 9, 1858 – April 24, 1922) was an American newspaperman and politician who served six terms as a U.S. Representative from Indiana from 1897 to 1909. Early life and career He was a brother of both Congressman Freder ...
; Ranking Member: Farish Carter Tate) * United States House Committee on Private Land Claims, Private Land Claims (Chairman: George W. Smith; Ranking Member: William Atkinson Jones, William A. Jones) * United States House Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds, Public Buildings and Grounds (Chairman: Charles W. Gillet; Ranking Member: John H. Bankhead) * United States House Committee on Public Lands, Public Lands (Chairman:
John F. Lacey John Fletcher Lacey (May 30, 1841 – September 29, 1913) was an eight-term Republican United States congressman from Iowa's 6th congressional district. He was also the author of the Lacey Act of 1900, which made it a crime to ship illegal ...
; Ranking Member: John Franklin Shafroth, John F. Shafroth) * United States House Committee on Railways and Canals, Railways and Canals (Chairman: James H. Davidson; Ranking Member:
John L. Burnett John Lawson Burnett (January 20, 1854 – May 13, 1919) was a U.S. Representative from Alabama. Life Born in Cedar Bluff, Alabama, Burnett attended the common schools of the county, Wesleyan Institute, Cave Spring, Georgia, and the local high ...
) * United States House Committee on Reform in the Civil Service, Reform in the Civil Service (Chairman: Frederick H. Gillett; Ranking Member:
Edward W. Pou Edward William Pou (; September 9, 1863 – April 1, 1934), was an American politician, serving in the United States Congress as a representative from 1901 until his death in Washington, D.C., on April 1, 1934. From March 1933 to April 1934, he ...
) * United States House Committee on Revision of Laws, Revision of Laws (Chairman:
Vespasian Warner Vespasian Warner (April 23, 1842 – March 31, 1925) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois. Biography Born in Mount Pleasant (now Farmer City), De Witt County, Illinois, Warner moved with his parents to Clinton, Illinois, in 1843. He attend ...
; Ranking Member: Daniel L.D. Granger) * United States House Committee on Rivers and Harbors, Rivers and Harbors (Chairman: Theodore E. Burton; Ranking Member: Rufus E. Lester) * United States House Committee on Rules, Rules (Chairman:
John Dalzell John Dalzell (April 19, 1845 – October 2, 1927) was an American attorney and Republican politician who represented his hometown of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1887–1913. During the presidency of Th ...
; Ranking Member: John Sharp Williams, John S. Williams) * United States House Committee on Standards of Official Conduct, Standards of Official Conduct * United States House Committee on Territories, Territories (Chairman:
Edward L. Hamilton Edward La Rue Hamilton (December 9, 1857 – November 2, 1923) was a politician from the U.S. state of Michigan. Hamilton was born in Niles Township, Michigan, where he attended grade school and graduated from the Niles High School in 1876. H ...
; Ranking Member: John A. Moon) * United States House Committee on Ventilation and Acoustics, Ventilation and Acoustics (Chairman: Roswell P. Bishop; Ranking Member: David Highbaugh Smith, David H. Smith) * United States House Committee on War Claims, War Claims (Chairman: Thaddeus M. Mahon; Ranking Member: Thetus W. Sims) * United States House Committee on Ways and Means, Ways and Means (Chairman:
Sereno E. Payne Sereno Elisha Payne (June 26, 1843 – December 10, 1914) was a United States representative from New York and the first House Majority Leader, holding the office from 1899 to 1911. He was a Republican congressman from 1883 to 1887 and the ...
; Ranking Member: John Sharp Williams, John S. Williams) * Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives), Whole


Joint committees

* United States Congress Joint Special Committee on Conditions of Indian Tribes, Conditions of Indian Tribes (Special) * United States Congress Joint Committee on the Disposition of Executive Papers, Disposition of (Useless) Executive Papers * United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library, The Library * United States Congress Joint Committee on Printing, Printing


Caucuses

* House Democratic Caucus, Democratic (House) * Senate Democratic Caucus, Democratic (Senate)


Employees


List of federal agencies in the United States#Legislative branch, Legislative branch agency directors

* Architect of the Capitol: Elliott Woods * Librarian of Congress: Herbert Putnam * Public Printer of the United States: Francis W. Palmer


Senate

* Secretary of the United States Senate, Secretary: Charles G. Bennett * Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate, Sergeant at Arms: Daniel M. Ransdell * United States Senate Librarian, Librarian: Cliff Warden * Chaplain of the United States Senate, Chaplain: William Henry Milburn, Universalist, until November 23, 1903 ** F.J. Prettyman, Methodist, elected November 23, 1903 ** Edward E. Hale, Unitarianism, Unitarian, elected December 14, 1903


House of Representatives

* Clerk of the United States House of Representatives, Clerk: Alexander McDowell * Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives, Sergeant at Arms: Henry Casson * Doorkeeper of the United States House of Representatives, Doorkeeper: Frank B. Lyon * Postmaster of the United States House of Representatives, Postmaster: Joseph C. McElroy * Reading Clerk of the United States House of Representatives, Reading Clerks: E.L. Sampson (D) and Dennis E. Alward (R) * Parliamentarian of the United States House of Representatives, Clerk at the Speaker's Table: Asher C. Hinds * Chaplain of the United States House of Representatives, Chaplain: Henry N. Couden, Universalist


See also

* United States elections, 1902 (elections leading to this Congress) ** United States Senate elections, 1902 ** United States House of Representatives elections, 1902 * United States elections, 1904 (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress) ** 1904 United States presidential election ** United States Senate elections, 1904 ** United States House of Representatives elections, 1904


References

* * * * * * * * * * * * {{USCongresses 58th United States Congress,