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Tupian
The Tupi or Tupian language family comprises some 70 languages spoken in South America, of which the best known are Tupi proper and Guarani. Homeland and ''urheimat'' Rodrigues (2007) considers the Proto-Tupian urheimat to be somewhere between the Guaporé and Aripuanã rivers, in the Madeira River basin. Much of this area corresponds to the modern-day state of Rondônia, Brazil. 5 of the 10 Tupian branches are found in this area, as well as some Tupi–Guarani languages (especially Kawahíb), making it the probable urheimat of these languages and maybe of its speaking peoples. Rodrigues believes the Proto-Tupian language dates back to around 3,000 BC. Language contact Tupian languages have extensively influenced many language families in South America. Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arawa, Bora-Muinane, Guato, Irantxe, Jivaro, Karib, Kayuvava, Mura-Matanawi, Taruma, Trumai, Yanomami, Harakmbet, Katukina-Katawixi, Arawak, Bororo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rondônia
Rondônia () is one of the 26 states of Brazil, located in the northern subdivision of the country (central-western part). To the west is a short border with the state of Acre, to the north is the state of Amazonas, in the east is Mato Grosso, and in the south and southwest is Bolivia. Rondônia has a population of 1,815,000 as of 2021. It is the fifth least populated state. Its capital and largest city is Porto Velho. The state was named after Cândido Rondon, who explored the north of the country during the 1910s. The state, which is home to 0.8% of the Brazilian population, is responsible for 0.6% of the Brazilian GDP. Geography Rondonia was originally home to over 200,000 km2 of rainforest, but has become one of the most deforested places in the Amazon. By 2003 around 70,000 km2 of rainforest had been cleared. The area around the Guaporé River is part of the Beni savanna ecoregion. The Samuel Dam is located in the state, on the Jamari River. History Dem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proto-Tupian Language
Proto-Tupian (PT) is the reconstructed common ancestor of all the Tupian languages. It consists, therefore, of a hypothetical language, reconstructed by the comparative method from data of the descendant languages. In Brazil, Tupian historical-comparative studies are being developed mainly by two scientific teams: one from the Laboratório de Línguas Indígenas (LALI) of the University of Brasília, under the coordination of Aryon Rodrigues; and the other one from the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, located in Belém, under the orientation of Denny Moore. These studies provide evidence about the Proto-Tupian economy and culture, suggesting, for example, that they had agriculture. The most accepted theory is that the Tupian language family originated between the Guaporé and Aripuanã rivers, in the Madeira River basin. There are currently 70 Tupian languages, including Tupi, Paraguayan Guarani, Awetï, Ayvu, etc. Linguistic homeland Rodrigues (2007) considers the Proto-T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Je–Tupi–Carib Languages
Je–Tupi–Carib (or TuKaJê) is a proposed language family composed of the Macro-Je (or Macro-Gê), Tupian and Cariban languages of South America. Aryon Rodrigues (2000) based this proposal on shared morphological patterns. In an earlier proposal, Rodrigues (1985) had also proposed a ''Tupí-Cariban'' language family. However, in some cases, similarities among the language families are clearly due to more recent linguistic diffusion, as with Tupian and Jê languages (Timbira; Guajajara, Tembe, Guaja, Urubu-Ka'apor, etc.) in the lower Tocantins- Mearim area.Cabral, Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara; Beatriz Carreta Corrêa da Silva; Maria Risolta Silva Julião; Marina Maria Silva Magalhães. 2007. Linguistic diffusion in the Tocantins-Mearim area. In: Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara Cabral; Aryon Dall’Igna Rodrigues (ed.), ''Línguas e culturas Tupi'', p. 357–374. Campinas: Curt Nimuendaju; Brasília: LALI. Linguistic diffusion among Jê, Tupian, Cariban, Arawakan, and Trumai languag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Madeira River
The Madeira River ( pt, Rio Madeira, link=no ) is a major waterway in South America. It is estimated to be in length, while the Madeira-Mamoré is estimated near or in length depending on the measuring party and their methods. The Madeira is the biggest tributary of the Amazon, accounting for about 15% of the water in the basin. A map from Emanuel Bowen in 1747, held by the David Rumsey Map Collection, refers to the Madeira by the pre-colonial, indigenous name Cuyari. The River of Cuyari, called by the Portuguese Madeira or the Wood River, is formed by two great rivers, which join near its mouth. It was by this River, that the Nation of Topinambes passed into the River Amazon. Climate The mean inter-annual precipitations on the great basins vary from , the entire upper Madeira basin receiving . The greatest extremes of rainfall are between . Even just below the confluence that forms it, the Madeira is one of the largest rivers of the world, with a mean inter-annual discharge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tupi Language
Old Tupi, Ancient Tupi or Classical Tupi (also spelled as Tupí) is an extinct Tupian language which was spoken by the aboriginal Tupi people of Brazil, mostly those who inhabited coastal regions in South and Southeast Brazil. It belongs to the Tupi–Guarani language family, and has a written history spanning the 16th, 17th, and early 18th centuries. In the early colonial period, Tupi was used as a ''lingua franca'' throughout Brazil by Europeans and aboriginal Americans, and had literary usage, but it was later suppressed almost to extinction. Today, only one modern descendant is living, the Nheengatu language. The names Old Tupi or classical Tupi are used for the language in English and by modern scholars (it is referred to as in Portuguese), but native speakers called it variously "the good language", "common language", "human language", in Old Tupi, or, in Portuguese, "general language", "Amazonian general language", "Brazilian language". History Old Tupi was firs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tupari Languages
The Tuparí languages of Brazil form a branch of the Tupian language family. Internal classification The Tupari languages are:Nikulin, Andrey; Fernando O. de Carvalho. 2019Estudos diacrônicos de línguas indígenas brasileiras: um panorama ''Macabéa – Revista Eletrônica do Netlli'', v. 8, n. 2 (2019), p. 255-305.PDF * Makuráp * Nuclear Tupari ** Akuntsu– Mekéns (Sakirabiá, Waratégaya) ** Tuparí, Kepkiriwát, Wayoró None are spoken by more than a few hundred people. A more recent internal classification by Nikulin & Andrade (2020) is given below:Nikulin, Andrey; Rafael Andrade. 2020The rise and fall of approximants in the Tuparian languages ''Journal of Language Relationship'' 18/4 (2020), pp. 284–319. *Tuparian **'' Makurap'' **Core Tuparian ***Wayoró–Tuparí ****'' Wayoró'' ****'' Tuparí'' ***Corumbiara ****'' Mekéns'' ****'' Akuntsú'' Varieties Below is a list of Tupari language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested var ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tupi–Guarani Languages
Tupi–Guarani () is the most widely distributed subfamily of the Tupian languages of South America. It consists of about fifty languages, including Guarani and Old Tupi. The words ''petunia, jaguar, piranha, ipecac, tapioca, jacaranda, anhinga, carioca'', and ''capoeira'' are of Tupi–Guarani origin. Classification Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) propose eight branches of Tupí–Guaraní: *Guaraní (Group I) * Guarayu (Group II): Guarayu, Pauserna**, Sirionó (dialects: Yuqui, Jorá**) *Tupí (Group III): Old Tupi (lingua franca dialect: Tupí Austral), Tupinambá (dialects: Nheengatu, Língua Geral as lingua franca, and Potiguára), Cocama–Omagua*, Tupinikin** * Tenetehara (Group IV): Akwáwa (dialects: Asuriní, Suruí do Pará, Parakanã), Avá-Canoeiro, Tapirapé, Tenetehára (dialects: Guajajara, Tembé), Turiwára * Kawahíb (Group VI): Apiacá, Kawahíb (numerous varieties; incl. Piripkúra, Diahói?), Kayabí, Karipúna, ? Uru-Pa-I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Purubora Language
The Puruborá language of Brazil is one of the Tupian languages. It is also known as: Aurã, Cujubim, Burubora, Kuyubi, Migueleno, Miguelenho or Pumbora. Specifically it is spoken in the Brazilian state of Rondônia, in Costa Marques Costa Marques is a Municipalities of Brazil, municipality located in the States of Brazil, Brazilian state of Rondônia. Its population was 18,798 (2020) and its area is 4,987 km2. The city is located in the Guaporé River's right bank and th ... and around the headwaters of the Rio São Miguel tributary of the right bank of the Guaporé. It is nearly extinct, with only two native speakers (and two in the ethnic group) reported in 2002. Vocabulary Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items. : References External links Map at Forvo.com* ELAR archive oDocumentation of Urgently Endangered Tupian Languages (including Puruborá) Tupian languages Endangered Tupian languages Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area {{tu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monde Languages
The Monde languages of Brazil form a branch of the Tupian language family. Cinta Larga is a dialect cluster spoken by a thousand people. Other languages are Mondé, Aruáshi, Suruí, Zoro, and Gavião do Jiparaná. Classification Internal classification of the Mondé languages according to Moore (2005):Moore, Denny. 2005Classificação interna da família lingüística Mondé ''Estudos Lingüísticos'' 34: 515-520.PDF *Mondé ** Suruí (Paíter) **A ***Salamãy ( Mondé) ***B ****Cinta Larga (3 groups: Kabínééy, Kakínééy, and Maamééy) ****(subgroup) ***** Gavião de Rondônia (Ikolééy) ***** Zoró (Pãgɨñééy) ***** Aruá ''Unclassified'': Arara do Guariba Varieties Below is a list of Mondé language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties. *Mondé - spoken on the Ouro River, tributary of the Pimenta Bueno River, Rondônia. *Sanamaica / Salamay - spoken on the left bank of the Pimenta Bueno River. *Aruá - spoken on t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yuruna Languages
The Yuruna languages (or Jurúna languages) of Brazil form a branch of the Tupian language family. They are Jurúna, Maritsauá, and Xipaya. Varieties Below is a list of Yuruna language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties. *Yuruna / Paru-podeari - spoken on the middle course of the Xingú River. *Arupai / Urupaya - once spoken on the Xingú River south of the Yuruna tribe. (Unattested.) *Shipaya / Achipaya / Jacipoya - once spoken on the Iriri River and Curua River, now probably extinct. *Manitsauá / Mantizula - spoken in a single village on the Manissauá-Miçu River, tributary of the Xingú River The Xingu River ( ; pt, Rio Xingu, ; Mẽbêngôkre: ''Byti'', ) is a river in north Brazil. It is a southeast tributary of the Amazon River and one of the largest clearwater rivers in the Amazon basin, accounting for about 5% of its water. .... The lists Yudja and the extinct Arupaia (Arupai), Xipaia, Peapaia, Aoku (not ide ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arikem Languages
The Arikem languages of Brazil form a branch of the Tupian language family. They are Karitiâna and the extinct Kabixiana and Arikem. Varieties Below is a list of Arikém language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties. *Arikém / Uitáte / Ahôpovo / Ariquemes - spoken on the Ariquemes River and Jamari River, Rondônia. *Caritiana - spoken on the Candeias River The Candeias River is a river of Rondônia state in western Brazil. The river flows into the Rio Jamari just downstream of the Samuel dam and reservoir, shortly after passing through the village of Candeis do Jamari. The region is known for its ..., Rondônia. References Tupian languages * {{tupian-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ramarama Languages
The Ramarama languages of Rondônia, Brazil form a branch of the Tupian language family. They are Karo, or Ramarama, with 150 speakers, and the extinct Urumi. Varieties Below is a list of Itogapúc (Ramarama) language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties. *Itogapúc / Ntogapyd - once spoken on the Machadinho River, Mato Grosso, now perhaps extinct. *Ramarama / Ytangá - spoken at the sources of the Machadinho River, Branco River, and Preto River, Mato Grosso. *Urumí - spoken on the Taruma River in Mato Grosso. *Urukú - spoken on the Lourdes River. *Arara - spoken at the mouth of the Preto River and Ji-Paraná River, and to the Madeira River The Madeira River ( pt, Rio Madeira, link=no ) is a major waterway in South America. It is estimated to be in length, while the Madeira-Mamoré is estimated near or in length depending on the measuring party and their methods. The Madeira is .... References Tupian languages * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
