Lý Thường Kiệt (; 1019–1105), real name Ngô Tuấn (), was a Vietnamese general and admiral of the

Lý dynasty The Lý dynasty ( vi, Nhà Lý, , chữ Nôm: 茹李, chữ Hán: 李朝, Hán Việt: ''Lý triều'') was a Vietnamese dynasty that existed from 1009 to 1225. It was established by Lý Công Uẩn when he overthrew the Early Lê dynasty and ...

. He served as an official through the reign of Lý Thái Tông,

Lý Thánh Tông Lý Thánh Tông (30 March 1023 – 1 February 1072), personal name Lý Nhật Tôn , temple name Thánh Tông, was the third emperor of the Lý dynasty and the 8th ruler of the Vietnamese kingdom Đại Việt. In his reign, Lý Thánh Tông ...

and

Lý Nhân Tông Lý Nhân Tông (22 February 1066 – 15 January 1128), personal name Lý Càn Đức, temple name Nhân Tông was the fourth monarch of the Lý dynasty, ruling the kingdom of Đại Việt from 1072 until his death in 1128. Succeeding his fat ...

and was a general during the Song–Lý War. In Vietnamese history, he helped invade Champa (1069), raid the three

Song dynasty The Song dynasty (; ; 960–1279) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou. The Song conquered the res ...

provinces of Kham, Ung, Liem (1075-1076), and defeat the Song invasion of Vietnam led by

Gou Kui Gou or GOU may refer to: People * Empress Gou (), wife of Fú Jiān of Former Qin * Empress Dowager Gou (), mother of Fú Jiān of Former Qin * Oeyo (1573–1626), wife of Shōgun Tokugawa Hidetata Surname * Terry Gou (born 1950), Taiwanese b ...

and Zhao Xie.

Background

Born Ngo Tuan

Lý Thường Kiệt was born in Thăng Long (now

Hanoi Hanoi or Ha Noi ( or ; vi, Hà Nội ) is the capital and second-largest city of Vietnam. It covers an area of . It consists of 12 urban districts, one district-leveled town and 17 rural districts. Located within the Red River Delta, Hanoi i ...

), the capital of

Đại Việt Đại Việt (, ; literally Great Việt), often known as Annam ( vi, An Nam, Chữ Hán: 安南), was a monarchy in eastern Mainland Southeast Asia from the 10th century AD to the early 19th century, centered around the region of present-day ...

(ancient

Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making it ...

). His real name was Ngô Tuấn. His father was a low-ranking military officer. He was originally from Thái Hòa ward (太和坊) of Thăng Long citadel. According to Hoàng Xuân Hãn, Thái Hòa was also the name of a small mountain in the west of Thăng Long citadel, south of the Bách Thảo dike, near the place turn down to the horse racing. Lý Thường Kiệt surname was not originally Lý, because he was given the royal surname. As for his original surname, there are now two major controversial theories: * Ngô surname: This theory is based on ''"Genealogy of the Vietnamese Ngô family"'' and ''"Thần phổ Lý Thường Kiệt"'' written by Nhữ Bá Sĩ in the

Nguyễn dynasty The Nguyễn dynasty (chữ Nôm: 茹阮, vi, Nhà Nguyễn; chữ Hán: 阮朝, vi, Nguyễn triều) was the last Vietnamese dynasty, which ruled the unified Vietnamese state largely independently from 1802 to 1883. During its existence, ...

. According to this evidence, his original name was Ngô Tuấn (吳俊), the name after maturity was Thường Kiệt (常傑), after being given the royal surname, was named Lý Thường Kiệt. He was the son of Sùng Tiết general Ngô An Ngữ, the grandson of ambassador

Ngô Xương Xí Ngô Xương Xí ( vi-hantu, 吳昌熾, ?–968) was a Ngô dynasty crown prince and warlord of Vietnam during the Period of the 12 Warlords. Xí was a son of King Ngô Xương Ngập, a co-ruler of Ngô dynasty. In 965, when his uncle, Ki ...

and the great-grandson of Thiên Sách vương Ngô Xương Ngập - the eldest son of Ngô Quyền. This theory was most widely accepted, but it was considered a ''"new theory"'', because the time of the evidence was still young, an unknown genealogy and was written during the

. * Quách surname: This theory is based on the stele ''"An Hoạch Báo Ân tự bi ký"'' (created in 1100) and the ''"Cồ Việt quốc

Thái úy Lý công Cài () is a Chinese-language surname that derives from the name of the ancient Cai state. In 2019 it was the 38th most common surname in China, but the 9th most common in Taiwan (as of 2018), where it is usually romanized as "Tsai" (based on ...

thạch bi minh tính tự"'' (created in 1159), these are both original steles of the

and the translation is available in ''"The epitaphs of Lý-Trần Dynasty"'' by Lam Giang, Pham Van Tham and Pham Thi Hoa. According to the information of both steles, Lý Thường Kiệt originally surname was Quách, first name was Tuấn, the name after maturity was Thường Kiệt very similar to the information of gô family theory According to the stele, his hometown is An Xá village, Quảng Đức district (Cơ Xá, Gia Lâm district today), and perhaps later transformed into Thái Hòa ward as Toan Thu noted. His father was commander-in-chief under the reign of Lý Thái Tông, there are two different names, according to '' Đại Việt sử lược'' his father named commander-in-chief Quách Thịnh Ích (郭盛謚), and '' An Nam Chí Lược'' written as commander-in-chief Quách Thịnh Dật (郭盛溢), hometown in Câu Lậu and Tế Giang districts (now in Mỹ Văn, Hưng Yên). After the Emperor gave him the royal surname, Quách Tuấn was named Lý Thường Kiệt. According to the epitaph of commander-in-chief Đỗ Anh Vũ, Anh Vũ's father called Lý Thường Kiệt his uncle. Chinese histories often say that hường Kiệtis Lý Thường Cát or Lý Thượng Cát. In the family, he has a younger brother named Lý Thường Hiến (李常憲). Perhaps like his brother, ''"Thường Hiến"'' is the name after maturity, not the real name; it is customary in the old days that the name after maturation has a similar or opposite meaning to the real name and is used to call outside as an understanding of the politeness, only in the home to call the real name.

Family

According to the comment of ''

Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư The ''Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư'' ( vi-hantu, 大越史記全書; ; ''Complete Annals of Đại Việt'') is the official national chronicle of the Vietnamese state, that was originally compiled by the royal historian Ngô Sĩ Liên unde ...

'' history book, his family succeeded as mandarins in the way of hereditary, that is the ordination was permanent throughout the generations, so his family could be seen as a bureaucracy with a strong roots. From a young age, Lý Thường Kiệt has proved to be a person with the will and energy, studying, practicing both literature and martial arts, having studied military tactics. Due to two different sources, Lý Thường Kiệt's father position is also different. The Việt điện u linh tập history book that were compiled with gô surname sourcesall mention Lý Thường Kiệt's father named An Ngữ, and was a ''"Sùng ban Lang tướng"''. The An Nam chí lược history book in the

has two names Sùng ban and Lang tướng, but that policy copies the two names apart. Perhaps ''"Sùng ban Lang tướng"'' is ''"Lang tướng belonging to Sùng ban"'', because even in Chí lược book there was a position called ''"Vũ nội Lang tướng"'', but it is not clear how these positions are in the court. As for uách surname sources Lý Thường Kiệt was the son of Quách Thịnh Ích, a commander-in-chief, so his position was different. Nhữ Bá Sĩ wrote about the legend youth of Lý Thường Kiệt as follows: Scholar Hoàng Xuân Hãn, when extracting content from Nhữ Bá Sĩ's stele, also commented: ''"This paragraph, copied from Nhữ Bá Sĩ stele, a new stele built in Tự Đức's reign. Certainly, Nhữ Bá Sĩ copied the oral tradition of the people. The word of the people is mostly an oral or a fabrication, we cannot fully believe the details that are so clearly written in the oral. But the above mentioned Thường Kiệt education is consistent with what we still know about the

Nam Quốc Sơn Hà

He may have been the author of the Vietnamese poem, '' Nam Quốc Sơn Hà''. However controversy surrounds its exact authorship. The poem was written to motivate troops to fight against the Song dynasty. According to the 20th century historian

Trần Trọng Kim Trần Trọng Kim (Chữ Nôm: ; 1883 – December 2, 1953), courtesy name Lệ Thần, was a Vietnamese scholar and politician who served as the Prime Minister of the short-lived Empire of Vietnam, a state established with the support of Imper ...

, Ly was afraid that his soldiers would lose morale so he wrote this poem and said it was done by the Gods to restore their fighting spirit. In

US President The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States ...

Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II ( ; born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party, Obama was the first Af ...

's visit to Vietnam, he referred to the poem as Vietnam's "declaration of independence" saying that large countries should not bully smaller countries. Nonetheless, to this day the poem is still well known in Vietnam, and Ly is considered a national hero, with some Vietnamese still delivering tribute to and worshipping him as a deity at his shrine in Hanoi.

Phạt Tống lộ bố văn

General Ly Thuong Kiet was also the author of the Phạt Tống lộ bố văn (chữ Hán : 伐宋露布文, An Account of the Campaign to Punish the Song), another poem against the Song dynasty.Viet Nam social sciences - Issues 4-6 - Page 86 Ủy ban khoa học xã hội Việt Nam - 2002 "... and author of the epic poems Nam Quoc Son Ha and Lo Bo Van warning foreigners against attempting to follow in the "

References

External links

Lý Thường Kiệt với bài thơ "Nam quốc sơn hà"

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ly, Thuong Kiet 1019 births 1105 deaths Lý dynasty generals Vietnamese male poets Vietnamese eunuchs 11th-century Vietnamese poets Lý dynasty poets