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Vatanym Tatarstan
( tt-Cyrl, Ватаным Татарстан; ''Our Homeland Tatarstan'') is the main Tatar language newspaper, published in Kazan. The paper first published in March 1918 as (, ''Labour'') by the Kazan Muslim Commissariat with and as its first editors. At first, the daily paper did not contain pictures and used the İske imlâ Arabic-based orthography, switching in 1920 to the Yaña imlâ orthography when it became (, ''Tatarstan News''). From 1929 to 1939, as part of Soviet latinization efforts, the newspaper was published as in the Yañalif orthography. In February 2022, it changed names to become (). Throughout its history, Vatanym Tatarstan focused on the social, political, and cultural issues in Tatarstan, and many influential Tatar journalists worked at the paper over the years, including Fatix Ämirxan, Musa Cälil, Äxmät İsxaq, and Ğäliäsğar Kamal Ğäliäsğar Ğäliäkbär ulı Kamaletdinov ( tt-Cyrl, Галиәсгар Галиәкбәр улы К ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kazan
Kazan ( ; rus, Казань, p=kɐˈzanʲ; tt-Cyrl, Казан, ''Qazan'', IPA: ɑzan is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan in Russia. The city lies at the confluence of the Volga and the Kazanka rivers, covering an area of , with a population of over 1.2 million residents, up to roughly 1.6 million residents in the urban agglomeration. Kazan is the fifth-largest city in Russia, and the most populous city on the Volga, as well as the Volga Federal District. Kazan became the capital of the Khanate of Kazan and was conquered by Ivan the Terrible in the 16th century, becoming a part of Russia. The city was seized and largely destroyed during Pugachev's Rebellion of 1773–1775, but was later rebuilt during the reign of Catherine the Great. In the following centuries, Kazan grew to become a major industrial, cultural and religious centre of Russia. In 1920, after the Russian SFSR became a part of the Soviet Union, Kazan became the capital of the Tat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tatarstan
The Republic of Tatarstan (russian: Республика Татарстан, Respublika Tatarstan, p=rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə tətɐrˈstan; tt-Cyrl, Татарстан Республикасы), or simply Tatarstan (russian: Татарстан, tt-Cyrl, Татарстан), sometimes also called Tataria (russian: Татария, tt-Cyrl, Татария), is a Republics of Russia, republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe. It is a part of the Volga Federal District; and its capital city, capital and largest city is Kazan, an important cultural centre in Russia. The republic borders Kirov Oblast, Kirov, Ulyanovsk Oblast, Ulyanovsk, Samara Oblast, Samara, and Orenburg Oblasts, the Mari El Republic, Mari El, Udmurt Republic, Udmurt, and Chuvash Republics, and the Bashkortostan, Republic of Bashkortostan. The area of the republic is . The unofficial Tatarstan motto is ''Bez Buildırabız!'' (''We can!''). As of the Russian Census (2021), 2021 Census, the population of Tatarstan was& ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tatar Language
Tatar ( or ) is a Turkic languages, Turkic language spoken by Volga Tatars, Tatars mainly located in modern Tatarstan (European Russia), as well as Siberia. It should not be confused with Crimean Tatar language, Crimean Tatar or Siberian Tatar language, Siberian Tatar, which are closely related but belong to different subgroups of the Kipchak languages. Geographic distribution The Tatar language is spoken in Russia (about 5.3 million people), Ukraine, China, Finland, Turkey, Uzbekistan, the United States, United States of America, Romania, Azerbaijan, Israel, Kazakhstan, Georgia (country), Georgia, Lithuania, Latvia and other countries. There are more than 7 million speakers of Tatar in the world. Tatar is also native for several thousand Mari people, Maris. Mordva's Qaratay group also speak a variant of Kazan Tatar. In the Russian Census (2010), 2010 census, 69% of Russian Tatars who responded to the question about language ability claimed a knowledge of the Tatar language ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
İske Imlâ Alphabet
İske imlâ (İske imlâ: , tt, Иске имля, , "Old Orthography") is a variant of the Arabic script, used for the Tatar language before 1920, as well as for the Old Tatar language. This alphabet can be referred to as "old" only to contrast it with Yaña imlâ. Additional characters that could not be found in Arabic and Persian were borrowed from the Chagatai language. The final alphabet was reformed by Qayum Nasiri in the 1870s. In 1920, it was replaced by the Yaña imlâ (which was not an Abjad, but derived from the same source). This alphabet is currently used by Chinese Tatars, who speak an archaic variant of the Tatar language. Description ] Use of the Arabic script for Tatar was linked to Pan Islam and anti-Sovietism, with the old traditional class promoting Arabic script in opposition to the Soviets. Based on the standard Arabic alphabet, İske imlâ reflected all vowels in the beginning and end of a word and back vowels in the middle of a word with letters, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yaña Imlâ Alphabet
Yaña imlâ (Yaña imlâ: , tt-Cyrl, Яңа имля, , lit. "New orthography") was a modified variant of Arabic script that was in use for the Tatar language between 1920–1927. The orthographical reform modified İske imlâ, abolishing excess Arabic letters, adding letters for short vowels e, ı, ö, o. Yaña imlâ made use of "Arabic Letter Low Alef" to indicate vowel harmony. Arguably, Yaña imlâ had as its goal the accommodation of the alphabet to the actual Tatar pronunciation. There were some projects that were to simplify Yaña imlâ too. The unique ''separated Arabic'' was invented (so as to use typewriters). Separated Arabic was even incorporated in the early flag of Tatar ASSR, though it was not in real use. As early as in 1924 the first projects of Latin script were introduced and in 1928 alphabet was switched to the Latin Yañalif alphabet. See also *Tatar alphabet Two scripts are currently used for the Tatar language: Arabic (in China) and Cyrillic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Latinisation In The Soviet Union
In the USSR, latinisation or latinization (russian: латиниза́ция, ') was the name of the campaign during the 1920s–1930s which aimed to replace traditional writing systems for all languages of the Soviet Union with systems that would use the Latin script or to create Latin-script-based systems for languages that, at the time, did not have a writing system. History Background Since at least 1700, some Russian intellectuals have sought to Latinise the Russian language in their desire for close relations with the West. The early 20th-century Bolsheviks had four goals: to break with Tsarism, to spread socialism Socialism is a left-wing economic philosophy and movement encompassing a range of economic systems characterized by the dominance of social ownership of the means of production as opposed to private ownership. As a term, it describes the e ... to the whole world, to isolate the Muslim inhabitants of the Soviet Union from the Arabic–Islamic wor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yañalif
Jaꞑalif, Yangalif or Yañalif (Tatar: jaꞑa əlifba/yaña älifba → jaꞑalif/yañalif, , Cyrillic: Яңалиф, "new alphabet") is the first Latin alphabet used during the latinisation in the Soviet Union in the 1930s for the Turkic languages. It replaced the Yaña imlâ Arabic script-based alphabet in 1928, and was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in 1938–1940. After their respective independence in 1991, several former Soviet states in Central Asia switched back to Latin script, with slight modifications to the original Jaꞑalif. There are 33 letters in Jaꞑalif, nine of which are vowels. The apostrophe is used for the glottal stop (həmzə or hämzä) and is sometimes considered a letter for the purposes of alphabetic sorting. Other characters may also be used in spelling foreign names. The lowercase form of letter B is ʙ, to prevent confusion with Ь ь. Letter No. 33, similar to Zhuang Ƅ, is not currently available as a Latin character in Unicode, but it look ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fatix Ämirxan
Ämirxanov Möxämmätfatix Zarif ulı Fatix Ämirxan (; 1886–1926) was a Tatar classic writer, editor and publicist. Ämirxan was born in 1886 in Kazan, Russian Empire. His father was a mullah of Old Stone Mosque Möxämmätzarif Ämirxanov, an author of Qur'anical tafsir and the founder of the ''Ämirxaniä'' madrassa. Ämirxan graduated '' Möxämmädiä'' madrassa in Kazan, that was the most prominent Tatar educational institution at that time. In 1906-1907 he lived in Moscow and Saint Petersburg, where he published a Tatar journal for children. Working in Kazan, Ämirxan was an editor of ''Äl-İslax'' (''The Renewal''), he was published in newspapers ''Qoyaş'' (''The Sun''), ''Yoldız'' (''The star''), ''İdel'' (''Volga''), journals ''Yalt-yolt'' (''The Lightning'') and ''Añ'' (''The Consciousness ''). Fatix Ämirxan is an author of the stories ''Fätxulla hazrat'' (''Fätxulla xäzrät'') (1909), ''Xäyät'' (1911), plays ''The Youth'' (''Yäşlär'') (1913), ''T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Musa Cälil
Musa Cälil ( tt-Cyrl, Муса Җәлил, translit=Musa Çəlil, ; russian: Муса Джалиль; 25 August 1944) was a Soviet– Tatar poet and resistance fighter. He is the only poet of the Soviet Union awarded simultaneously the Hero of the Soviet Union award for his resistance fighting and the Lenin Prize for having written ''The Moabit Notebooks''; both awards were bestowed upon him posthumously.Mussa Jalil. Selected poems. Poetry of Truth and Passion. Rafael Mustafin, translated by Lydia Kmetyuk. Moscow, Progress Publishers, 1981 Biography Early life Musa Cälil was born in Mustafino, a village in Orenburg Governorate, to a family of junk dealers. He graduated from in Orenburg. His first published works were revolutionary verses. The Turkic ''aruz wezni'' poetic rhythm is seen in Cälil's early works, which is attributed to ''Gisyanism'' (; гыйсъянизм), a romantic poetic style celebrating revolution that was often found in young Tatar poetry of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Äxmät İsxaq
Äxmät İsxaq ( tt-Cyrl, Әхмәт Исхак, , , ; russian: Ахмет Исхак; 1905–1991) was a Soviet-Tatar poet, translator, and journalist. Biography Äxmät İsxaq was born in Kazan. He received his professional education at the Möxämmädiä madrasa and the Tatar Pedagogical Institute in Kazan, before starting work in the editorial office of the Tatar Regional Committee of Komsomol. In 1925, he was sent to Moscow to study at the State Film School, but he soon joined the editorial office of the Tatar-language newspaper (Эшче; The Worker) where he met the Tatar writers Musa Cälil and . In 1928, he returned to Kazan and began working for other Tatar-language publications, including the newspaper '' Qızıl Tatarstan'' (Кызыл Татарстан; Red Tatarstan) and the satirical magazine ' (Чаян; Scorpion). In 1939, he became head of the Tatar ASSR branch of the Union of Soviet Writers, a position he held until 1942. In 1942, during World War ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ğäliäsğar Kamal
Ğäliäsğar Ğäliäkbär ulı Kamaletdinov ( tt-Cyrl, Галиәсгар Галиәкбәр улы Камалетдинов) aka Ğäliäsğar Kamal ( tt-Cyrl, Галиәсгар Камал , russian: Галиаскар Камал, ''Galiaskar Kamal'') was a Tatar writer, dramatist and playwright. Galiaskar Kamal Tatar Academic Theatre is named after him. Biography Ğäliäsğar Kamal was born on 6 January 1879 in the family of a furrier craftsman in Kazan. He studied in the Kazan Madrassahs ''Ğosmaniä'' and '' Möxämmadiä'' in 1889–1897. At the same time he studied the Russian language Russian (russian: русский язык, russkij jazyk, link=no, ) is an East Slavic languages, East Slavic language mainly spoken in Russia. It is the First language, native language of the Russians, and belongs to the Indo-European langua ... in a three-years municipal school. The first play of Kamal was called ''The Unlucky Youth'' and it was published in 1900. The history of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ISO 216
ISO 216 is an international standard for paper sizes, used around the world except in North America and parts of Latin America. The standard defines the "A", "B" and "C" series of paper sizes, including A4, the most commonly available paper size worldwide. Two supplementary standards, ISO 217 and ISO 269, define related paper sizes; the ISO 269 "C" series is commonly listed alongside the A and B sizes. All ISO 216, ISO 217 and ISO 269 paper sizes (except some envelopes) have the same aspect ratio, , within rounding to millimetres. This ratio has the unique property that when cut or folded in half widthways, the halves also have the same aspect ratio. Each ISO paper size is one half of the area of the next larger size in the same series. Dimensions of A, B and C series History The oldest known mention of the advantages of basing a paper size on an aspect ratio of is found in a letter written on 25 October 1786 by the German scientist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
