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Coherent Diffraction Imaging
Coherent diffractive imaging (CDI) is a "lensless" technique for 2D or 3D reconstruction of the image of nanoscale structures such as nanotubes, nanocrystals, porous nanocrystalline layers, defects, potentially proteins, and more. In CDI, a highly coherent beam of X-rays, electrons or other wavelike particle or photon is incident on an object. The beam scattered by the object produces a diffraction pattern downstream which is then collected by a detector. This recorded pattern is then used to reconstruct an image via an iterative feedback algorithm. Effectively, the objective lens in a typical microscope is replaced with software to convert from the reciprocal space diffraction pattern into a real space image. The advantage in using no lenses is that the final image is aberration–free and so resolution is only diffraction and dose limited (dependent on wavelength, aperture size and exposure). Applying a simple inverse Fourier transform to information with only intensities is i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lrec 17-1
The International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation is an international conference organised by the European Language Resources Association every other year (on even years) with the support of institutions and organisations involved in Natural language processing. The series of LREC conferences was launched in Granada in 1998. History of conferences Forthcoming conference: LREC 2020Marseille (France) Past conferences: 2018 Miyazaki ( Japan) 2016Portorož (Slovenia) 2014Reykjavík (Iceland) 2012Istanbul (Turkey) 2010Valletta (Malta) 2008 Marrakech (Morocco) 2006Genoa (Italy) 2004 Lisbon (Portugal) 2002Las Palmas (Spain) 2000Athens (Greece) 1998 Granada (Spain) The survey of the LREC conferences over the period 1998-2013 has been presented during the 2014 conference in Reykjavik as a closing session. It appears that the number of papers and signatures is increasing over time. The average number of authors per paper is higher as well. The percentage of new authors ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CNT CDI Reconstruction
CNT may refer to: Organized labor * ''Confederación Nacional del Trabajo'' (CNT), the National Confederation of Labor, a Spanish confederation of anarcho-syndicalist labor unions * ''Central Nacional de Trabajadores'' (CNT), the National Workers' Central (Paraguay), a national trade union center in Paraguay * '' Confédération nationale du travail'' (CNT-F), the National Confederation of Labour, a French anarcho-syndicalist union * ''Confédération Nigérienne du Travail'', the Nigerien Confederation of Labour, a trade union federation in Niger * '' Plenario Intersindical de Trabajadores - Convención Nacional de Trabajadores'' PIT-CNT, a national trade union center in Uruguay Science and technology * Carbon nanotube, an allotrope of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure * Classical nucleation theory * Computer Network Technology Corporation, an enterprise acquired by McData in January 2005; see Ultra Network Technologies * Columbia Non-neutral Torus, a small stellarato ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Microscopes
A microscope () is a laboratory instrument used to examine objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. Microscopy is the science of investigating small objects and structures using a microscope. Microscopic means being invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope. There are many types of microscopes, and they may be grouped in different ways. One way is to describe the method an instrument uses to interact with a sample and produce images, either by sending a beam of light or electrons through a sample in its optical path, by detecting photon emissions from a sample, or by scanning across and a short distance from the surface of a sample using a probe. The most common microscope (and the first to be invented) is the optical microscope, which uses lenses to refract visible light that passed through a thinly sectioned sample to produce an observable image. Other major types of microscopes are the fluorescence microscope, electron microscope (both the transmi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Synchrotron
A synchrotron is a particular type of cyclic particle accelerator, descended from the cyclotron, in which the accelerating particle beam travels around a fixed closed-loop path. The magnetic field which bends the particle beam into its closed path increases with time during the accelerating process, being ''synchronized'' to the increasing kinetic energy of the particles. The synchrotron is one of the first accelerator concepts to enable the construction of large-scale facilities, since bending, beam focusing and acceleration can be separated into different components. The most powerful modern particle accelerators use versions of the synchrotron design. The largest synchrotron-type accelerator, also the largest particle accelerator in the world, is the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) near Geneva, Switzerland, built in 2008 by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). It can accelerate beams of protons to an energy of 6.5 tera electronvolts (TeV or 1012 eV). Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Surface Physics
Surface science is the study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases, including solid– liquid interfaces, solid–gas interfaces, solid–vacuum interfaces, and liquid–gas interfaces. It includes the fields of ''surface chemistry'' and '' surface physics''. Some related practical applications are classed as surface engineering. The science encompasses concepts such as heterogeneous catalysis, semiconductor device fabrication, fuel cells, self-assembled monolayers, and adhesives. Surface science is closely related to interface and colloid science. Interfacial chemistry and physics are common subjects for both. The methods are different. In addition, interface and colloid science studies macroscopic phenomena that occur in heterogeneous systems due to peculiarities of interfaces. History The field of surface chemistry started with heterogeneous catalysis pioneered by Paul Sabatier on hydrogenation and Fritz Haber on the Haber process ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology, also shortened to nanotech, is the use of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale for industrial purposes. The earliest, widespread description of nanotechnology referred to the particular technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and molecules for fabrication of macroscale products, also now referred to as molecular nanotechnology. A more generalized description of nanotechnology was subsequently established by the National Nanotechnology Initiative, which defined nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers (nm). This definition reflects the fact that quantum mechanical effects are important at this quantum-realm scale, and so the definition shifted from a particular technological goal to a research category inclusive of all types of research and technologies that deal with the special properties of matter which occur below the given size threshold. It is therefore common to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Materials Analysis Methods
This is a list of analysis methods used in materials science. Analysis methods are listed by their acronym, if one exists. Symbols * μSR – see muon spin spectroscopy * χ – see magnetic susceptibility A * AAS – Atomic absorption spectroscopy * AED – Auger electron diffraction * AES – Auger electron spectroscopy * AFM – Atomic force microscopy * AFS – Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy * Analytical ultracentrifugation * APFIM – Atom probe field ion microscopy * APS – Appearance potential spectroscopy * ARPES – Angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy * ARUPS – Angle resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy * ATR – Attenuated total reflectance B * BET – BET surface area measurement (BET from Brunauer, Emmett, Teller) * BiFC – Bimolecular fluorescence complementation * BKD – Backscatter Kikuchi diffraction, see EBSD * BRET – Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer * BSED – Back scattered electron diffraction, see EBSD C * CAI ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diffraction Tomography
Diffraction tomography is an inverse scattering technique used to find the shape of a scattering object by illuminating it with probing waves and recording the reflections. It is based on the diffraction slice theorem Diffraction is defined as the interference or bending of waves around the corners of an obstacle or through an aperture into the region of geometrical shadow of the obstacle/aperture. The diffracting object or aperture effectively becomes a s ... and assumes that the scatterer is weak. It is closely related to X-ray tomography. Scattering theory {{scattering-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diffraction
Diffraction is defined as the interference or bending of waves around the corners of an obstacle or through an aperture into the region of geometrical shadow of the obstacle/aperture. The diffracting object or aperture effectively becomes a secondary source of the propagating wave. Italian scientist Francesco Maria Grimaldi coined the word ''diffraction'' and was the first to record accurate observations of the phenomenon in 1660. In classical physics, the diffraction phenomenon is described by the Huygens–Fresnel principle that treats each point in a propagating wavefront as a collection of individual spherical wavelets. The characteristic bending pattern is most pronounced when a wave from a coherent source (such as a laser) encounters a slit/aperture that is comparable in size to its wavelength, as shown in the inserted image. This is due to the addition, or interference, of different points on the wavefront (or, equivalently, each wavelet) that travel by paths of d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ptychography
Ptychography (/t(ʌ)ɪˈkogræfi/ t(a)i-KO-graf-ee) is a computational method of microscopic imaging. It generates images by processing many coherent interference patterns that have been scattered from an object of interest. Its defining characteristic is translational invariance, which means that the interference patterns are generated by one constant function (e.g. a field of illumination or an aperture stop) moving laterally by a known amount with respect to another constant function (the specimen itself or a wave field). The interference patterns occur some distance away from these two components, so that the scattered waves spread out and "fold" ( grc, πτύξ is 'fold') into one another as shown in the figure. Ptychography can be used with visible light, X-rays, extreme ultraviolet (EUV) or electrons. Unlike conventional lens imaging, ptychography is unaffected by lens-induced aberrations or diffraction effects caused by limited numerical aperture. This is particula ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wikipedia 1 (a) Volume Representation Of A Particle Formed By A Collection Of Octahedral Si Nanoparticles, (b) The Central Slice Showing The High Degree Of Porosity
Wikipedia is a multilingual free online encyclopedia written and maintained by a community of volunteers, known as Wikipedians, through open collaboration and using a wiki-based editing system. Wikipedia is the largest and most-read reference work in history. It is consistently one of the 10 most popular websites ranked by Similarweb and formerly Alexa; Wikipedia was ranked the 5th most popular site in the world. It is hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation, an American non-profit organization funded mainly through donations. Wikipedia was launched by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger on January 15, 2001. Sanger coined its name as a blend of ''wiki'' and '' encyclopedia''. Wales was influenced by the " spontaneous order" ideas associated with Friedrich Hayek and the Austrian School of economics after being exposed to these ideas by the libertarian economist Mark Thornton. Initially available only in English, versions in other languages were quickly developed. Its combined editio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
