Events
January–March
*
January 4
Events Pre-1600
*46 BC – Julius Caesar fights Titus Labienus in the Battle of Ruspina.
* 871 – Battle of Reading: Æthelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred are defeated by a Danish invasion army.
1601–1900
*1649 – Engli ...
– ''
Life
Life is a quality that distinguishes matter that has biological processes, such as signaling and self-sustaining processes, from that which does not, and is defined by the capacity for growth, reaction to stimuli, metabolism, energ ...
'' magazine is founded in Los Angeles, California, United States.
*
January 10
Events Pre-1600
*49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war.
* 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and the be ...
– A
fire at the Newhall Hotel in
Milwaukee
Milwaukee ( ), officially the City of Milwaukee, is both the most populous and most densely populated city in the U.S. state of Wisconsin and the county seat of Milwaukee County. With a population of 577,222 at the 2020 census, Milwaukee is ...
, Wisconsin, United States, kills 73 people.
*
January 16
Events Pre-1600
* 27 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus is granted the title Augustus by the Roman Senate, marking the beginning of the Roman Empire.
* 378 – General Siyaj K'ak' conquers Tikal, enlarging the domain of King Spear ...
– The
Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act is a United States federal law passed by the 47th United States Congress and signed into law by President Chester A. Arthur on January 16, 1883. The act mandates that most positions within the federal governm ...
, establishing the
United States civil service
The United States federal civil service is the civilian workforce (i.e., non-elected and non-military public sector employees) of the United States federal government's departments and agencies. The federal civil service was established in 1871 ( ...
, is passed.
*
January 19
Events Pre-1600
* 379 – Emperor Gratian elevates Flavius Theodosius at Sirmium to ''Augustus'', and gives him authority over all the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire.
* 649 – Conquest of Kucha: The forces of Kucha surrender ...
– The first electric lighting system employing overhead wires begins service in
Roselle, New Jersey
Roselle (, ) is a borough located in Union County in the U.S. state of New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States census, the borough's population was 21,085,[Thomas Edison
Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices in fields such as electric power generation, mass communication, sound recording, and motion pictures. These inventio ...]
.
*
February
February is the second month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. The month has 28 days in common years or 29 in leap years, with the 29th day being called the ''leap day''. It is the first of five months not to have 31 days (th ...
– ''
The Adventures of Pinocchio
''The Adventures of Pinocchio'' ( ; it, Le avventure di Pinocchio ; commonly shortened to ''Pinocchio'') is a children's fantasy novel by Italian author Carlo Collodi. It is about the mischievous adventures of an animated marionette named Pinocc ...
'' by
Carlo Collodi
Carlo Lorenzini (24 November 1826 – 26 October 1890), better known by the pen name Carlo Collodi (), was an Italian author, humourist, and journalist, widely known for his fairy tale novel ''The Adventures of Pinocchio''.
Early life
Col ...
is first published complete in book form, in Italy.
*
February 15
Events Pre-1600
* 438 – Roman emperor Theodosius II publishes the law codex Codex Theodosianus
* 590 – Khosrau II is crowned king of Persia.
* 706 – Byzantine emperor Justinian II has his predecessors Leontios and Tiberi ...
– Tokyo Electrical Lightning Grid, predecessor of Tokyo Electrical Power (
TEPCO
, also known as or TEPCO, is a Japanese electric utility holding company servicing Japan's Kantō region, Yamanashi Prefecture, and the eastern portion of Shizuoka Prefecture. This area includes Tokyo. Its headquarters are located in Uchisaiw ...
), one of the largest
electrical grid
An electrical grid is an interconnected network for electricity delivery from producers to consumers. Electrical grids vary in size and can cover whole countries or continents. It consists of:Kaplan, S. M. (2009). Smart Grid. Electrical Power ...
s in
Asia
Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...
and the world, is founded in Japan.
*
February 16
Events Pre-1600
* 1249 – Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khagan of the Mongol Empire.
* 1270 – Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Livonian Order in the Battle of Kar ...
– The ''
Ladies' Home Journal
''Ladies' Home Journal'' was an American magazine last published by the Meredith Corporation. It was first published on February 16, 1883, and eventually became one of the leading women's magazines of the 20th century in the United States. In 18 ...
'' is published for the first time, in the United States.
*
February 23
Events Pre-1600
* 303 – Roman emperor Diocletian orders the destruction of the Christian church in Nicomedia, beginning eight years of Diocletianic Persecution.
* 532 – Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone of a ...
–
Alabama
(We dare defend our rights)
, anthem = "Alabama (state song), Alabama"
, image_map = Alabama in United States.svg
, seat = Montgomery, Alabama, Montgomery
, LargestCity = Huntsville, Alabama, Huntsville
, LargestCounty = Baldwin County, Al ...
becomes the first U.S. state to enact an
antitrust law
Competition law is the field of law that promotes or seeks to maintain market competition by regulating anti-competitive conduct by companies. Competition law is implemented through public and private enforcement. It is also known as antitrust ...
.
*
February 28
Events Pre-1600
*202 BC – Liu Bang is enthroned as the Emperor of China, beginning four centuries of rule by the Han dynasty.
* 870 – The Fourth Council of Constantinople closes.
*1525 – Aztec king Cuauhtémoc is executed on ...
– The first
vaudeville
Vaudeville (; ) is a theatrical genre of variety entertainment born in France at the end of the 19th century. A vaudeville was originally a comedy without psychological or moral intentions, based on a comical situation: a dramatic composition ...
theater is opened, in
Boston
Boston (), officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the 24th- mo ...
,
.
*
March 2
Events Pre-1600
* 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his ''bucellarii'' are almost cut o ...
– The
Hong Kong Observatory
The Hong Kong Observatory is a weather forecast agency of the government of Hong Kong. The Observatory forecasts the weather and issues warnings on weather-related hazards. It also monitors and makes assessments on radiation levels in Ho ...
is established.
*
March 20
Events Pre-1600
* 673 – Emperor Emperor Tenmu, Tenmu of Japan assumes the Chrysanthemum Throne at the Asuka, Yamato#Imperial Palaces, Palace of Kiyomihara in Asuka, Yamato, Asuka.
*1206 – Michael IV of Constantinople, Michael IV Au ...
– The
Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property
The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, signed in Paris, France, on 20 March 1883, was one of the first intellectual property treaties. It established a Union for the protection of industrial property. The convention is c ...
is held.
*
March 28
Events Pre-1600
* AD 37 – Roman emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, bestowed on him by the Senate.
* 193 – After assassinating the Roman Emperor Pertinax, his Praetorian Guards auction off the throne to Di ...
–
Battle of Gia Cuc: A French force defeats the Vietnamese in northern
Vietnam
Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making i ...
in the run-up to the
Sino-French War
The Sino-French War (, french: Guerre franco-chinoise, vi, Chiến tranh Pháp-Thanh), also known as the Tonkin War and Tonquin War, was a limited conflict fought from August 1884 to April 1885. There was no declaration of war. The Chinese arm ...
.
April–June
![Brooklyn Bridge Postdlf](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Brooklyn_Bridge_Postdlf.jpg)
*
April 5
Events Pre-1600
* 823 – Lothair I is crowned King of Italy by Pope Paschal I.
* 919 – The second Fatimid invasion of Egypt begins, when the Fatimid heir-apparent, al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, sets out from Raqqada at the head of his a ...
–
Oxygen
Oxygen is the chemical element with the symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group in the periodic table, a highly reactive nonmetal, and an oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as wel ...
is liquefied for the first time.
*
April 28
Events Pre-1600
* 224 – The Battle of Hormozdgan is fought. Ardashir I defeats and kills Artabanus V effectively ending the Parthian Empire.
* 357 – Emperor Constantius II enters Rome for the first time to celebrate his victory ...
– The first
rugby sevens tournament is played at
Melrose RFC Melrose may refer to:
Places
United Kingdom
* Melrose, Scottish Borders, a town in the Scottish Borders, Scotland
** Melrose Abbey, ruined monastery
** Melrose RFC, rugby club
Australia
* Melrose, Queensland, a locality in the South Burnett ...
in Scotland.
*
May 23
Events Pre-1600
* 1430 – Joan of Arc is captured at the Siege of Compiègne by troops from the Burgundian faction.
* 1498 – Girolamo Savonarola is burned at the stake in Florence, Italy.
*1533 – The marriage of King Henry VI ...
–
Robert Louis Stevenson
Robert Louis Stevenson (born Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson; 13 November 1850 – 3 December 1894) was a Scottish novelist, essayist, poet and travel writer. He is best known for works such as ''Treasure Island'', ''Strange Case of Dr Jekyll a ...
's children's pirate adventure novel ''
Treasure Island
''Treasure Island'' (originally titled ''The Sea Cook: A Story for Boys''Hammond, J. R. 1984. "Treasure Island." In ''A Robert Louis Stevenson Companion'', Palgrave Macmillan Literary Companions. London: Palgrave Macmillan. .) is an adventure no ...
'' is first published in book format, in London.
*
May 24
Events Pre-1600
* 919 – The nobles of Franconia and Saxony elect Henry the Fowler at the Imperial Diet in Fritzlar as king of the East Frankish Kingdom.
* 1218 – The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt.
* 1276 – Magnus La ...
–
Brooklyn Bridge
The Brooklyn Bridge is a hybrid cable-stayed/ suspension bridge in New York City, spanning the East River between the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn. Opened on May 24, 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge was the first fixed crossing of the East River ...
is opened to traffic in New York City, after 13 years of construction.
*
May 30
Events Pre-1600
* 70 – Siege of Jerusalem: Titus and his Roman legions breach the Second Wall of Jerusalem. Jewish defenders retreat to the First Wall. The Romans build a circumvallation, cutting down all trees within fifteen kilometres ...
– A rumor that the
Brooklyn Bridge
The Brooklyn Bridge is a hybrid cable-stayed/ suspension bridge in New York City, spanning the East River between the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn. Opened on May 24, 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge was the first fixed crossing of the East River ...
is going to collapse causes a stampede, which crushes 12 people.
*
June 13
Events Pre-1600
* 313 – The decisions of the Edict of Milan, signed by Constantine the Great and co-emperor Licinius, Valerius Licinius, granting religious freedom throughout the Roman Empire, are published in Nicomedia.
*1325 – Ib ...
– Count
Arvid Posse
Count Arvid Rutger Fredriksson Posse (15 February 1820 – 24 April 1901) was the prime minister of Sweden from 1880 to 1883.
Family background and education
Posse was born at Rosendal manor in Malmöhus County, as the son of Governor Count Fred ...
leaves office as
Prime Minister of Sweden
The prime minister ( sv, statsminister ; literally translating to "Minister of State") is the head of government of Sweden. The prime minister and their cabinet (the government) exercise executive authority in the Kingdom of Sweden and are subj ...
. He is succeeded by
Carl Johan Thyselius, the first non-aristocrat (Swedish ; "''ofrälse''") to serve as Swedish head of government, and Prime Minister.
*
June 16
Events Pre-1600
* 363 – Emperor Julian marches back up the Tigris and burns his fleet of supply ships. During the withdrawal, Roman forces suffer several attacks from the Persians.
* 632 – Yazdegerd III ascends the throne as king ...
–
Victoria Hall disaster
The Victoria Hall disaster occurred on 16 June 1883 at the Victoria Hall in Sunderland, England, when a stampede for free toys caused 183 children (aged between 3 and 14 years old) to be crushed to death due to compressive asphyxia.
Events
On ...
: A rush for treats results in 183 children being
asphyxiated
Asphyxia or asphyxiation is a condition of deficient supply of oxygen to the body which arises from abnormal breathing. Asphyxia causes generalized hypoxia, which affects primarily the tissues and organs. There are many circumstances that can ...
in a concert hall in
Sunderland
Sunderland () is a port city in Tyne and Wear, England. It is the City of Sunderland's administrative centre and in the Historic counties of England, historic county of County of Durham, Durham. The city is from Newcastle-upon-Tyne and is on t ...
, England.
*
June 28
Events Pre-1600
* 1098 – Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul at the battle of Antioch.
* 1360 – Muhammed VI becomes the tenth Nasrid king of Granada after killing his brother-in-law Ismail II.
* 1461 – ...
– In
Milan
Milan ( , , Lombard: ; it, Milano ) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million, while its metropolitan city h ...
, Italy, the first central European electricity
power station
A power station, also referred to as a power plant and sometimes generating station or generating plant, is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power. Power stations are generally connected to an electrical grid.
Many p ...
is inaugurated.
*
June 30
Events Pre-1600
* 296 – Pope Marcellinus begins his papacy.
* 763 – The Byzantine Empire, Byzantine army of emperor Constantine V defeats the First Bulgarian Empire, Bulgarian forces in the Battle of Anchialus (763), Battle of Anc ...
–
Robert Louis Stevenson
Robert Louis Stevenson (born Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson; 13 November 1850 – 3 December 1894) was a Scottish novelist, essayist, poet and travel writer. He is best known for works such as ''Treasure Island'', ''Strange Case of Dr Jekyll a ...
's novel ''
The Black Arrow
''The'' () is a grammatical article in English, denoting persons or things already mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in English. ''The'' is the m ...
'' first appears as a serial in the British magazine ''
Young Folks; A Boys' and Girls' Paper of Instructive and Entertaining Literature'' as by 'Captain George North'. Stevenson completes writing it at the end of the
summer
Summer is the hottest of the four temperate seasons, occurring after spring and before autumn. At or centred on the summer solstice, the earliest sunrise and latest sunset occurs, daylight hours are longest and dark hours are shortest, wit ...
in France.
July–September
*
July 3
Events Pre-1600
* 324 – Battle of Adrianople: Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium.
* 987 – Hugh Capet is crowned King of France, the first of the Capetian dynasty that would rule France until the French Revol ...
– The
SS ''Daphne'' sinks on launch in
Glasgow
Glasgow ( ; sco, Glesca or ; gd, Glaschu ) is the most populous city in Scotland and the fourth-most populous city in the United Kingdom, as well as being the 27th largest city by population in Europe. In 2020, it had an estimated popul ...
, Scotland, leaving 124 dead.
*
July 4
Events Pre-1600
* 362 BC – Battle of Mantinea: The Thebans, led by Epaminondas, defeated the Spartans.
* 414 – Emperor Theodosius II, age 13, yields power to his older sister Aelia Pulcheria, who reigned as regent and proclaim ...
– The world's first
rodeo
Rodeo () is a competitive equestrian sport that arose out of the working practices of cattle herding in Spain and Mexico, expanding throughout the Americas and to other nations. It was originally based on the skills required of the working va ...
is held in
Pecos, Texas
Pecos ( ) is the largest city in and the county seat of Reeves County, Texas, Reeves County, Texas, United States. It is in the valley on the west bank of the Pecos River at the eastern edge of the Chihuahuan Desert, in the Trans-Pecos region of W ...
.
*
July 22
Events Pre-1600
* 838 – Battle of Anzen: The Byzantine emperor Theophilos suffers a heavy defeat by the Abbasids.
*1099 – First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of J ...
–
Zulu King
Cetshwayo
King Cetshwayo kaMpande (; ; 1826 – 8 February 1884) was the king of the Zulu Kingdom from 1873 to 1879 and its Commander in Chief during the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. His name has been transliterated as Cetawayo, Cetewayo, Cetywajo and Ketchw ...
barely escapes a rebel attack with his life.
*
August
August is the eighth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars, and the fifth of seven months to have a length of 31 days. Its zodiac sign is Leo and was originally named ''Sextilis'' in Latin because it was the 6th month in ...
–
King William's College
King William's College (nicknamed KWC or King Bill's; gv, Colleish Ree Illiam) is an independent school for pupils aged 3 to 18, located near Castletown on the Isle of Man. It is a member of the International Baccalaureate and Headmasters' and ...
is opened on the
Isle of Man
)
, anthem = "O Land of Our Birth"
, image = Isle of Man by Sentinel-2.jpg
, image_map = Europe-Isle_of_Man.svg
, mapsize =
, map_alt = Location of the Isle of Man in Europe
, map_caption = Location of the Isle of Man (green)
in Europe ...
.
*
August 12
Events Pre-1600
* 1099 – First Crusade: Battle of Ascalon Crusaders under the command of Godfrey of Bouillon defeat Fatimid forces led by Al-Afdal Shahanshah. This is considered the last engagement of the First Crusade.
* 1121 – Ba ...
– The last
quagga
The quagga ( or ) (''Equus quagga quagga'') is a subspecies of the plains zebra that was endemic to South Africa until it was hunted to extinction in the late 19th century. It was long thought to be a distinct species, but early genetic ...
dies at the
Artis Magistra zoo
Artis may refer to:
People Surname
* Dominic Artis (born 1993), American basketball player
* Jamareo Artis (born 1989), American bass guitarist
* Jamel Artis (born 1993), American basketball player
* Orsten Artis (1943–2017), American baske ...
in
Amsterdam
Amsterdam ( , , , lit. ''The Dam on the River Amstel'') is the Capital of the Netherlands, capital and Municipalities of the Netherlands, most populous city of the Netherlands, with The Hague being the seat of government. It has a population ...
.
*
August 21
Events Pre-1600
* 959 – Eraclus becomes the 25th bishop of Liège.
* 1140 – Song dynasty general Yue Fei defeats an army led by Jin dynasty general Wuzhu at the Battle of Yancheng during the Jin–Song Wars.
*1169 – Battle o ...
–
1883 Rochester tornado: An F5 tornado strikes
Rochester, Minnesota
Rochester is a city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of Olmsted County. Located on rolling bluffs on the Zumbro River's south fork in Southeast Minnesota, the city is the home and birthplace of the renowned Mayo Clinic.
Acco ...
, leading to the creation of the
Mayo Clinic
The Mayo Clinic () is a nonprofit American academic medical center focused on integrated health care, education, and research. It employs over 4,500 physicians and scientists, along with another 58,400 administrative and allied health staff, ...
.
*
August 26
Events Pre-1600
* 683 – Yazid I's army kills 11,000 people of Medina including notable Sahabas in Battle of al-Harrah.
*1071 – The Seljuq Turks defeat the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert, and soon gain control of most ...
–
27 –
1883 eruption of Krakatoa
The 1883 eruption of Krakatoa ( id, Letusan Krakatau 1883) in the Sunda Strait occurred from 20 May until 21 October 1883, peaking in the late morning hours of 27 August when over 70% of the island of Krakatoa and its surrounding archipelago w ...
: The
volcanic
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
On Earth, volcanoes are most often found where tectonic plates a ...
island
An island (or isle) is an isolated piece of habitat that is surrounded by a dramatically different habitat, such as water. Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets, skerries, cays or keys. An island ...
of
Krakatoa
Krakatoa (), also transcribed (), is a caldera in the Sunda Strait between the islands of Java and Sumatra in the Indonesian province of Lampung. The caldera is part of a volcanic island group (Krakatoa archipelago) comprising four islands. Tw ...
erupts at 10:02 AM (local time); 163 villages are destroyed, 36,417 killed by tsunami.
*
August 29
Events Pre-1600
* 708 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708).
* 870 – The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzantine ...
–
Dunfermline Carnegie Library, the first
Carnegie library, is opened in
Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie (, ; November 25, 1835August 11, 1919) was a Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist. Carnegie led the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century and became one of the richest Americans i ...
's hometown,
Dunfermline
Dunfermline (; sco, Dunfaurlin, gd, Dùn Phàrlain) is a city, parish and former Royal Burgh, in Fife, Scotland, on high ground from the northern shore of the Firth of Forth. The city currently has an estimated population of 58,508. Accord ...
, Scotland.
*
September 1
Events Pre-1600
* 1145 – The main altar of Lund Cathedral, at the time seat of the archiepiscopal see of all the Nordic countries, is consecrated.
* 1173 – The widow Stamira sacrifices herself in order to raise the siege of Ancon ...
–
Pope Leo XIII
Pope Leo XIII ( it, Leone XIII; born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci; 2 March 1810 – 20 July 1903) was the head of the Catholic Church from 20 February 1878 to his death in July 1903. Living until the age of 93, he was the second-old ...
publishes the encyclical ''
Supremi apostolatus officio'' ("On Devotion of the Rosary").
*
September 11
Events Pre-1600
* 9 – The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends: The Roman Empire suffers the greatest defeat of its history and the Rhine is established as the border between the Empire and the so-called barbarians for the next four hun ...
– Major
Evelyn Baring becomes
Consul-General
A consul is an official representative of the government of one state in the territory of another, normally acting to assist and protect the citizens of the consul's own country, as well as to facilitate trade and friendship between the people ...
of
Egypt under British rule.
*
September 15
Events Pre-1600
* 994 – Major Fatimid victory over the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of the Orontes.
*1440 – Gilles de Rais, one of the earliest known serial killers, is taken into custody upon an accusation brought against him by ...
** The
Bombay Natural History Society
The Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS), founded on 15 September 1883, is one of the largest non-governmental organisations in India engaged in conservation and biodiversity research. It supports many research efforts through grants and publi ...
is founded in India.
** The
University of Texas at Austin
The University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin, UT, or Texas) is a public research university in Austin, Texas. It was founded in 1883 and is the oldest institution in the University of Texas System. With 40,916 undergraduate students, 11,075 ...
opens to students.
*
September 29
Events Pre-1600
*61 BC – Pompey the Great celebrates his third triumph for victories over the pirates and the end of the Mithridatic Wars on his 45th birthday.
* 1011 – Danes capture Canterbury after a siege, taking Ælfheah, ...
– A consortium of flour mill operators in
Minneapolis
Minneapolis () is the largest city in Minnesota, United States, and the county seat of Hennepin County. The city is abundant in water, with thirteen lakes, wetlands, the Mississippi River, creeks and waterfalls. Minneapolis has its origins ...
forms the
Minneapolis, Sault Ste. Marie and Atlantic Railway
The Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railroad (MStP&SSM) was a Class I railroad subsidiary of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the Midwestern United States. Commonly known since its opening in 1884 as the Soo Line after the phonetic spe ...
, as a means to get their product to the
Great Lakes
The Great Lakes, also called the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of large interconnected freshwater lakes in the mid-east region of North America that connect to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River. There are five lakes ...
ports, avoiding the high tariffs of Chicago.
October–December
*
October 1
Events Pre-1600
* 331 BC – Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela.
* 366 – Pope Damasus I is consecrated.
* 959 – Edgar the Peaceful becomes king of all England, in succession to Eadwig. ...
**
Sydney Boys High School
Sydney Boys High School (”SBHS”), otherwise known as The Sydney High School (“SHS”) or High, is a Education in Australia#Government schools, government-funded Single-sex school, single-sex Selective school (New South Wales), academically s ...
is founded in Sydney, Australia, the first boys' public school.
** In
Amsterdam
Amsterdam ( , , , lit. ''The Dam on the River Amstel'') is the Capital of the Netherlands, capital and Municipalities of the Netherlands, most populous city of the Netherlands, with The Hague being the seat of government. It has a population ...
, the first
International Colonial and Export Exhibition
The International Colonial and Export Exhibition (Dutch: ''Internationale Koloniale en Uitvoerhandel Tentoonstelling''; French: ''Exposition Universelle Coloniale et d'Exportation Générale'') was a colonial exhibition (a type of World's Fair) ...
closes, having had over 1 million visitors.
*
October 4
Events Pre-1600
*AD 23 – Rebels sack the Chinese capital Chang'an during a peasant rebellion.
*1209 – Otto IV is crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Innocent III.
*1302 – The Byzantine–Venetian War comes to ...
** The
Boys' Brigade
The Boys' Brigade (BB) is an international interdenominational Christian youth organisation, conceived by the Scottish businessman Sir William Alexander Smith to combine drill and fun activities with Christian values. Following its inception ...
(the first uniformed youth organization in existence) is founded in
Glasgow
Glasgow ( ; sco, Glesca or ; gd, Glaschu ) is the most populous city in Scotland and the fourth-most populous city in the United Kingdom, as well as being the 27th largest city by population in Europe. In 2020, it had an estimated popul ...
, Scotland.
** The
Orient Express
The ''Orient Express'' was a long-distance passenger train service created in 1883 by the Belgian company ''Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits'' (CIWL) that operated until 2009. The train traveled the length of continental Europe and int ...
train begins to run through from
Paris Gare de l'Est to
Giurgiu
Giurgiu (; bg, Гюргево) is a city in southern Romania. The seat of Giurgiu County, it lies in the historical region of Muntenia. It is situated amongst mud-flats and marshes on the left bank of the Danube facing the Bulgarian city ...
in Romania, with onward ferry and train connections to
Istanbul
Istanbul ( , ; tr, İstanbul ), formerly known as Constantinople ( grc-gre, Κωνσταντινούπολις; la, Constantinopolis), is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, serving as the country's economic, ...
(the train has been running since
June 5
Events Pre-1600
*1257 – Kraków, in Poland, receives city rights.
*1283 – Battle of the Gulf of Naples: Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon, destroys the Neapolitan fleet and captures Charles II of Naples, Charles ...
as far as Vienna).
*
October 15
Events Pre-1600
*1066 – Following the death of Harold II at the Battle of Hastings, Edgar the Ætheling is proclaimed King of England by the Witan; he is never crowned, and concedes power to William the Conqueror two months later.
* 1211 ...
– The
Supreme Court of the United States
The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States. It has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all U.S. federal court cases, and over state court cases that involve a point o ...
declares part of the
Civil Rights Act of 1875
The Civil Rights Act of 1875, sometimes called the Enforcement Act or the Force Act, was a United States federal law enacted during the Reconstruction era in response to civil rights violations against African Americans. The bill was passed by the ...
to be unconstitutional, allowing individuals and corporations to discriminate based on
race
Race, RACE or "The Race" may refer to:
* Race (biology), an informal taxonomic classification within a species, generally within a sub-species
* Race (human categorization), classification of humans into groups based on physical traits, and/or s ...
.
*
October 20
Events Pre-1600
*1568 – The Spanish Duke of Alba defeats a Dutch rebel force under William the Silent.
* 1572 – Eighty Years' War: Three thousand Spanish soldiers wade through fifteen miles of water in one night to effect the rel ...
–
Peru
, image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg
, image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg
, other_symbol = Great Seal of the State
, other_symbol_type = Seal (emblem), National seal
, national_motto = "Fi ...
and
Chile
Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east a ...
sign the
Treaty of Ancón
The Treaty of Ancón was a peace treaty signed by Chile and Peru on 20 October 1883, in Ancón District, Ancón, near Lima. It was intended to settle the two nations' remaining territorial differences at the conclusion of their involvement in the ...
, by which the
Tarapacá
San Lorenzo de Tarapacá, also known simply as Tarapacá, is a town in the region of the same name in Chile.
History
The town has likely been inhabited since the 12th century, when it formed part of the Inca trail. When Spanish explorer Diego ...
province is ceded to Chile, ending Peru's involvement in the
War of the Pacific
The War of the Pacific ( es, link=no, Guerra del Pacífico), also known as the Saltpeter War ( es, link=no, Guerra del salitre) and by multiple other names, was a war between Chile and a Bolivian–Peruvian alliance from 1879 to 1884. Fought ...
.
*
October 22
Events Pre-1600
* 451 – The Chalcedonian Creed, regarding the divine and human nature of Jesus, is adopted by the Council of Chalcedon, an ecumenical council.
* 794 – Emperor Kanmu relocates the Japanese capital to Heian-kyō (no ...
– The
Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram
Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram or ''Mödling and Hinterbrühl Local Railway'' (German: ''Lokalbahn Mödling–Hinterbrühl'') was an electric tramway in Austria, running 4.5 km (2.8 mi) from Mödling to Hinterbrühl, in the southwest ...
in Vienna (Austria) is the first
electric tram
A tram (called a streetcar or trolley in North America) is a rail vehicle that travels on tramway tracks on public urban streets; some include segments on segregated right-of-way. The tramlines or networks operated as public transport are ...
powered by
overhead wire
An overhead line or overhead wire is an electrical cable that is used to transmit electrical energy to electric locomotives, trolleybuses or trams. It is known variously as:
* Overhead catenary
* Overhead contact system (OCS)
* Overhead equipmen ...
.
*
October 24
Events Pre-1600
*AD 69 – In the Second Battle of Bedriacum, troops loyal to Vespasian defeat those of Emperor Vitellius.
* 1260 – Chartres Cathedral is dedicated in the presence of King Louis IX of France.
* 1360 – The Treaty ...
–
Cardiff University
, latin_name =
, image_name = Shield of the University of Cardiff.svg
, image_size = 150px
, caption = Coat of arms of Cardiff University
, motto = cy, Gwirionedd, Undod a Chytgord
, mottoeng = Truth, Unity and Concord
, established = 1 ...
, Wales, opens (under the name of University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire).
*
October 30
Events Pre-1600
* 637 – Arab–Byzantine wars: Antioch surrenders to the Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of the Iron Bridge.
* 758 – Guangzhou is sacked by Arab and Persian pirates.
*1137 – Ranulf of Apulia defeats Ro ...
– Two
Clan na Gael
Clan na Gael ( ga, label=modern Irish orthography, Clann na nGael, ; "family of the Gaels") was an Irish republican organization in the United States in the late 19th and 20th centuries, successor to the Fenian Brotherhood and a sister org ...
dynamite
Dynamite is an explosive made of nitroglycerin, sorbents (such as powdered shells or clay), and Stabilizer (chemistry), stabilizers. It was invented by the Swedish people, Swedish chemist and engineer Alfred Nobel in Geesthacht, Northern Germa ...
bombs explode in the
London Underground
The London Underground (also known simply as the Underground or by its nickname the Tube) is a rapid transit system serving Greater London and some parts of the adjacent ceremonial counties of England, counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and He ...
, injuring several people. The next day, British
Home Secretary
The secretary of state for the Home Department, otherwise known as the home secretary, is a senior minister of the Crown in the Government of the United Kingdom. The home secretary leads the Home Office, and is responsible for all national ...
Vernon Harcourt drafts 300 policemen to guard the underground, and introduces the Explosives Bill.
*
November 3
Events Pre-1600
* 361 – Emperor Constantius II dies of a fever at Mopsuestia in Cilicia; on his deathbed he is baptised and declares his cousin Julian rightful successor.
*1333 – The River Arno floods causing massive damage in Fl ...
** The 14th Century AH begins in the
Islamic calendar
The Hijri calendar ( ar, ٱلتَّقْوِيم ٱلْهِجْرِيّ, translit=al-taqwīm al-hijrī), also known in English as the Muslim calendar and Islamic calendar, is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 lunar months in a year of 354 or ...
on the 1st of Muharram, 1301 AH.
**
American Old West
The American frontier, also known as the Old West or the Wild West, encompasses the geography, history, folklore, and culture associated with the forward wave of American expansion in mainland North America that began with European colonial ...
: Self-described ''
Black Bart the Po-8'' makes his last
stagecoach
A stagecoach is a four-wheeled public transport coach used to carry paying passengers and light packages on journeys long enough to need a change of horses. It is strongly sprung and generally drawn by four horses although some versions are draw ...
robbery, but leaves a handkerchief with a laundry mark that eventually leads to his capture.
*
November 14
Events Pre-1600 1601–1900
*1680 – German astronomer Gottfried Kirch discovers the Great Comet of 1680, the first comet to be discovered by telescope.
* 1770 – James Bruce discovers what he believes to be the source of the Nile.
* ...
–
Chile's National Library of Congress is founded.
*
November 18
Events Pre-1600
* 326 – The old St. Peter's Basilica is consecrated by Pope Sylvester I.
* 401 – The Visigoths, led by king Alaric I, cross the Alps and invade northern Italy.
* 1095 – The Council of Clermont begins: called ...
– U.S. and Canadian railroads institute 5 standard continental
time zone
A time zone is an area which observes a uniform standard time for legal, Commerce, commercial and social purposes. Time zones tend to follow the boundaries between Country, countries and their Administrative division, subdivisions instead of ...
s, ending the confusion of thousands of local times.
*
November 28
Events Pre-1600
* 587 – Treaty of Andelot: King Guntram of Burgundy recognizes Childebert II as his heir.
* 936 – Shi Jingtang is enthroned as the first emperor of the Later Jin by Emperor Taizong of Liao, following a revolt again ...
–
Whitman College
Whitman College is a private liberal arts college in Walla Walla, Washington. The school offers 53 majors and 33 minors in the liberal arts and sciences, and it has a student-to-faculty ratio of 9:1. Whitman was the first college in the Pacifi ...
is chartered as a 4-year college in
Walla Walla, Washington
Walla Walla is a city in Walla Walla County, Washington, where it is the largest city and county seat. It had a population of 34,060 at the 2020 census, estimated to have decreased to 33,927 as of 2021. The population of the city and its two su ...
.
*
December 1
Events Pre-1600
* 800 – A council is convened in the Vatican, at which Charlemagne is to judge the accusations against Pope Leo III.
*1420 – Henry V of England enters Paris alongside his father-in-law King Charles VI of France.
* ...
–
Battleford Industrial School
The Battleford Industrial School was a Canadian Indian residential school for First Nations children in Battleford, Northwest Territories (now Saskatchewan) from 1883-1914. It was the first residential school operated by the Government of Cana ...
, the first government-operated
Indian residential school
In Canada, the Indian residential school system was a network of boarding schools for Indigenous peoples. The network was funded by the Canadian government's Department of Indian Affairs and administered by Christian churches. The school sys ...
opens in Canada.
*
December 5
Events Pre-1600
*63 BC – Cicero gives the fourth and final of the Catiline Orations.
* 633 – Fourth Council of Toledo opens, presided over by Isidore of Seville.
* 1033 – The Jordan Rift Valley earthquake destroys multiple ...
–
Bisbee Massacre: Five people are killed in the robbery of a general store by bandits in
Bisbee, Arizona
Bisbee is a city in and the county seat of Cochise County in southeastern Arizona, United States. It is southeast of Tucson and north of the Mexican border. According to the 2020 census, the population of the town was 4,923, down from 5,575 i ...
.
*
December 16
Events Pre-1600
* 714 – Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the Merovingian palace, dies at Jupille (modern Belgium). He is succeeded by his infant grandson Theudoald, while his widow Plectrude holds actual power in the Frankish Kingdom.
* 755 ...
–
Tonkin Campaign
The Tonkin campaign was an armed conflict fought between June 1883 and April 1886 by the French against, variously, the Vietnamese, Liu Yongfu's Black Flag Army and the Chinese Guangxi and Yunnan armies to occupy Tonkin (northern Vietnam) and en ...
: French forces capture the
Sơn Tây
''Toxicodendron succedaneum'', the wax tree, Japanese Hazenoki tree (Sumac or wax tree), sơn in Vietnam or charão in Portuguese, is a flowering plant species in the genus ''Toxicodendron'' found in Asia, although it has been planted elsewhere, ...
citadel.
*
December 21
Events Pre-1600
*AD 69 – The Roman Senate declares Vespasian emperor of Rome, the last in the Year of the Four Emperors.
* 1124 – Pope Honorius II is consecrated, having been elected after the controversial dethroning of Pope Cele ...
– The
Royal Canadian Dragoons
The Royal Canadian Dragoons (RCD) is the senior armoured regiment of the Canadian Army by precedence. It is one of three armoured regiments in the Regular Force and forms part of the Royal Canadian Armoured Corps.
The colonel-in-chief of The RC ...
and The
Royal Canadian Regiment
The Royal Canadian Regiment (RCR) is an infantry regiment of the Canadian Army. The regiment consists of four battalions, three in the Regular Force and one in the primary reserve. The RCR is ranked 1st in the order of precedence amongst Canadian A ...
, the first Permanent Force cavalry and infantry regiments of the Canadian Army, are formed.
Date unknown
* German
bacteriologist
A bacteriologist is a microbiologist, or similarly trained professional, in bacteriology -- a subdivision of microbiology that studies bacteria, typically Pathogenic bacteria, pathogenic ones. Bacteriologists are interested in studying and learnin ...
Robert Koch
Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch ( , ; 11 December 1843 – 27 May 1910) was a German physician and microbiologist. As the discoverer of the specific causative agents of deadly infectious diseases including tuberculosis, cholera (though the Vibrio ...
discovers the
cholera
Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium ''Vibrio cholerae''. Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe. The classic symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhea that lasts a few days. Vomiting and ...
bacillus
''Bacillus'' (Latin "stick") is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria, a member of the phylum ''Bacillota'', with 266 named species. The term is also used to describe the shape (rod) of other so-shaped bacteria; and the plural ''Bacilli ...
.
*
Antoni Gaudí
Antoni Gaudí i Cornet (; ; 25 June 1852 – 10 June 1926) was a Catalan architect from Spain known as the greatest exponent of Catalan Modernism. Gaudí's works have a highly individualized, ''sui generis'' style. Most are located in Barcel ...
begins to work on the
Sagrada Família
The Basílica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Família, shortened as the Sagrada Família, is an unfinished church in the Eixample district of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. It is the largest unfinished Catholic church in the world. Designed by ...
Cathedral in
Barcelona
Barcelona ( , , ) is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.6 million within ci ...
(it will be
consecrated
Consecration is the solemn dedication to a special purpose or service. The word ''consecration'' literally means "association with the sacred". Persons, places, or things can be consecrated, and the term is used in various ways by different grou ...
in
2010
File:2010 Events Collage New.png, From top left, clockwise: The 2010 Chile earthquake was one of the strongest recorded in history; The Eruption of Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland disrupts air travel in Europe; A scene from the opening ceremony of ...
).
* Construction of
Speicherstadt
The Speicherstadt (, literally: 'City of Warehouses', meaning warehouse district) in Hamburg, Germany is the largest warehouse district in the world where the buildings stand on timber-pile foundations, oak logs, in this particular case. It is ...
as a
free zone in the
Port of Hamburg
The Port of Hamburg (german: Hamburger Hafen, ) is a seaport on the river Elbe in Hamburg, Germany, from its mouth on the North Sea.
Known as Germany's "Gateway to the World" (''Tor zur Welt''), it is the country's largest seaport by volume ...
begins.
* During construction of the
Canadian Pacific Railway
The Canadian Pacific Railway (french: Chemin de fer Canadien Pacifique) , also known simply as CPR or Canadian Pacific and formerly as CP Rail (1968–1996), is a Canadian Class I railway incorporated in 1881. The railway is owned by Canadi ...
in 1883, blasting and excavation reveal high concentrations of
nickel
Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel is a hard and ductile transition metal. Pure nickel is chemically reactive but large pieces are slow to ...
–
copper
Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from la, cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pinkis ...
ore
Ore is natural rock or sediment that contains one or more valuable minerals, typically containing metals, that can be mined, treated and sold at a profit.Encyclopædia Britannica. "Ore". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 7 April 2 ...
at
Murray Mine
The Murray Mine is a defunct nickel and copper mine in Greater Sudbury, Ontario. It was the site of the original ore discovery that led to the launch of mining operations in the Sudbury Basin area.
The Murray Mine was discovered in August 1883 ...
, on the edge of the
Sudbury Basin
The Sudbury Basin (), also known as Sudbury Structure or the Sudbury Nickel Irruptive, is a major geological structure in Ontario, Canada. It is the third-largest known impact crater or astrobleme on Earth, as well as one of the oldest. The cra ...
, located near
Sudbury, Ontario
Sudbury, officially the City of Greater Sudbury is the largest city in Northern Ontario by population, with a population of 166,004 at the 2021 Canadian Census. By land area, it is the largest in Ontario and the fifth largest in Canada. It is a ...
, Canada.
*
Otto von Bismarck
Otto, Prince of Bismarck, Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen, Duke of Lauenburg (, ; 1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898), born Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck, was a conservative German statesman and diplomat. From his origins in the upper class of J ...
pushes the first social security law through the
Reichstag.
* The
British Parliament
The Parliament of the United Kingdom is the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories. It meets at the Palace of Westminster, London. It alone possesses legislative supremacy ...
considers a major bill to allow Indian judges to try Europeans in India. The British community rises in protest, and defeats the measure.
* The Mexican government passes a law allowing real estate companies (controlled by General
Porfirio Díaz
José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori ( or ; ; 15 September 1830 – 2 July 1915), known as Porfirio Díaz, was a Mexican general and politician who served seven terms as President of Mexico, a total of 31 years, from 28 November 1876 to 6 Decem ...
's political associates) to survey public and "vacant" lands, and to retain one third of the land they survey.
*
Bernard Kroger
Bernard Heinrich "Henry" Kroger (January 24, 1860 – July 21, 1938) was an American businessman who created the Kroger chain of supermarkets. Kroger was a pioneering grocery innovator who introduced self-service shopping to the public in 1895. ...
establishes the first
Kroger
The Kroger Company, or simply Kroger, is an American retail company that operates (either directly or through its subsidiaries) supermarkets and multi-department stores throughout the United States.
Founded by Bernard Kroger in 1883 in Cincin ...
grocery store
A grocery store ( AE), grocery shop ( BE) or simply grocery is a store that primarily retails a general range of food products, which may be fresh or packaged. In everyday U.S. usage, however, "grocery store" is a synonym for supermarket, a ...
, in
Cincinnati
Cincinnati ( ) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Hamilton County. Settled in 1788, the city is located at the northern side of the confluence of the Licking and Ohio rivers, the latter of which marks the state line wit ...
,
Ohio
Ohio () is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. Of the fifty U.S. states, it is the 34th-largest by area, and with a population of nearly 11.8 million, is the seventh-most populous and tenth-most densely populated. The sta ...
.
* The first
purebred
Purebreds are "cultivated varieties" of an animal species achieved through the process of selective breeding. When the lineage of a purebred animal is recorded, that animal is said to be "pedigreed". Purebreds breed true-to-type which means the p ...
Percheron
The Percheron is a breed of draft horse that originated in the Huisne river valley in western France, part of the former Perche province from which the breed takes its name. Usually gray or black in color, Percherons are well muscled, and k ...
(horse)
stud book
A breed registry, also known as a herdbook, studbook or register, in animal husbandry and the hobby of animal fancy, is an official list of animals within a specific breed whose parents are known. Animals are usually registered by their breeders ...
is created in France.
*
ASEA
''Allmänna Svenska Elektriska Aktiebolaget'' (English translation: General Swedish Electrical Limited Company; Swedish abbreviation: ASEA) was a Swedish industrial company.
History
ASEA was founded in 1883 by Ludvig Fredholm in Västerås as ...
is founded by Ludvig Fredholm in
Sweden
Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden,The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of SwedenUNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden./ref> is a Nordic country located on ...
, predecessor of the global electronic equipment and engineering business
ABB Group
ABB Ltd. is a Swedish-Swiss multinational corporation headquartered in Zürich, Switzerland. The company was formed in 1988 when Sweden's Allmänna Svenska Elektriska Aktiebolaget (ASEA) and Switzerland's Brown, Boveri & Cie merged to create ...
.
* Founding of:
**
Houghton College
Houghton University is a private Christian liberal arts college in Houghton, New York. Houghton was founded in 1883 by Willard J. Houghton and is affiliated with the Wesleyan Church. in New York State
**
Wagner College
Wagner College is a private liberal arts college in Staten Island, New York City. Founded in 1883 and with an enrollment of approximately 2,200 students, Wagner is known for its academic program, The Wagner Plan for the Practical Liberal Arts. It ...
in New York City
**
Baltimore Polytechnic Institute
The Baltimore Polytechnic Institute, colloquially referred to as BPI, Poly, and The Institute, is a U.S. public high school founded in 1883. Established as an all-male manual trade / vocational school by the Baltimore City Council and the Baltim ...
in Maryland
** Raith Rovers F.C. in Scotland
** The Black Arabs F.C (later Bristol Rovers) in England
** Dunstable Town F.C. in England
Births
January–February
![Karl Jaspers 1946](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Karl_Jaspers_1946.jpg)
* January 1 – Ichirō Hatoyama, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1959)
* January 3 – Clement Attlee, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1967)
*
January 4
Events Pre-1600
*46 BC – Julius Caesar fights Titus Labienus in the Battle of Ruspina.
* 871 – Battle of Reading: Æthelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred are defeated by a Danish invasion army.
1601–1900
*1649 – Engli ...
– Johanna Westerdijk, Dutch plant pathologist (d. 1961)
* January 5 – Döme Sztójay, Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1946)
* January 6 – Kahlil Gibran, Lebanese poet, painter and novelist (d. 1931)
*
January 10
Events Pre-1600
*49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war.
* 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and the be ...
** Francis X. Bushman, American screen actor (d. 1966)
** Hubert Latham, pioneer French aviator of the pre-World War I era (d. 1912)
** Florence Reed, American actress (d. 1967)
** Aleksei Nikolaevich Tolstoy, Russian writer (d. 1945)
*
January 19
Events Pre-1600
* 379 – Emperor Gratian elevates Flavius Theodosius at Sirmium to ''Augustus'', and gives him authority over all the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire.
* 649 – Conquest of Kucha: The forces of Kucha surrender ...
– Waite Phillips, American businessman, philanthropist (d. 1964)
* January 20
** Enoch L. Johnson, American political boss, racketeer (d. 1968)
** Bertram Ramsay, British admiral (d. 1945)
* February 8 – Joseph Schumpeter, Austrian economist (d. 1950)
*
February 15
Events Pre-1600
* 438 – Roman emperor Theodosius II publishes the law codex Codex Theodosianus
* 590 – Khosrau II is crowned king of Persia.
* 706 – Byzantine emperor Justinian II has his predecessors Leontios and Tiberi ...
– Sax Rohmer, English author (d. 1959)
*
February 16
Events Pre-1600
* 1249 – Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khagan of the Mongol Empire.
* 1270 – Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Livonian Order in the Battle of Kar ...
**Elizabeth Craig (writer), Elizabeth Craig, British writer (d. 1980)
**Koshirō Oikawa, Japanese admiral (d. 1958)
* February 22
** Abe Attell, American boxer (d. 1970)
** Marguerite Clark, American silent film actress (d. 1940)
*
February 23
Events Pre-1600
* 303 – Roman emperor Diocletian orders the destruction of the Christian church in Nicomedia, beginning eight years of Diocletianic Persecution.
* 532 – Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone of a ...
– Karl Jaspers, German philosopher (d. 1969)
*
February 28
Events Pre-1600
*202 BC – Liu Bang is enthroned as the Emperor of China, beginning four centuries of rule by the Han dynasty.
* 870 – The Fourth Council of Constantinople closes.
*1525 – Aztec king Cuauhtémoc is executed on ...
– Gheorghe Argeșanu, Romanian general and politician, 40th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1940)
March–April
![Stanley Bruce 1930](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Stanley_Bruce_1930.jpg)
*
March 2
Events Pre-1600
* 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his ''bucellarii'' are almost cut o ...
– Nikos Kazantzakis, Greek writer (d. 1957)
* March 3
** Cyril Burt, British educational psychologist (d. 1971)
** Edwin Carewe, Native American director (d. 1940)
* March 4
** Sam Langford, Canadian boxer (d. 1956)
** Maude Fealy, American actress (d. 1971)
* March 7 – Michael Somogyi, Hungarian-American biochemist (d. 1971)
* March 19
** Norman Haworth, British chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1950)
** Joseph Stilwell, American general (d. 1946)
* March 24 – Dorothy Campbell, Scottish golfer (d. 1945)
* April 1
**Laurette Taylor, American actress (d.1946)
**Lon Chaney, American actor (d. 1930)
* April 3 – Henry Diesen, Norwegian admiral (d. 1953)
*
April 5
Events Pre-1600
* 823 – Lothair I is crowned King of Italy by Pope Paschal I.
* 919 – The second Fatimid invasion of Egypt begins, when the Fatimid heir-apparent, al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, sets out from Raqqada at the head of his a ...
– Walter Huston, Canadian-born American actor (d. 1950)
* April 11 – Leonard Mudie, English actor (d. 1965)
* April 12 – Dally Messenger, Australian rugby league player (d. 1959)
* April 15 – Stanley Bruce, 8th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1967)
* April 25 – Semyon Budyonny, Cossack cavalryman, Marshal of the Soviet Union (d. 1973)
* April 27 – Hubert Harrison, African-American writer, critic, and activist (d. 1927)
* April 30 – Jaroslav Hašek, Czech writer (d. 1923)
May–June
![Pierre Laval a Meurisse 1931](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Pierre_Laval_a_Meurisse_1931.jpg)
* May 1 – Thomas J. Moore, Tom Moore, Irish-American actor (d. 1955)
* May 5
** Eleazar López Contreras, 32nd President of Venezuela (d. 1973)
** Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell, British field marshal (d. 1950)
* May 9 – José Ortega y Gasset, Spanish philosopher (d. 1955)
* May 10 – Eugen Leviné, Communist leader of the Munich Soviet Republic (d. 1919)
* May 16
** Celâl Bayar, Turkish politician, statesman, 3rd President of Turkey (d. 1986)
** Solomone Ula Ata, Prime Minister of Tonga (d. 1950)
* May 18
** Walter Gropius, German architect (d. 1969)
** Hasui Kawase, Japanese painter, printmaker (d. 1957)
** Eurico Gaspar Dutra, Brazilian marshal, 16th President of Brazil (d. 1974)
*
May 23
Events Pre-1600
* 1430 – Joan of Arc is captured at the Siege of Compiègne by troops from the Burgundian faction.
* 1498 – Girolamo Savonarola is burned at the stake in Florence, Italy.
*1533 – The marriage of King Henry VI ...
– Douglas Fairbanks, American actor (d. 1939)
*
May 24
Events Pre-1600
* 919 – The nobles of Franconia and Saxony elect Henry the Fowler at the Imperial Diet in Fritzlar as king of the East Frankish Kingdom.
* 1218 – The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt.
* 1276 – Magnus La ...
– Elsa Maxwell, American gossip columnist, international party giver (d. 1963)
* May 25 – Lesley J. McNair, American general (d. 1944)
* May 27 – Jessie Arms Botke, American artist (d. 1971)
* May 28 – Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Indian pro-independence activist, Hindu nationalist (d. 1966)
* May 31 – Lauri Kristian Relander, President of Finland (d. 1942)
*
June 5
Events Pre-1600
*1257 – Kraków, in Poland, receives city rights.
*1283 – Battle of the Gulf of Naples: Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon, destroys the Neapolitan fleet and captures Charles II of Naples, Charles ...
** John Maynard Keynes, English economist (d. 1946)
** Mary Helen Young, Scottish nurse and resistance fighter during World War II (died 1945)
* June 7 – Sylvanus Morley, American scholar, World War I spy (d. 1948)
* June 11 – Aubrey Fitch, American admiral (d. 1978)
* June 18 – Mary Alden, American stage, screen actress (d. 1946)
* June 20 – Royal E. Ingersoll, American admiral (d. 1976)
* June 24 – Victor Francis Hess, Austrian-born American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1964)
*
June 28
Events Pre-1600
* 1098 – Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul at the battle of Antioch.
* 1360 – Muhammed VI becomes the tenth Nasrid king of Granada after killing his brother-in-law Ismail II.
* 1461 – ...
– Pierre Laval, Prime Minister of France (d. 1945)
* June 29 – Lothrop Stoddard, American Eugenics, eugenicist, radical scientific racist (d. 1950)
July–August
![Mussolini mezzobusto](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Mussolini_mezzobusto.jpg)
* July 1 – István Friedrich, 24th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1951)
*
July 3
Events Pre-1600
* 324 – Battle of Adrianople: Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium.
* 987 – Hugh Capet is crowned King of France, the first of the Capetian dynasty that would rule France until the French Revol ...
– Franz Kafka, Austrian writer (d. 1924)
*
July 4
Events Pre-1600
* 362 BC – Battle of Mantinea: The Thebans, led by Epaminondas, defeated the Spartans.
* 414 – Emperor Theodosius II, age 13, yields power to his older sister Aelia Pulcheria, who reigned as regent and proclaim ...
– Rube Goldberg, American cartoonist (d. 1970)
* July 6 – Godfrey Huggins, English-born Rhodesian politician and physician, Prime Minister of Rhodesia (d. 1971)
* July 10 – Johannes Blaskowitz, German general (d. 1948)
* July 16 – Charles Sheeler, American photographer, artist (d. 1965)
* July 19
** Max Fleischer, Austrian animator, film producer (Betty Boop) (d. 1972)
** Beatrice Forbes, Countess of Granard, American-born heiress (d. 1972)
* July 20 – Catherine Bramwell-Booth, English Salvation Army officer (d. 1987)
* July 23
**Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke, British field marshal (d. 1963)
** Oscar Westover, United States Army Air Corps general (d. 1938)
* July 25 – Alfredo Casella, Italian composer (d. 1947)
* July 26 – Edwin Balmer, American science fiction, mystery writer (d. 1959)
* July 29
** Henry Robertson Bowers, Scottish polar explorer (d. 1912)
** Benito Mussolini, dictator of Italy (d. 1945)
* July 31 – Ramón Fonst, Cuban fencer (d. 1959)
* August 2 – Aurelio Mosquera, Ecuadorian politician, 25th President of Ecuador (d. 1939)
* August 6 – Scott Nearing, American political activist, economist, and simple living advocate (d. 1983)
* August 9 – Chester Gillette, American murderer (execution) (d. 1908)
*
August 12
Events Pre-1600
* 1099 – First Crusade: Battle of Ascalon Crusaders under the command of Godfrey of Bouillon defeat Fatimid forces led by Al-Afdal Shahanshah. This is considered the last engagement of the First Crusade.
* 1121 – Ba ...
**Pauline Frederick, American stage, screen actress (d. 1938)
**Marion Lorne, American film, stage and television actress (d. 1968)
* August 15 – Ivan Meštrović, Croatian sculptor and architect (d. 1962)
* August 19
** Coco Chanel, French fashion designer (d. 1971)
** Elsie Ferguson, American actress (d. 1961)
** José Mendes Cabeçadas, 9th President of Portugal and 94th Prime Minister of Portugal (d. 1965)
** Axel Pehrsson-Bramstorp, 24th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1954)
* August 23
** Jesse Pennington, English footballer (d. 1970)
** Jonathan M. Wainwright (general), Jonathan M. Wainwright, American general (d. 1953)
* August 30 – Theo van Doesburg, Dutch artist, painter, architect, and poet (d. 1931)
September–October
![Otto Warburg](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Otto_Warburg.jpg)
* September 2 – Rudolf Weigl, Polish biologist (d. 1957)
* September 5 – Mel Sheppard, American Olympic athlete (d. 1942)
* September 13 – August Zaleski, 6th President of Poland (d. 1972)
*
September 15
Events Pre-1600
* 994 – Major Fatimid victory over the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of the Orontes.
*1440 – Gilles de Rais, one of the earliest known serial killers, is taken into custody upon an accusation brought against him by ...
– Esteban Terradas i Illa, Catalan mathematician, scientist, and engineer (d. 1950)
* September 28 – Berta Pīpiņa, Latvian politician (d. 1942)
* October 2 – Karl von Terzaghi, Austrian civil engineer and "father of soil mechanics" (d. 1963)
* October 5 – Joseph Hubert Priestley, British botanist (d. 1944)
* October 8 – Otto Heinrich Warburg, German physician and physiologist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1970)
*
October 15
Events Pre-1600
*1066 – Following the death of Harold II at the Battle of Hastings, Edgar the Ætheling is proclaimed King of England by the Witan; he is never crowned, and concedes power to William the Conqueror two months later.
* 1211 ...
– Robert L. Ghormley, American admiral (d. 1958)
* October 21 – D. S. Senanayake, 1st Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (d. 1952)
* October 26 – Paul Pilgrim, American athlete (d. 1958)
*
October 30
Events Pre-1600
* 637 – Arab–Byzantine wars: Antioch surrenders to the Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of the Iron Bridge.
* 758 – Guangzhou is sacked by Arab and Persian pirates.
*1137 – Ranulf of Apulia defeats Ro ...
– Bob Jones Sr., American evangelist, religious broadcaster, and founder of Bob Jones University (d. 1968)
* October 31 – Anthony Wilding, New Zealand tennis player (d. 1915)
November–December
![Diego Martinez Barrio](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Diego_Martinez_Barrio.jpg)
* November 4 – Nikolaos Plastiras, Greek general and politician (d. 1953)
* November 8 – Arnold Bax, English composer (d. 1953)
* November 9 – Edna May Oliver, American stage and film character actress (d. 1942)
* November 11 – Ernest Ansermet, Swiss conductor (d. 1969)
*
November 14
Events Pre-1600 1601–1900
*1680 – German astronomer Gottfried Kirch discovers the Great Comet of 1680, the first comet to be discovered by telescope.
* 1770 – James Bruce discovers what he believes to be the source of the Nile.
* ...
– Ado Birk, 3rd Prime Minister of Estonia (d. 1942)
*
November 18
Events Pre-1600
* 326 – The old St. Peter's Basilica is consecrated by Pope Sylvester I.
* 401 – The Visigoths, led by king Alaric I, cross the Alps and invade northern Italy.
* 1095 – The Council of Clermont begins: called ...
– Carl Vinson, U.S. congressman (d. 1981)
* November 25
** Harvey Spencer Lewis, American occultist (b. 1939)
** Diego Martínez Barrio, Spanish politician, 2-time Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1962)
* November 26 – Belle da Costa Greene, American librarian, bibliographer, and archivist (d. 1950)
* November 29
** Lev Galler, Soviet admiral (d. 1950)
** Max Horton, British admiral (d. 1951)
* December 3 – Anton Webern, Austrian composer (d. 1945)
* December 9
** Alexander Papagos, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1955)
** Joseph Pilates, German physical culturist and developer of Pilates (d. 1967)
* December 10 – Giovanni Messe, Italian field marshal and politician (d. 1968)
* December 12 – Maxey Dell Moody, American businessman and founder of M. D. Moody & Sons, Inc. (d. 1949)
* December 14 – Morihei Ueshiba, Japanese martial artist and founder of aikido (d. 1969)
*
December 16
Events Pre-1600
* 714 – Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the Merovingian palace, dies at Jupille (modern Belgium). He is succeeded by his infant grandson Theudoald, while his widow Plectrude holds actual power in the Frankish Kingdom.
* 755 ...
– Max Linder, French actor (d. 1925)
* December 22 – Edgard Varèse, French composer (d. 1965)
* December 25 – Hugo Bergmann, German and Israeli Jewish philosopher (d. 1975)
* December 26 – Maurice Utrillo, French artist and illustrator (d. 1955)
* December 28 – Lloyd Fredendall, American general (d. 1963)
* December 29 – Forrest Taylor, American stage, film and television actor (d. 1965)
Date unknown
* Lotte Herrlich, German photographer (d. 1956)
* Constantin Noe, Megleno-Romanian editor and professor (d. 1939)
* Ali Ahmad Khan, Afghan politician and emir (d. 1929)
* Ernest Spybuck, Native American artist (d. 1949)
* Trần Trọng Kim, Vietnamese historian and Prime Minister of the Empire of Vietnam (d. 1953)
Deaths
January–June
![Édouard Manet-crop](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/%C3%89douard_Manet-crop.jpg)
*
January 4
Events Pre-1600
*46 BC – Julius Caesar fights Titus Labienus in the Battle of Ruspina.
* 871 – Battle of Reading: Æthelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred are defeated by a Danish invasion army.
1601–1900
*1649 – Engli ...
– Antoine Chanzy, French general and colonial governor (b. 1823)
* January 8 – Miska Magyarics, Slovenes, Slovene poet in Hungary (b. 1825)
*
January 10
Events Pre-1600
*49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war.
* 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and the be ...
** Samuel Mudd, American doctor to John Wilkes Booth (b. 1833)
** Elling Eielsen, Norwegian Lutheran leader (b. 1804)
* January 23 – Gustave Doré, French artist (b. 1832)
* January 24 – Friedrich von Flotow, German composer (b. 1812)
* February 13 – Richard Wagner, German composer (b. 1813)
*
February 15
Events Pre-1600
* 438 – Roman emperor Theodosius II publishes the law codex Codex Theodosianus
* 590 – Khosrau II is crowned king of Persia.
* 706 – Byzantine emperor Justinian II has his predecessors Leontios and Tiberi ...
– Prince Kachō Hiroatsu of Japan (b. 1875)
* February 17
** Napoléon Coste, French guitarist and composer (b. 1806)
** Vasudev Balwant Phadke, Indian revolutionary (b. 1845)
* February 18 – Francis Abbott, Australian astronomer (b. 1799)
* March 4 – Alexander Hamilton Stephens, Vice President of the Confederate States of America (b. 1812)
* March 14 – Karl Marx, German communist philosopher (b. 1818)
*
March 20
Events Pre-1600
* 673 – Emperor Emperor Tenmu, Tenmu of Japan assumes the Chrysanthemum Throne at the Asuka, Yamato#Imperial Palaces, Palace of Kiyomihara in Asuka, Yamato, Asuka.
*1206 – Michael IV of Constantinople, Michael IV Au ...
– Charles Lasègue, French physician (b. 1816)
* March 21 – Grigol Orbeliani, Georgian poet and soldier (b. 1804)
*March 27 - John Brown (servant), John Brown, Scottish personal servant and favourite of Queen Victoria (b. 1826)
*
March 28
Events Pre-1600
* AD 37 – Roman emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, bestowed on him by the Senate.
* 193 – After assassinating the Roman Emperor Pertinax, his Praetorian Guards auction off the throne to Di ...
– Napoleon Bonaparte Buford, American general and railroad executive (b. 1807)
* April 4 – Peter Cooper, American industrialist, inventor and philanthropist (b. 1791)
* April 15 – Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (b. 1823)
* April 16 – Charles II, Duke of Parma (b. 1799)
* April 26 – Napoleon Orda, Belarusian composer and artist (b. 1807)
* April 30 – Édouard Manet, French painter (b. 1832)
*
May 24
Events Pre-1600
* 919 – The nobles of Franconia and Saxony elect Henry the Fowler at the Imperial Diet in Fritzlar as king of the East Frankish Kingdom.
* 1218 – The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt.
* 1276 – Magnus La ...
– Keʻelikōlani, princess of Hawaii (b. 1826)
* May 26 – Abdelkader El Djezairi, Algerian leader (b. 1808)
* June 6 – Ciprian Porumbescu, Romanian composer (b. 1853)
* June 11 – Caroline Leigh Gascoigne, English writer (b. 1813)
* June 20 – John Colenso, English-born mathematician and theologian, Bishop of Natal (b. 1814)
* June 26 – Edward Sabine, Irish astronomer (b. 1788)
July–December
![Wilhelm Siemens](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wilhelm_Siemens.jpg)
* July 15 – General Tom Thumb, American circus performer and entertainer (b. 1838)
*
July 22
Events Pre-1600
* 838 – Battle of Anzen: The Byzantine emperor Theophilos suffers a heavy defeat by the Abbasids.
*1099 – First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of J ...
– Edward Ord, U.S. Army officer (b. 1818)
* July 23 – Rose Massey, English actress (b. 1851?)
* July 24 – Matthew Webb, English sailor, first recorded person to swim the English Channel without the use of artificial aids (b. 1848)
* July 27 – Montgomery Blair, American politician (b. 1813)
* July 28 – Carlo Pellion di Persano, Italian admiral and politician (b. 1806)
* August 24 – Henri, Count of Chambord, pretender to the French throne (b. 1820)
* August 25 – Louise Lateau, Belgian mystic and stigmatist (b. 1850)
* September 3 – Ivan Turgenev, Russian writer (b. 1818)
* September 10 – Otto Pius Hippius, Baltic German architect (b. 1826)
* September 17 – Junius Brutus Booth Jr., American actor and theatre manager (b. 1821)
* October 5 – Joachim Barrande, French palaeontologist (b. 1799)
* October 14 – Sir Arthur Elton, 7th Baronet, English writer and Liberal Party politician (b. 1818)
*
October 20
Events Pre-1600
*1568 – The Spanish Duke of Alba defeats a Dutch rebel force under William the Silent.
* 1572 – Eighty Years' War: Three thousand Spanish soldiers wade through fifteen miles of water in one night to effect the rel ...
– George Chichester, 3rd Marquess of Donegall, Anglo-Irish landowner, courtier and politician (b. 1797)
*
October 22
Events Pre-1600
* 451 – The Chalcedonian Creed, regarding the divine and human nature of Jesus, is adopted by the Council of Chalcedon, an ecumenical council.
* 794 – Emperor Kanmu relocates the Japanese capital to Heian-kyō (no ...
– Thomas Mayne Reid, Irish-American novelist (b. 1818)
*
October 30
Events Pre-1600
* 637 – Arab–Byzantine wars: Antioch surrenders to the Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of the Iron Bridge.
* 758 – Guangzhou is sacked by Arab and Persian pirates.
*1137 – Ranulf of Apulia defeats Ro ...
** Dayananda Saraswati, Hindu religious leader (b. 1824)
** Robert Volkmann, German composer (b. 1815)
* November 19 – Carl Wilhelm Siemens, German engineer (b. 1823)
* November 20 – Tenshoin, wife of 13th Shōgun of Japan, Tokugawa Iesada (b.1836)
*November 29 – Elisabeth Dieudonné Vincent, Haitian-born migrant and free woman of colour (b. 1798)
* December 13 – Victor de Laprade, French poet and critic (b. 1812)
* December 27 – Andrew A. Humphreys, American general and civil engineer (b. 1810)
Dates unknown
![Margaret Agnes Bunn-3](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Margaret_Agnes_Bunn-3.jpg)
*Margaret Agnes Bunn, British actress (b. 1799)
*Jules Miot, French republican socialist (b. 1809)
*Mary S. B. Shindler, American poet (b. 1810)
References
Further reading and year books
*
''1883 Annual Cyclopedia'' (1884) online highly detailed coverage of "Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry" for 1883; massive compilation of facts and primary documents; worldwide coverage. 897pp
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1883,