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Vietnamese Literature
Vietnamese literature ( vi, Văn học Việt Nam; chữ Nôm: 文學越南) is the literature, both oral and written, created largely by the Vietnamese. Early Vietnamese literature has been greatly influenced by Chinese literature. As Literary Chinese was the formal written language for government documents, a majority of literary works were composed in Hán văn or as văn ngôn. From the 10th century, a minority of literary works were composed in chữ Nôm, the former writing system for the Vietnamese language. The Nôm script better represented Vietnamese literature as it led to the creation of different poetic forms like Lục bát and Song thất lục bát. It also allowed for Vietnamese reduplication to be used in Vietnamese poetry. History For a millennium before the tenth century, Vietnam was under the rule of various Chinese dynasties and as a result much of the written work during this period was in chữ Hán (Chinese characters), works written in chữ Hán were eithe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chữ Nôm
Chữ Nôm (, ; ) is a logographic writing system formerly used to write the Vietnamese language. It uses Chinese characters (''Chữ Hán'') to represent Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary and some native Vietnamese words, with other words represented by new characters created using a variety of methods, including phono-semantic compounds. This composite script was therefore highly complex, and was accessible only to the small proportion of the Vietnamese population who had mastered written Chinese. Although formal writing in Vietnam was done in classical Chinese until the early 20th century (except for two brief interludes), chữ Nôm was widely used between the 15th and 19th centuries by the Vietnamese cultured elite for popular works in the vernacular, many in verse. One of the best-known pieces of Vietnamese literature, ''The Tale of Kiều'', was written in chữ Nôm by Nguyễn Du. The Vietnamese alphabet created by Portuguese Jesuit missionaries, with the earliest known usage ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Francisco De Pina
Francisco de Pina (1585 – 1625) was a Portuguese Jesuit interpreter, missionary and priest, credited with creating the first Latin script, Latinized script of the Vietnamese language, on which the modern Vietnamese alphabet is based. Biography Francisco de Pina was born in Guarda, Portugal, in 1585 and entered the Jesuit order in 1605.Jacques, Roland. Portuguese Pioneers of Vietnamese Linguistics. Bangkok: Orchid Press, 2002. In the years between 1611 and 1617 he studied at St. Paul's College, Macau, where he was exposed to the works of João Rodrigues Tçuzu. The latter was a Portuguese Jesuit who had pioneered transliteration of Japanese into Latin alphabet using phonetics of the Portuguese language. João Rodrigues Tçuzu arrived in Macau from Japan in 1614, 6 years after completing his most famous work about Japanese grammar, ''Arte da Lingoa de Iapam''. Francisco de Pina arrived in Đàng Trong (called Cochinchina by Europeans at the time) in 1617 in order to replace the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lê Văn Hưu
Lê Văn Hưu (1230–1322) was an historian of the Trần dynasty. He is best known for his work the ''Đại Việt sử ký'', the first comprehensive historical record of the history of Vietnam. Although the book was lost during the Fourth Chinese domination in Vietnam, its contents, including Lê Văn Hưu's comments on various events in the history of Vietnam, were used by other Vietnamese historians as a base for their works, notably the ''Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư'' by Ngô Sĩ Liên. History Lê Văn Hưu was born in 1230 in Phủ Lý village, Hà Nam now Phủ Lý District, Hà Nam. In February 1247 he ranked second in the Imperial examination organized under the reign of Trần Thái Tông and thus received the title ''bảng nhãn'' ( 榜 眼, eyes positioned alongside). After the examination, he was appointed an official of the royal court of the Trần dynasty and was gradually promoted to Hàn Lâm viện học sĩ (翰林院學士, Member of the Hanlin Aca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Đại Việt Sử Ký
The ''Đại Việt sử ký'' (, vi-hantu, 大越史記, ''Annals of Đại Việt'') is the official historical text of the Trần dynasty, that was compiled by the royal historian Lê Văn Hưu and was finished in 1272. Considered the first comprehensive account of the history of Vietnam, the 30-volume book covered the period from Triệu Đà, the first king of the Triệu dynasty, to Lý Chiêu Hoàng which was the empress regnant and the last ruler of the Lý dynasty. Although it was lost during the Fourth Chinese domination in Vietnam, the contents of the ''Đại Việt sử ký'', including Lê Văn Hưu's comments about various events in the history of Vietnam, were used by other Vietnamese historians as a base for their works, notably the ''Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư'' by Ngô Sĩ Liên. History of compilation Lê Văn Hưu was a renowned scholar and an official of the royal court of the Trần dynasty during the reign of Trần Thái Tông and Trần Thánh T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lý Thường Kiệt
Lý Thường Kiệt (; 1019–1105), real name Ngô Tuấn (), was a Vietnamese general and admiral of the Lý dynasty. He served as an official through the reign of Lý Thái Tông, Lý Thánh Tông and Lý Nhân Tông and was a general during the Song–Lý War. In Vietnamese history, he helped invade Champa (1069), raid the three Song dynasty provinces of Kham, Ung, Liem (1075-1076), and defeat the Song invasion of Vietnam led by Gou Kui and Zhao Xie. Background Born Ngo Tuan Lý Thường Kiệt was born in Thăng Long (now Hanoi), the capital of Đại Việt (ancient Vietnam). His real name was Ngô Tuấn. His father was a low-ranking military officer. He was originally from Thái Hòa ward (太和坊) of Thăng Long citadel. According to Hoàng Xuân Hãn, Thái Hòa was also the name of a small mountain in the west of Thăng Long citadel, south of the Bách Thảo dike, near the place turn down to the horse racing. Lý Thường Kiệt surname was not originally L ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nam Quốc Sơn Hà
''Nam quốc sơn hà'' (, ) is a famous 10th- to 11th-century Vietnamese patriotic poem. Dubbed "Vietnam's first Declaration of Independence", it asserts the sovereignty of Vietnam's rulers over its lands. The poem was first dictated to be read aloud before and during battles to boost army morale and nationalism when Vietnam under Lê Đại Hành and Lý Thường Kiệt fought against two invasions by Song dynasty in 981 and 1075–1076 and would become became an emblematic hymn in the early independence wars. The poem's authorship its exact authorship is still controversial and it's written in the form of an oracle, the poem is one of the best-known pieces of Vietnamese literature. More recently, this same poem has often been recited to show anti-Chinese sentiment by Vietnamese citizens when China began oil exploration in historically Vietnamese marine areas. 981 version This version is included in ''Lĩnh Nam chích quái ("Selection of Strange Tales from Lingnan")'' and da ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Đại La
Đại La (), means ''the Citadel of the Great Dike'', or La Thành (羅城, means ''the Citadel of the Dike'') was an ancient fortified city in present-day Hanoi during the third Chinese domination of the 7th and 8th centuries, and again in the 11th-century under Lý dynasty.Viet Nam social sciences Ủy ban khoa học xã hội Việt Nam - 2008 4/6 - Page 15 "The outer rampart: An earth rampart was raised in 1014, then rebuilt in 1078 and named Đại La Citadel. The name Đại La appeared many times in the historical chronicles, in 1078, 1154, 1165, 1170, 1230 and 1243." Đại La was constructed by ''jiedushi'' Gao Pian in 866. It was the seat of Songping County during the Tang dynasty, and was capital of the Tĩnh Hải quân. In 1010, Lý Công Uẩn decided to move his capital away from the cramped Hoa Lư (present-day Ninh Bình). Đại La was favored because of its central and convenient location, defensible terrain and relatively dry climate. According to the ''Đại V ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hoa Lư
Hoa Lư was the capital of Vietnam from 968 to 1009. It lies in Trường Yên Thượng village, Hoa Lư District, Ninh Bình Province. The area is one of ricefields broken by limestone mountains, and is approximately 90 km south of Hanoi. Together with Phát Diệm Cathedral, Tam Cốc-Bích Động, Bái Đính Temple, Tràng An, and Cúc Phương, Hoa Lư is a tourist destinations in Ninh Bình Province. In the late 10th century, Hoa Lư was the capital as well as the economic, political and cultural center of Đại Cồ Việt, an independent Vietnamese polity founded in 968 A.D. by the local warlord Đinh Bộ Lĩnh (posthumously known as Đinh Tiên Hoàng, or "First Dinh Emperor"), following years of civil war and a violent secessionist movement against China's Southern Han dynasty. Hoa Lư was the native land of the first two imperial dynasties of Vietnam: the Đinh founded by Đinh Tiên Hoàng, and the Early Lê founded by Lê Đại Hành. Following the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thiên đô Chiếu
Edict on the Transfer of the Capital (, vi, Thiên đô chiếu or Chiếu dời đô) is the edict written by the asking of emperor Lý Thái Tổ and was issued in the fall of 1010 to transfer the capital of Đại Cồ Việt from Hoa Lư to Đại La. History In 968, Vietnam was unified by emperor Đinh Bộ Lĩnh, ended the Anarchy of the 12 Warlords period. He placed the imperial capital in the mountainous Hoa Lư, located in modern-day Ninh Bình province of Vietnam, and Hoa Lư stayed being the capital for about 42 years and developed into a major cultural centre of Vietnam. In 1005, ruling emperor Lê Hoàn of the Early Lê dynasty died, resulting in a succession dispute between the princes, Lê Long Đĩnh, Lê Long Tích, Lê Long Kính and crown prince Lê Long Việt, preventing a government to take control over the entire country for eight months. Eventually, Lê Long Đĩnh won control of the throne, became the new emperor. As a result of the emperor's poor healt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chinese Script
Chinese characters () are logograms developed for the writing of Chinese. In addition, they have been adapted to write other East Asian languages, and remain a key component of the Japanese writing system where they are known as ''kanji''. Chinese characters in South Korea, which are known as ''hanja'', retain significant use in Korean academia to study its documents, history, literature and records. Vietnam once used the ''chữ Hán'' and developed chữ Nôm to write Vietnamese before turning to a romanized alphabet. Chinese characters are the oldest continuously used system of writing in the world. By virtue of their widespread current use throughout East Asia and Southeast Asia, as well as their profound historic use throughout the Sinosphere, Chinese characters are among the most widely adopted writing systems in the world by number of users. The total number of Chinese characters ever to appear in a dictionary is in the tens of thousands, though most are graphic v ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
