Tupi–Guarani () is the most widely distributed subfamily of the
Tupian languages
The Tupi or Tupian language family comprises some 70 languages spoken in South America, of which the best known are Tupi language, Tupi proper and Guarani language, Guarani.
Homeland and ''urheimat''
Rodrigues (2007) considers the Proto-Tupian u ...
of
South America
South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the southe ...
. It consists of about fifty languages, including Guarani and
Old Tupi
Old Tupi, Ancient Tupi or Classical Tupi (also spelled as Tupí) is an extinct Tupian language which was spoken by the aboriginal Tupi people of Brazil, mostly those who inhabited coastal regions in South and Southeast Brazil. It belongs to the ...
.
The words ''
petunia
''Petunia'' is genus of 20 species of flowering plants of South American origin. The popular flower of the same name derived its epithet from the French, which took the word ''petun'', meaning "tobacco," from a Tupi–Guarani language. A tende ...
,
jaguar
The jaguar (''Panthera onca'') is a large cat species and the only living member of the genus '' Panthera'' native to the Americas. With a body length of up to and a weight of up to , it is the largest cat species in the Americas and the th ...
,
piranha
A piranha or piraña (, , or ; or , ) is one of a number of freshwater fish in the family Serrasalmidae, or the subfamily Serrasalminae within the tetra family, Characidae in order Characiformes. These fish inhabit South American rivers, fl ...
,
ipecac
Syrup of ipecac (), or simply ipecac, is a drug that was once widely used as an expectorant (in low doses) and a rapid-acting emetic (in higher doses). It is obtained from the dried rhizome and roots of the ipecacuanha plant ('' Carapichea ipec ...
,
tapioca
Tapioca (; ) is a starch extracted from the storage roots of the cassava plant (''Manihot esculenta,'' also known as manioc), a species native to the North Region, Brazil, North and Northeast Region, Brazil, Northeast regions of Brazil, but wh ...
,
jacaranda
''Jacaranda'' is a genus of 49 species of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae, native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. The generic name is also used as the common name.
The species ''Jacaranda mimosifolia'' has achie ...
,
anhinga
The anhinga (; ''Anhinga anhinga''), sometimes called snakebird, darter, American darter, or water turkey, is a water bird of the warmer parts of the Americas. The word ''anhinga'' comes from ''a'ñinga'' in the Brazilian Tupi language and means ...
,
carioca
Carioca ( or ) is a demonym used to refer to anything related to the City of Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil. The original meaning of the term is controversial, maybe from Tupi language "''kari' oka''", meaning "white house" as the whitewashed stone ...
'', and ''
capoeira
Capoeira () is an Afro-Brazilian martial art that combines elements of dance, acrobatics, music and spirituality. Born of the melting pot of enslaved Africans, Indigenous Brazilians and Portuguese influences at the beginning of the 16th century ...
'' are of Tupi–Guarani origin.
Classification
Rodrigues & Cabral (2012)
Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) propose eight branches of Tupí–Guaraní:
*
Guaraní Guarani, Guaraní or Guarany may refer to
Ethnography
* Guaraní people, an indigenous people from South America's interior (Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia)
* Guaraní language, or Paraguayan Guarani, an official language of Paraguay
* ...
Pauserna
The Pauserna are an indigenous people in Bolivia and Brazil who live along the upper Río Guaporé. Most of them live in the southeastern part of the department of Beni, in Bolivia. The people derive their name from the fact that the pao cerne ...
**,
Sirionó
The Sirionó are an indigenous people of Bolivia. They primarily live in the forested northern and eastern parts of Beni and northwestern Santa Cruz departments of Bolivia.Tupí
Tupí, also known as ''formatge de tupí'', is a fermented cheese of a certain area of the Pyrenees and Pre-Pyrenees made from cows' or sheep's milk.
It is a cheese traditionally prepared in the mountainous Pallars region, as well as in the Cerda ...
(Group III):
Old Tupi
Old Tupi, Ancient Tupi or Classical Tupi (also spelled as Tupí) is an extinct Tupian language which was spoken by the aboriginal Tupi people of Brazil, mostly those who inhabited coastal regions in South and Southeast Brazil. It belongs to the ...
(lingua franca dialect:
Tupí Austral
Tupí, also known as ''formatge de tupí'', is a fermented cheese of a certain area of the Pyrenees and Pre-Pyrenees made from cows' or sheep's milk.
It is a cheese traditionally prepared in the mountainous Pallars region, as well as in the Ce ...
), Tupinambá (dialects:
Nheengatu
The Nheengatu language (Tupi: , nheengatu rionegrino: ''yẽgatu'', nheengatu tradicional: ''nhẽẽgatú'' e nheengatu tapajoawara: ''nheẽgatu''), often written Nhengatu, is an indigenous language of the Tupi-Guarani family, being then der ...
,
Língua Geral
Língua Geral (, ''General Language'') is the name of two distinct lingua francas, spoken in Brazil: the '' Língua Geral Paulista'' (''Tupi Austral'', or Southern Tupi), which was spoken in the region of Paulistania but is now dead, and the ''Lí ...
Omagua
Omagua or low jungle (''selva baja'' or partially '' tierra caliente'') is one of the eightPulgar Vidal, Javier: Geografía del Perú; Las Ocho Regiones Naturales del Perú. Edit. Universo S.A., Lima 1979. First Edition (his dissertation of 1940): ...
Guajajara
The Guajajara are an indigenous peoples of Brazil, indigenous people in the Brazilian state of Maranhão. They are one of the most numerous indigenous groups in Brazil, with an estimated 13,100 individuals living on indigenous land.
History
In ...
Kayabí
The Kayabí or Kaiabi are an indigenous people of Brazil inhabiting the northern state of Mato Grosso. They primarily live in the Xingu Indigenous Park and the Indian Reservation of Apiaká-Kayabi south of Pará. There are approximately 1300 ...
Kamayurá
The Kamayurá are an indigenous peoples in Brazil, indigenous tribe in the Amazon Basin, Amazonian Basin of Brazil. Their name is also spelled Kamayura and Kamaiurá; it means "a raised platform to keep meat, pots and pans." The Kamayurá langua ...
Araweté
The Araweté (also Arawate, Araueté or Bïde) are an indigenous people of Brazil. They are swidden horticulturalists native to the state of Pará.
Territory
The Araweté live on the Igarapé Ipixuna, a tributary of the Xingu River, near Altami ...
Anambé of Ehrenreich Anambe or Anambé may refer to:
* Anambé people, an ethnic group of Brazil
* Anambé language, a language of Pará, Brazil
* Anambé of Ehrenreich, an extinct language of Maranhão, Brazil
See also
* Amambai
{{Disambiguation
Language and na ...
Wayampi
The Wayampi or Wayãpi are an indigenous people located in the south-eastern border area of French Guiana at the confluence of the rivers Camopi and Oyapock, and the basins of the Amapari and Carapanatuba Rivers in the central part of the state ...
,
Zo'é
The Zo'é people are a native tribe in the State of Pará, Municipality of Óbidos, on the Cuminapanema River, Brazil. They are a Tupi–Guarani people.
Name
They are also known as the Poturu, Poturujara, or Buré. The term "Zo'é" means "us, ...
mixed language
A mixed language is a language that arises among a bilingual group combining aspects of two or more languages but not clearly deriving primarily from any single language. It differs from a creole language, creole or pidgin, pidgin language in that ...
, and so not directly classifiable, though most of its basic vocabulary is Tupi–Guarani.
**Not listed in Rodrigues & Cabral (2012)
Karipuna language (Amapá) may be spurious.
Sound change
A sound change, in historical linguistics, is a change in the pronunciation of a language. A sound change can involve the replacement of one speech sound (or, more generally, one phonetic feature value) by a different one (called phonetic chang ...
s from Proto-Tupi-Guarani (PTG) defining each of the 8 Tupi-Guarani groups as listed by Rodrigues & Cabral (2002):Rodrigues, A. D.; Cabral, A. S. A. C. Revendo a classificação interna da família Tupí-Guaraní. In: CABRAL, A. S. A. C., RODRIGUES, A. D. (Orgs.). ''Línguas indígenas brasileiras: fonologia, gramática e história''. Tomo I. Belém: UFPA/EDUFPA, p. 327-337, 2002.
:
Michael, et al. (2015)
Michael, et al. (2015) propose the following classification for the Tupi-Guarani languages.
;Tupí-Guaraní
* Kamaiurá (600 speakers)
*Nuclear Tupí-Guaraní
** Northern
*** Guajá (280 speakers)
*** Ka'ápor (800 speakers)
*** Avá-Canoeiro (14 speakers)
**
Central
Central is an adjective usually referring to being in the center of some place or (mathematical) object.
Central may also refer to:
Directions and generalised locations
* Central Africa, a region in the centre of Africa continent, also known as ...
Araweté
The Araweté (also Arawate, Araueté or Bïde) are an indigenous people of Brazil. They are swidden horticulturalists native to the state of Pará.
Territory
The Araweté live on the Igarapé Ipixuna, a tributary of the Xingu River, near Altami ...
Wayampi
The Wayampi or Wayãpi are an indigenous people located in the south-eastern border area of French Guiana at the confluence of the rivers Camopi and Oyapock, and the basins of the Amapari and Carapanatuba Rivers in the central part of the state ...
Kayabí
The Kayabí or Kaiabi are an indigenous people of Brazil inhabiting the northern state of Mato Grosso. They primarily live in the Xingu Indigenous Park and the Indian Reservation of Apiaká-Kayabi south of Pará. There are approximately 1300 ...
Tembé
The Tembé, also Timbé and Tenetehara, are an indigenous people of Brazil, living along the Maranhão and Gurupi Rivers, in the state of Amazonas and Pará. Their lands have been encroached and settled by farmers and loggers, who do so illega ...
Omagua
Omagua or low jungle (''selva baja'' or partially '' tierra caliente'') is one of the eightPulgar Vidal, Javier: Geografía del Perú; Las Ocho Regiones Naturales del Perú. Edit. Universo S.A., Lima 1979. First Edition (his dissertation of 1940): ...
Sirionó
The Sirionó are an indigenous people of Bolivia. They primarily live in the forested northern and eastern parts of Beni and northwestern Santa Cruz departments of Bolivia.Yuki (500 speakers)
****** Guarayu,
Pauserna
The Pauserna are an indigenous people in Bolivia and Brazil who live along the upper Río Guaporé. Most of them live in the southeastern part of the department of Beni, in Bolivia. The people derive their name from the fact that the pao cerne ...
Aché
The Aché ( ) are an indigenous peoples of the Americas, indigenous people of Paraguay. They are hunter-gatherers living in eastern Paraguay.
From the earliest Jesuit accounts of the Aché in the 17th century until their peaceful outside contac ...
Chiriguano
The Ava Guaraní are an Indigenous peoples formerly known as Chiriguanos or Chiriguano Indians who speak the Ava Guarani and Eastern Bolivian Guaraní languages. Noted for their warlike character, the Chiriguanos retained their lands in the Ande ...
(Chiriguano 51,000 speakers)
O'Hagan et al. (2014, 2019) proposes that Proto-Tupi-Guarani was spoken in the region of the lower
Tocantins
Tocantins () is one of the 26 states of Brazil. It is the newest state, formed in 1988 and encompassing what had formerly been the northern two-fifths of the state of Goiás. Tocantins covers and had an estimated population of 1,496,880 in 20 ...
and
Xingu River
The Xingu River ( ; pt, Rio Xingu, ; Mẽbêngôkre: ''Byti'', ) is a river in north Brazil. It is a southeast tributary of the Amazon River and one of the largest clearwater rivers in the Amazon basin, accounting for about 5% of its water.
...
s, just to the south of
Marajó
Marajó () is a large coastal island in the state of Pará, Brazil. It is the main and largest of the islands in the Marajó Archipelago. Marajó Island is separated from the mainland by Marajó Bay, Pará River, smaller rivers (especially ...
Island in eastern
Pará
Pará is a Federative units of Brazil, state of Brazil, located in northern Brazil and traversed by the lower Amazon River. It borders the Brazilian states of Amapá, Maranhão, Tocantins (state), Tocantins, Mato Grosso, Amazonas (Brazilian state) ...
State, Brazil. Proto-Omagua-Kokama then expanded up the
Amazon River
The Amazon River (, ; es, Río Amazonas, pt, Rio Amazonas) in South America is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world, and the disputed longest river system in the world in comparison to the Nile.
The headwaters of t ...
, Proto- Tupinambá expanded south along the Atlantic coast, and the Southern branch expanded up along the Tocantins/ Araguaia River towards the
Paraná River
The Paraná River ( es, Río Paraná, links=no , pt, Rio Paraná, gn, Ysyry Parana) is a river in south-central South America, running through Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina for some ."Parana River". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Br ...
University of Brasília
The University of Brasília ( pt, Universidade de Brasília, UnB) is a federal public university in Brasília, the capital of Brazil. It was founded in 1960 and has since consistently been named among the top five Brazilian universities and the ...
Guajajara
The Guajajara are an indigenous peoples of Brazil, indigenous people in the Brazilian state of Maranhão. They are one of the most numerous indigenous groups in Brazil, with an estimated 13,100 individuals living on indigenous land.
History
In ...
Pauserna
The Pauserna are an indigenous people in Bolivia and Brazil who live along the upper Río Guaporé. Most of them live in the southeastern part of the department of Beni, in Bolivia. The people derive their name from the fact that the pao cerne ...
Ache
Ache or Aches may refer to:
Ethnography
* Aché, an indigenous people of eastern Paraguay
* Aché language, the language of the Aché people
* Ache language (China)
* Aṣẹ (Cuban spelling: ''aché''), a concept in Orisha belief
People
* Ach ...
Chiriguano
The Ava Guaraní are an Indigenous peoples formerly known as Chiriguanos or Chiriguano Indians who speak the Ava Guarani and Eastern Bolivian Guaraní languages. Noted for their warlike character, the Chiriguanos retained their lands in the Ande ...
Omagua
Omagua or low jungle (''selva baja'' or partially '' tierra caliente'') is one of the eightPulgar Vidal, Javier: Geografía del Perú; Las Ocho Regiones Naturales del Perú. Edit. Universo S.A., Lima 1979. First Edition (his dissertation of 1940): ...
Tupi Austral Tupi may refer to:
* Tupi people of Brazil
* Tupi or Tupian languages, spoken in South America
** Tupi language, an extinct Tupian language spoken by the Tupi people
* Tupi oil field off the coast of Brazil
* Tupi Paulista, a Brazilian municipality ...
'' †
****Tupinamba: ''
Nhengatu
The Nheengatu language (Tupi: , nheengatu rionegrino: ''yẽgatu'', nheengatu tradicional: ''nhẽẽgatú'' e nheengatu tapajoawara: ''nheẽgatu''), often written Nhengatu, is an indigenous language of the Tupi–Guarani languages, Tupi-Guaran ...
Wayampi
The Wayampi or Wayãpi are an indigenous people located in the south-eastern border area of French Guiana at the confluence of the rivers Camopi and Oyapock, and the basins of the Amapari and Carapanatuba Rivers in the central part of the state ...
The following is an approximation of the results of a computational phylogenetic study of the Tupí-Guaraní languages by Ferraz and Reichert (2021).
;Tupí-Guaraní
*Guajá–Tenetehara
**Guajá; Tembé, Guajajara
*Guaraní
**Warazu
**Xetá
**Guayaki; Tapiete, Chiriguano
**Guaraní; Kaiowá, Mbyá
**Guarayo; Sirionó, Yuki
*Tupi
**Tupinambá; Nheengatu, Ka'apor (Urubu-Kaapor)
*Northern
**Kamayura; Anambé, Araweté
**Avá–Wayampí?
***Avá-Canoeiro
***Wayampí Jarí; Emerillon, Wayampí
*Central
**Asurini Xingu
**Akwawa–Tapirapé
***Apiaká; Suruí; Tapirapé; Parakanã, Asurini
**Kawahib
***Kayabi
***Parintintin, Tenharim
***Amondava, Urueuwauwau
Varieties
Below is a list of Tupi–Guarani language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.
;Tupi (Abañeénga) dialects
*Tamoyo - once spoken from the Cabo de São Tomé to Angra dos Reis, state of Rio de Janeiro. (Unattested.)
*Ararape - once spoken on the
Paraíba do Sul River
Paraíba ( Tupi: ''pa'ra a'íba''; ) is a state of Brazil. It is located in the Brazilian Northeast, and it is bordered by Rio Grande do Norte to the north, Ceará to the west, Pernambuco to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. Paraíba ...
in the state of Rio de Janeiro. (Unattested.)
*Temimino - once spoken on the coast of the state of Espirito Santo. (Unattested.)
*Tupiniquin / Margaya - once spoken on the coast from Espirito Santo as far as
Camamu
Camamu is a municipality in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Politically, it is in the Valença subregion of the Sul Baiano region. It is located on the southern coast of Bahia state, the Costa do Dendê (Palm Coast), along the BA-001 highway. The munic ...
, state of Bahia.
*Tupinamba - formerly spoken on the coast from
Camamu
Camamu is a municipality in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Politically, it is in the Valença subregion of the Sul Baiano region. It is located on the southern coast of Bahia state, the Costa do Dendê (Palm Coast), along the BA-001 highway. The munic ...
as far as the mouth of the
São Francisco River
The São Francisco River (, ) is a large river in Brazil. With a length of , it is the longest river that runs entirely in Brazilian territory, and the fourth longest in South America and overall in Brazil (after the Amazon, the Paraná and t ...
, later on the coast in the state of Maranhão.
*Tupina - once spoken in the interior of the state of Bahia. (Unattested.)
*Caeté / Caité - once spoken on the coast from the mouth of the
São Francisco River
The São Francisco River (, ) is a large river in Brazil. With a length of , it is the longest river that runs entirely in Brazilian territory, and the fourth longest in South America and overall in Brazil (after the Amazon, the Paraná and t ...
to the mouth of the
Paraíba do Norte River
The Paraíba do Norte River, mostly known as Paraíba River, is the most important watercourse of the state of Paraíba in northeastern Brazil. The river originates in the Borborema Plateau, and flows northeast to empty into the Atlantic Ocean, ...
. (Unattested.)
*Amoipira / Anaupira - once spoken in the interior of the state of Bahia, from
Cabrobó
Cabrobó is a city in the Brazilian state of Pernambuco, 536 km away from the state's capital, Recife. The city is located just to the north of a section of the São Francisco River that contains many archipelagos.
History
The Truká peop ...
to the mouth of the Grande River. (Unattested.)
*Abaete - once spoken in Bahia on the Abaeté River. (Unattested.)
*Maromomi - dialect spoken at the old mission of São Barnabé,
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ( , , ; literally 'River of January'), or simply Rio, is the capital of the state of the same name, Brazil's third-most populous state, and the second-most populous city in Brazil, after São Paulo. Listed by the GaWC as a b ...
. (Unattested.)
*Potiguara / Petigare - dialect once spoken on the coast from the mouth of the
Paraíba do Norte River
The Paraíba do Norte River, mostly known as Paraíba River, is the most important watercourse of the state of Paraíba in northeastern Brazil. The river originates in the Borborema Plateau, and flows northeast to empty into the Atlantic Ocean, ...
to the mouth of the Parnaiba River, now spoken by a few families in the
Baía da Traição
Baía da Traição is a municipality in the state of Paraíba in the Northeast Region of Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin ...
, state of Paraíba.
*Viatan - once spoken in the interior of the states of
Pernambuco
Pernambuco () is a state of Brazil, located in the Northeast region of the country. With an estimated population of 9.6 million people as of 2020, making it seventh-most populous state of Brazil and with around 98,148 km², being the 19 ...
, but the exact location not recorded. (Unattested.)
*Tobajara / Miarigois - once spoken in the interior of the state of Ceará on the
Camocim
Camocim is a Municipalities danadas, municipality in the state of Ceará, Brazil, founded in 1879. The population is 63,907 people (2020 estimate) in an area of .
References
External links
*
Populated coastal places in Ceará
Municipal ...
River. (Unattested.)
*Cahicahi / Caicaze / Caicai - once spoken on the lower course of the
Itapecurú River
The Itapecuru River ( pt, Rio Itapecuru) is a river in the Maranhão state of northern Brazil.
Course
The Itapecuru originates in the southern part of the state, in the Serra do Itapecuru, which rises to , and flows northward to empty into Ba ...
, state of Maranhão. (Unattested.)
*Jaguaribára - once spoken at the mouth of the Jaguaribare River, state of Ceará. (Unattested.)
*Tupinambarana - once spoken on the island of the same name on the
Amazon River
The Amazon River (, ; es, Río Amazonas, pt, Rio Amazonas) in South America is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world, and the disputed longest river system in the world in comparison to the Nile.
The headwaters of t ...
. (Unattested.)
*Nhengahiba / Ingahiva - once spoken in the southern part of
Marajó Island
Marajó () is a large coastal island in the state of Pará, Brazil. It is the main and largest of the islands in the Marajó Archipelago. Marajó Island is separated from the mainland by Marajó Bay, Pará River, smaller rivers (especially ...
, Pará. (Unattested.)
*Nheéngatu / Niangatú / Lingua Geral - a language spoken by the mixed population on both banks of the
Amazon River
The Amazon River (, ; es, Río Amazonas, pt, Rio Amazonas) in South America is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world, and the disputed longest river system in the world in comparison to the Nile.
The headwaters of t ...
and in the past century used in intertribal and commercial relations.
;Guarani (Karani, Abañéem) dialects
*Chandri / Yarri - once spoken on the
Martín García Island
Martín García Island ( es, Isla Martín García) is an island in the Río de la Plata. The island is in Uruguayan waters but in 1973 Uruguay and Argentina reached an agreement establishing Martín García as Argentine territory and a nature r ...
and in the Martín Chico region, Argentina, and on the coast near San Lázaro, Paraguay. (Unattested.)
*Topare - once spoken near San Gabriel, Uruguay. (Unattested.)
*Cariú / Carijó - once spoken in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from
Porto Alegre
Porto Alegre (, , Brazilian ; ) is the capital and largest city of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. Its population of 1,488,252 inhabitants (2020) makes it the List of largest cities in Brazil, twelfth most populous city in the country ...
Serra do Mar
The Serra do Mar (, Portuguese for ''Sea's Ridge'' or ''Sea Ridge'') is a 1,500 km long system of mountain ranges and escarpments in Southeastern Brazil.
Geography
The Serra do Mar runs parallel to the Atlantic Ocean coast from the state ...
.
*Arachane / Arechane - once spoken around the
Lagoa dos Patos
Lagoa dos Patos (, , ; English: ''Ducks' Lagoon'') is the largest lagoon in Brazil and the largest coastal lagoon in South America. It is located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. It covers an area of , is long and has a maximu ...
, Rio Grande do Sul. (Unattested.)
*Itatin - originally spoken south of the
Apa River
The Apa River (Spanish: Río Apa, Portuguese: Rio Apa) is a river of Paraguay and Brazil. It is a tributary of the Paraguay River, which in turn is a tributary of the Paraná River. It starts in the Amambai Mountains of the Brazilian state of Ma ...
, Paraguay, now by a few families on the
Brilhante River
The Brilhante River is a river of Mato Grosso do Sul state in southwestern Brazil.
See also
*List of rivers of Mato Grosso do Sul
List of rivers in Mato Grosso do Sul (Brazilian State).
The list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tr ...
, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. (Unattested.)
*Bituruna - once spoken on the São Antonio River, Peixe River, and
Chopim River
The Chopim River is a river of Paraná state in southern Brazil.
See also
*List of rivers of Paraná
A ''list'' is any set of items in a row. List or lists may also refer to:
People
* List (surname)
Organizations
* List College, an und ...
in the state of Paraná, Brazil. (Unattested.)
*Tape - extinct dialect from the
Serra Geral
The Serra Geral (General Mountains) is a mountain range in southern Brazil, constituting the southern portion of the Serra do Mar system which runs along Brazil's southeastern coast. The Serra Geral runs parallel to the Atlantic coast in Santa ...
, state of Rio Grande do Sul (Unattested.)
*Apapocúva - originally spoken on the Dourados River and Amambaí River, state of Mato Grosso, later on the Itaparé River, state of São Paulo, now extinct.
*Tañyguá - originally spoken on the Dourados River, Mato Grosso, later on the Aguapeí River, state of São Paulo, now extinct. (Unattested.)
*Oguaíva - originally spoken in Mato Grosso, later on the
Paranapanema River
The Paranapanema River (Portuguese, ''Rio Paranapanema'') is one of the most important rivers of the interior of the Brazilian state of São Paulo. The river forms most of the boundary between the states of São Paulo and Paraná.
Course
From s ...
, state of São Paulo. (Unattested.)
*Kainguá / Painguá / Montese - language affined to Guaraní, spoken on the
Jejuy River
The Jejuy River ( es, Río Jejuy), a tributary of Paraguay River, is a river in Paraguay
Paraguay (; ), officially the Republic of Paraguay ( es, República del Paraguay, links=no; gn, Tavakuairetã Paraguái, links=si), is a landlocked cou ...
, Paraguay, and on the Aracaí River and Igatimí River, state of Paraná. Dialects are:
**Baticola - once spoken in the Serra Amambaí, state of Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)
**Paiguasú - spoken on the Curupaiña River, Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)
**Avahuguai - spoken on the Dourados River, Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)
**Yvytyiguá - spoken in the Serra do Diabo, Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)
**Apiteré - spoken between the São Joaquim River and Amambaí River, Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)
**Tembecua - spoken by the neighbors of the Ivitiigúa (Yvytyigua) tribe.
**Chiripá - spoken on the
Acaray River
The Acaray River ( Guarani Akaray) is a river in eastern Paraguay. It is born in the Cordillera de Caaguazú, and is joined by the Yguazú and Itakyry rivers later on. The river flows through the Caaguazú and Alto Paraná Departments, and joins ...
, Paraguay; and at the mouth of the Iguasú River, Argentina.
**Mbyhá / Jeguaká Tenondé / Bwihá / Caiua / Cahygua - spoken on the Monday River, Paraguay.
*Canoiero / Aba / Tiäbezä - spoken on both banks of the
Tocantins River
The Tocantins River ( pt, Rio Tocantins, link=no , , Parkatêjê: ''Pyti'' ɨˈti is a river in Brazil, the central fluvial artery of the country. In the Tupi language, its name means " toucan's beak" (''Tukã'' for "toucan" and ''Ti'' for "beak ...
, in the central part of
Bananal Island
Bananal Island ( pt, Ilha do Bananal, ) is a large river island formed from the bisection of the Araguaia River, in southwestern Tocantins, Brazil. The island is formed by a fork in a very flat section of the Araguaia River. Bananal Island is t ...
and at the mouth of the Crixás River and Peixe River, state of Goiás.
;Guaranized languages
*Shetá / Aré / Yvaparé - once spoken in the interior of the state of Paraná on the
Ivaí River
The Ivaí River (Portuguese, Rio Ivaí) is a river of Paraná state in southern Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. A ...
, now extinct.
*Serra dos Dourados (tribe with unknown name) - in the Serra dos Dourados, state of Paraná.
*Guayaquí / Acé - spoken by a tribe in the Cordillera de
Villa Rica, Paraguay
Villarrica del Espíritu Santo (), is a city in Paraguay. Located in the middle of the Oriental Region of the Paraguayan territory, it is the capital of the Guairá Department. It was founded by the Spanish Captain Ruy Diaz de Melgarejo on May ...
.
*Notobotocudo / Pihtadyouai - language of an extinct tribe that lived at the sources of the Uruguai River and Iguasú River, state of Santa Catarina.
;Kamayurá group
*Kamayurá / Camayura - spoken by a small tribe on the
Ferro River
The Ferro River is a river of Mato Grosso state in western Brazil. It flows northeast, receives the Steinen River from the south, enters the Xingu Indigenous Park, receives the combined Ronuro and Jatoba rivers from the south and joins the Xingu R ...
in the Xingú basin, state of Mato Grosso.
*Awití / Auetö / Aweti - spoken in the same region on the Culiseú River, Mato Grosso.
*Arawiné - little known language from the 7 de setembro River, state of Mato Grosso.
;Tapirapé group
*Tapirapé - spoken on the Tapirapé River and Naja River, Mato Grosso.
*Ampaneá - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Tapirapé River, state of Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)
;Northern group
*Tenetehara - language with two dialects:
**Guajajára - originally spoken at the sources of the
Itapecurú River
The Itapecuru River ( pt, Rio Itapecuru) is a river in the Maranhão state of northern Brazil.
Course
The Itapecuru originates in the southern part of the state, in the Serra do Itapecuru, which rises to , and flows northward to empty into Ba ...
and
Mearim River
The Mearim River is a river in Maranhão state of northern Brazil. The river originates in the southern part of Maranhão, and drains north into the Baía de São Marcos, an estuary that also receives the Pindaré and Grajaú rivers, which are ...
Pindaré River
The Pindaré River is a river in Maranhão state of north-central Brazil.
The Pindaré rises in the low hills which separate its basin from that of the Tocantins River to the south.
In its lower reaches it is called the Pindaré-Mirim. It is a lef ...
, state of Maranhão.
**Tembé - originally spoken on the upper course of the
Pindaré River
The Pindaré River is a river in Maranhão state of north-central Brazil.
The Pindaré rises in the low hills which separate its basin from that of the Tocantins River to the south.
In its lower reaches it is called the Pindaré-Mirim. It is a lef ...
, now on the Capiro River and Acará Pequeno River, state of Maranhão.
*Guajá / Guaxara / Wazaizara / Ayaya - spoken between the
Capim River
The Capim River ( pt, Rio Capim) is a river in the state of Pará, Brazil. It is a tributary of the Guamá River.
The Gurupí, Capim and Guamá rivers flow into the mouth of the Amazon and are affected by the daily tides, which force water from t ...
and the lower course of the
Gurupí River
The Gurupí River is a river in north-central Brazil which forms the boundary between Maranhão and Pará states. The Gurupí rises in the low hills which separate its basin from that of the Tocantins River to the south, and flows north into the At ...
, Maranhão.
*Manajé / Ararandeuára - spoken at the sources of the Bujarú River and on the Mojú River and Ararandéua River, state of Maranhão.
*Manoxo / Amanaye - extinct language once spoken on the lower course of the
Mearim River
The Mearim River is a river in Maranhão state of northern Brazil. The river originates in the southern part of Maranhão, and drains north into the Baía de São Marcos, an estuary that also receives the Pindaré and Grajaú rivers, which are ...
near
São Bento, Maranhão
São Bento, Maranhão is a municipality in the state of Maranhão in the Northeast region of Brazil.
The municipality contains a small part of the Baixada Maranhense Environmental Protection Area, a sustainable use conservation unit created in 1 ...
. (Unattested.)
*Turiwára / Turiguara - spoken originally on the Turi River, now on the Acará Grande River.
*Kaapor / Urubú / Gavião - spoken by the tribe of beautiful feather workers who lived on the
Gurupi River
Gurupi, Tocantins is a city and a municipality in the Brazilian state of Tocantins. The estimated population was 87,545 inhabitants in 2020, the third-largest in the state, and the total area of the municipality was 1,836 kmª. The elevation is ...
, Guama River, and Turiassú River, Maranhão.
*Pocheti - once spoken on the Araguaia River and Mojú River. (Unattested.)
;Pará group
*Camboca - extinct language once spoken between the mouths of the
Tocantins River
The Tocantins River ( pt, Rio Tocantins, link=no , , Parkatêjê: ''Pyti'' ɨˈti is a river in Brazil, the central fluvial artery of the country. In the Tupi language, its name means " toucan's beak" (''Tukã'' for "toucan" and ''Ti'' for "beak ...
and Jacundá River. (Unattested.)
*Apehou - once spoken at the mouth of the
Xingú River
The Xingu River ( ; pt, Rio Xingu, ; Mẽbêngôkre: ''Byti'', ) is a river in north Brazil. It is a southeast tributary of the Amazon River and one of the largest clearwater rivers in the Amazon basin, accounting for about 5% of its water. ...
. (Unattested.)
*Aratú - once spoken at the mouth of the Curuá River. (Unattested.)
*Mapua - once spoken on
Marajó Island
Marajó () is a large coastal island in the state of Pará, Brazil. It is the main and largest of the islands in the Marajó Archipelago. Marajó Island is separated from the mainland by Marajó Bay, Pará River, smaller rivers (especially ...
on the
Mapuá River
The Mapuá River ( pt, Rio Mapuá) is a river of Pará state in north-central Brazil. It is a left tributary of the Aramá River.
Course
The Mapuá River rises on the island of Marajó in the delta region where the Amazon and Tocantins rivers em ...
. (Unattested.)
*Anajá - once spoken on
Marajó Island
Marajó () is a large coastal island in the state of Pará, Brazil. It is the main and largest of the islands in the Marajó Archipelago. Marajó Island is separated from the mainland by Marajó Bay, Pará River, smaller rivers (especially ...
on the Anajás River. (Unattested.)
*Camarapim - once spoken at the mouth of the
Pacajá River
The Pacajá River ( pt, Rio Pacajá) is a river of Pará state in north-central Brazil.
It is a tributary of the Pará River, a channel that connects the Amazon and Tocantins rivers to the south of Marajó island.
The basin of the Pacajá River i ...
. (Unattested.)
*Uanapú - once spoken on the Anapú River. (Unattested.)
*Coaní - once spoken at the mouth of the
Xingú River
The Xingu River ( ; pt, Rio Xingu, ; Mẽbêngôkre: ''Byti'', ) is a river in north Brazil. It is a southeast tributary of the Amazon River and one of the largest clearwater rivers in the Amazon basin, accounting for about 5% of its water. ...
. (Unattested.)
*Mamayaná - once spoken to the south of the mouth of the Anapú River. (Unattested.)
*Pacajá - once spoken between the
Pacajá River
The Pacajá River ( pt, Rio Pacajá) is a river of Pará state in north-central Brazil.
It is a tributary of the Pará River, a channel that connects the Amazon and Tocantins rivers to the south of Marajó island.
The basin of the Pacajá River i ...
and Anapú River.
*Jacunda - once spoken on the Jacundá River. (Villa Real 1848, p. 432, only two words.)
*Parakanã - spoken between the
Tocantins River
The Tocantins River ( pt, Rio Tocantins, link=no , , Parkatêjê: ''Pyti'' ɨˈti is a river in Brazil, the central fluvial artery of the country. In the Tupi language, its name means " toucan's beak" (''Tukã'' for "toucan" and ''Ti'' for "beak ...
and
Pacajá River
The Pacajá River ( pt, Rio Pacajá) is a river of Pará state in north-central Brazil.
It is a tributary of the Pará River, a channel that connects the Amazon and Tocantins rivers to the south of Marajó island.
The basin of the Pacajá River i ...
by an almost unknown tribe.
*Anambé - once spoken on the left bank of the
Tocantins River
The Tocantins River ( pt, Rio Tocantins, link=no , , Parkatêjê: ''Pyti'' ɨˈti is a river in Brazil, the central fluvial artery of the country. In the Tupi language, its name means " toucan's beak" (''Tukã'' for "toucan" and ''Ti'' for "beak ...
near Rebojo de Guariba, now extinct.
*Caranbú - spoken by the unknown neighbors of the Anambé tribe. (Unattested.)
*Tapirauha / Cupelobo / Kupẽ-rob / Jandiaí - spoken by only a few individuals on the Igarapé do Bacurí and west of the
Cachoeira de Itaboca
Cachoeira (Portuguese, meaning waterfall) is an inland municipality of Bahia, Brazil, on the Paraguaçu River. The town exports sugar, cotton, and tobacco and is a thriving commercial and industrial centre.
The municipality contains 56% of the ...
.
*Anta - once spoken by the neighbors of the Tapirauha tribe. (Unattested.)
*Tacayuna - once spoken on the Tacaiuna River. (Unattested.)
*Asurini - spoken by the totally unknown tribe that lived between the upper course of the
Xingú River
The Xingu River ( ; pt, Rio Xingu, ; Mẽbêngôkre: ''Byti'', ) is a river in north Brazil. It is a southeast tributary of the Amazon River and one of the largest clearwater rivers in the Amazon basin, accounting for about 5% of its water. ...
Pacajá River
The Pacajá River ( pt, Rio Pacajá) is a river of Pará state in north-central Brazil.
It is a tributary of the Pará River, a channel that connects the Amazon and Tocantins rivers to the south of Marajó island.
The basin of the Pacajá River i ...
. (Unattested.)
*Mudzyetíre - a Cayapó name for an unknown Tupi tribe that lived on the Igarapé Sororosinho. (Unattested.)
*Tacuñapé / Eidum / Péua - extinct language once spoken on the
Iriri River
The Iriri River ( pt, Rio Iriri, ; Mẽbêngôkre: ''Kororoti'', ) is a large tributary of the Xingu River in Brazil, in the state of Pará. It is long making it the 116th longest river in the world (with Krishna River, India) and the 15th long ...
and Novo River. (only a few words.)
*Tacumandícai / Caras Pretas - language of a very little known tribe that lived on the lower course of the
Xingú River
The Xingu River ( ; pt, Rio Xingu, ; Mẽbêngôkre: ''Byti'', ) is a river in north Brazil. It is a southeast tributary of the Amazon River and one of the largest clearwater rivers in the Amazon basin, accounting for about 5% of its water. ...
.
*Jauari - extinct language once spoken on the Vermelho River and Araguaia River. (Unattested.)
*Zapucaya - once spoken between the Amazon and Paraná do Urariá Rivers. (Unattested.)
*Tapajó - once spoken at the mouth of the
Tapajós River
The Tapajós ( pt, Rio Tapajós ) is a river in Brazil. It runs through the Amazon Rainforest and is a major tributary of the Amazon River. When combined with the Juruena River, the Tapajós is approximately long. It is one of the largest cle ...
(cf. Amazonas group). (Unattested.)
*Auacachi - once spoken at the mouth of the Auacachi River. (Unattested.)
*Papateruana - once spoken in a part of Tupinambarana Island on the
Amazon River
The Amazon River (, ; es, Río Amazonas, pt, Rio Amazonas) in South America is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world, and the disputed longest river system in the world in comparison to the Nile.
The headwaters of t ...
. (Unattested.)
;Guiana group
*Oyampi / Wayapí / Guayapi - originally spoken on the lower course of the
Xingú River
The Xingu River ( ; pt, Rio Xingu, ; Mẽbêngôkre: ''Byti'', ) is a river in north Brazil. It is a southeast tributary of the Amazon River and one of the largest clearwater rivers in the Amazon basin, accounting for about 5% of its water. ...
, later on the
Oiapoque River
The Oyapock or Oiapoque (; ; ) is a long river in South America that forms most of the border between the French overseas department of French Guiana and the Brazilian state of Amapá.
Course
The Oyapock runs through the Guianan moist for ...
in the territory of Amapá, in French Guiana, now on the
Maroni River
The Maroni or Marowijne (french: link=no, Maroni, nl, Marowijne, Sranan Tongo: ''Marwina-Liba'') is a river in South America that forms the border between French Guiana and Suriname.
Course
The Maroni runs through the Guianan moist fores ...
.
*Tamacom - extinct language once spoken on the middle course of the
Jarí River
The Jari River, or Jary River ( pt, Rio Jari), is a northern tributary of the Amazon River on the border between the states of Pará and Amapá in northeastern Brazil. It is in the most downstream regions of the Amazon Basin and borders the Guiana ...
and at the sources of the
Maracá River
Maracá River is a river of Amapá state in Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, ...
, Pará. (Unattested.)
*Cusari / Coussani - once spoken on the upper course of the Araguarí River, territory of Amapá. (Unattested.)
*Paikipiranga / Parixi - spoken at the sources of the
Maracá River
Maracá River is a river of Amapá state in Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, ...
, Pará.
*Calayua - once spoken at the sources of the Inipucú River, Pará. (Unattested.)
*Apama - spoken by a few individuals on the Maecurú River, Pará. (Unattested.)
*Emerillon / Teko / Emereñon / Marêyo - spoken by only a few families on the
Approuague River
The Approuague river (or Apuruaque in Tupi) is a major river in French Guiana. It is long. It runs north from the Tumuk Humak Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean, almost parallel with the Oyapock, with its mouth by the Pointe Béhague cape.
The A ...
,
Camopi River
The Camopi is a long river in French Guiana. It rises in the south of the country, flowing northeast until it reaches the river Oyapock at the town of Camopi, on the border with Brazil.
References
Rivers of French Guiana
Rivers of France ...
,
Inini River
The Inini or Grand Inini is a river in western French Guiana. It is a tributary of the Lawa River (South America), Lawa, the upper course of the Maroni (river), Maroni. The river is long (including its upper course Limonade) and non-navigable. The ...
, Coureni River, and Araoua River, French Guiana.
*Caripuna / Calipurn - language spoken on the Curipi River, Pará, by the mixed population of diverse origin. (Unattested.)
;Southern group
*Apiacá - originally spoken between the
Arinos River
The Arinos River is a river in Brazil. It is located east of, and empties into, the Juruena River. Some of the Suyá Indians, a Gê-speaking people of central Brazil, migrated from the state of Maranhão
Maranhão () is a state in Brazil. ...
and
Juruena River
The Juruena River ( pt, Rio Juruena) is a long river in west-central Brazil, in the state of Mato Grosso.
Course
The Juruena originates in the Parecis plateau.
Within Mato Grosso the river defines the eastern boundary of the Igarapés do Juruen ...
Tapajós River
The Tapajós ( pt, Rio Tapajós ) is a river in Brazil. It runs through the Amazon Rainforest and is a major tributary of the Amazon River. When combined with the Juruena River, the Tapajós is approximately long. It is one of the largest cle ...
, Mato Grosso.
*Tapañuna - language of a very little known tribe that lived between the Tapanhuna River and Peixe River, state of Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)
*Timaóna - language of an unknown tribe from the Peixe River. (Unattested.)
*Raipé-Sisi / Aipé-Chichi - once spoken between the
Arinos River
The Arinos River is a river in Brazil. It is located east of, and empties into, the Juruena River. Some of the Suyá Indians, a Gê-speaking people of central Brazil, migrated from the state of Maranhão
Maranhão () is a state in Brazil. ...
and São Manoel River. (Unattested.)
*Makirí - spoken at the mouth of the São Manoel River.
*Pariuaia - spoken at the sources of the Barati River. (Unattested.)
*Kayabí / Parua - spoken on the lower course of the
Verde River
The Verde River (Yavapai: Haka'he:la) is a major tributary of the Salt River in the U.S. state of Arizona. It is about long and carries a mean flow of at its mouth. It is one of the largest perennial streams in Arizona.
Description
The ri ...
and on the Paranatina River.
*Kawahyb / Cabahyba / Kawahíwa - originally spoken in the tropical forests west of the upper course of the
Tocantins River
The Tocantins River ( pt, Rio Tocantins, link=no , , Parkatêjê: ''Pyti'' ɨˈti is a river in Brazil, the central fluvial artery of the country. In the Tupi language, its name means " toucan's beak" (''Tukã'' for "toucan" and ''Ti'' for "beak ...
, later on the
Ji-Paraná River
The Ji-Paraná River (Machado River), sometimes spelled Jiparaná, is a river in Rondônia state in western Brazil. It is a tributary of the Madeira River in the Amazon Basin. For much of its length it runs roughly parallel with the northeastern ...
and
Marmelos River
Dos Marmelos River ( pt, Rio dos Marmelos) is a river of Amazonas state in north-western Brazil. It is a tributary of the Madeira River, and merges into this river about upstream from the town of Manicoré.
The headwaters of the river are in the ...
, Pará.
*Dialects:
*Parintintin / Nakazetí / Itoehebe - spoken between the
Madeira River
The Madeira River ( pt, Rio Madeira, link=no ) is a major waterway in South America. It is estimated to be in length, while the Madeira-Mamoré is estimated near or in length depending on the measuring party and their methods. The Madeira is ...
and Maiçí River, Pará.
*Wiraféd / Tupi do rio Machado - spoken on the
Machado River
Machado is a surname of Portuguese origin meaning the word "axe" or "hatchet" dating back to approximately 2nd century Europe. It is commonly found in Portugal, Spain, Brazil and Latin America, and India (Southern Tamil Nadu and Southern Kerala) ...
.
*Pauaté - once spoken at the sources of the Zinho River. (Unattested.)
*Paranawát - spoken at the mouth of the Muqui River. (Unattested.)
*Mialat - spoken on the middle course of the
Machado River
Machado is a surname of Portuguese origin meaning the word "axe" or "hatchet" dating back to approximately 2nd century Europe. It is commonly found in Portugal, Spain, Brazil and Latin America, and India (Southern Tamil Nadu and Southern Kerala) ...
. (Unattested.)
*Takwatíp / Tacuatepe - spoken at the confluence of the
Ji-Paraná River
The Ji-Paraná River (Machado River), sometimes spelled Jiparaná, is a river in Rondônia state in western Brazil. It is a tributary of the Madeira River in the Amazon Basin. For much of its length it runs roughly parallel with the northeastern ...
and
Pimenta Bueno River
The Pimenta Bueno River is a river of Rondônia state in western Brazil.
See also
*List of rivers of Rondônia
List of rivers in Rondônia (Brazilian State).
The list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tributaries indented under ea ...
.
*Tukumaféd - spoken on the middle course of the
Machado River
Machado is a surname of Portuguese origin meaning the word "axe" or "hatchet" dating back to approximately 2nd century Europe. It is commonly found in Portugal, Spain, Brazil and Latin America, and India (Southern Tamil Nadu and Southern Kerala) ...
. (Unattested.)
*Ipoteuate - spoken on the
Ji-Paraná River
The Ji-Paraná River (Machado River), sometimes spelled Jiparaná, is a river in Rondônia state in western Brazil. It is a tributary of the Madeira River in the Amazon Basin. For much of its length it runs roughly parallel with the northeastern ...
. (Unattested.)
*Apairandé - spoken between the
Ji-Paraná River
The Ji-Paraná River (Machado River), sometimes spelled Jiparaná, is a river in Rondônia state in western Brazil. It is a tributary of the Madeira River in the Amazon Basin. For much of its length it runs roughly parallel with the northeastern ...
and Maiçí River. (Unattested.)
*Jabotiféd - spoken on a tributary of the
Machado River
Machado is a surname of Portuguese origin meaning the word "axe" or "hatchet" dating back to approximately 2nd century Europe. It is commonly found in Portugal, Spain, Brazil and Latin America, and India (Southern Tamil Nadu and Southern Kerala) ...
, east of the Ipoteuate tribe. (Unattested.)
*Dawahib / Bocas Pretas - spoken on the Anarí River, Rondônia.
*Jaguarúb - spoken south of the Paranawát tribe. (Unattested.)
*Hamno - spoken in the same region as Jaguarúb. (Unattested.)
*Sanenäre - spoken in the same region as Jaguarúb, but exact location uncertain. (Unattested.)
*Majubim - spoken at the confluence of the
Pimenta Bueno River
The Pimenta Bueno River is a river of Rondônia state in western Brazil.
See also
*List of rivers of Rondônia
List of rivers in Rondônia (Brazilian State).
The list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tributaries indented under ea ...
and
Ji-Paraná River
The Ji-Paraná River (Machado River), sometimes spelled Jiparaná, is a river in Rondônia state in western Brazil. It is a tributary of the Madeira River in the Amazon Basin. For much of its length it runs roughly parallel with the northeastern ...
. (Unattested.)
*Catuquinarú - language of a Tupinized Katukina tribe, spoken on the Embira River, Amazonas.
;Amazonas group
*Omagua / Campeua / Carari - originally spoken along the
Amazon River
The Amazon River (, ; es, Río Amazonas, pt, Rio Amazonas) in South America is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world, and the disputed longest river system in the world in comparison to the Nile.
The headwaters of t ...
between the mouth of the
Juruá River
The Juruá River (Portuguese ''Rio Juruá''; Spanish ''Río Yuruá'') is a southern affluent river of the Amazon River west of the Purus River, sharing with this the bottom of the immense inland Amazon depression, and having all the characteristic ...
and the mouth of the
Napo River
The Napo River ( es, Río Napo) is a tributary to the Amazon River that rises in Ecuador on the flanks of the east Andean volcanoes of Antisana, Sincholagua and Cotopaxi.
The total length is . The river drains an area of . The mean annual discha ...
, now in only a few villages.
*Yurimagua / Yoriman - once spoken along the
Amazon River
The Amazon River (, ; es, Río Amazonas, pt, Rio Amazonas) in South America is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world, and the disputed longest river system in the world in comparison to the Nile.
The headwaters of t ...
from the mouth of the Jutaí River to the mouth, of the
Purus River
The Purus River (Portuguese: ''Rio Purus''; Spanish: ''Río Purús'') is a tributary of the Amazon River in South America. Its drainage basin is , and the mean annual discharge is . The river shares its name with the Alto Purús National Park and ...
, now spoken by only a few of the mixed population in the city of
Yurimaguas
Yurimaguas is a port town in the Loreto Region of the northeastern Peruvian Amazon. Historically associated with the Mainas missions, the culturally diverse town is affectionately known as the "Pearl of the Huallaga" (''Perla del Huallaga''). Yuri ...
, Peru. (Unattested.)
*Aizuare - once spoken from the mouth of the
Juruá River
The Juruá River (Portuguese ''Rio Juruá''; Spanish ''Río Yuruá'') is a southern affluent river of the Amazon River west of the Purus River, sharing with this the bottom of the immense inland Amazon depression, and having all the characteristic ...
to the mouth of the Japura River. (Unattested.)
*Ibanoma / Bonama - spoken on the right bank of the
Amazon River
The Amazon River (, ; es, Río Amazonas, pt, Rio Amazonas) in South America is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world, and the disputed longest river system in the world in comparison to the Nile.
The headwaters of t ...
from the mouth of the
Purus River
The Purus River (Portuguese: ''Rio Purus''; Spanish: ''Río Purús'') is a tributary of the Amazon River in South America. Its drainage basin is , and the mean annual discharge is . The river shares its name with the Alto Purús National Park and ...
to the mouth of the
Juruá River
The Juruá River (Portuguese ''Rio Juruá''; Spanish ''Río Yuruá'') is a southern affluent river of the Amazon River west of the Purus River, sharing with this the bottom of the immense inland Amazon depression, and having all the characteristic ...
; now totally extinct. (Unattested.)
*Tapajó - once spoken at the mouth of the
Tapajós River
The Tapajós ( pt, Rio Tapajós ) is a river in Brazil. It runs through the Amazon Rainforest and is a major tributary of the Amazon River. When combined with the Juruena River, the Tapajós is approximately long. It is one of the largest cle ...
(cf. Pará group). (Unattested.)
*Awakachi - once spoken at the mouth of the Auacachi River. (Unattested.)
*Papateruana - once spoken in a part of the Tupinambarana Island on the
Amazon River
The Amazon River (, ; es, Río Amazonas, pt, Rio Amazonas) in South America is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world, and the disputed longest river system in the world in comparison to the Nile.
The headwaters of t ...
. (Unattested.)
*Paguana - once spoken along the
Amazon River
The Amazon River (, ; es, Río Amazonas, pt, Rio Amazonas) in South America is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world, and the disputed longest river system in the world in comparison to the Nile.
The headwaters of t ...
from the mouth of the Cafua River to the mouth of the
Tefé River
The Tefé River (Teffé River in early accounts; pt, Rio Tefé) is a tributary of the Amazon River ( Solimões section) in Amazonas state in north-western Brazil.
The Tefé River flows through the Juruá-Purus moist forests ecoregion.
It forms ...
. (Unattested.)
*Cocama - language spoken on a great lagoon on the left bank of the
Ucayali River
The Ucayali River ( es, Río Ucayali, ) is the main headstream of the Amazon River. It rises about north of Lake Titicaca, in the Arequipa region of Peru and becomes the Amazon at the confluence of the Marañón close to Nauta city. The city of ...
and near the city of
Nauta
Nauta is a town in the northeastern part of Loreto Province in the Peruvian Amazon, roughly south of Iquitos, the provincial capital. Nauta is located on the north bank of the Marañón River, a major tributary of the Upper Amazon, a few miles ...
, Peru.
*Cocamilla - spoken on the lower course of the
Huallaga River
The Huallaga River is a tributary of the Marañón River, part of the Amazon Basin. Old names for this river include ''Guallaga'' and ''Rio de los Motilones''. The Huallaga is born on the slopes of the Andes in central Peru and joins the Marañón ...
, Peru. (Tessmann 1930, p. 82.)
*Yeté - once spoken on the Tiputini River, Loreto province, Peru. (Unattested.)
*Jibitaona - once spoken near the city of
Santiago de las Montañas
Santiago (, ; ), also known as Santiago de Chile, is the capital (political), capital and largest city of Chile as well as one of the largest cities in the Americas. It is the center of Chile's most densely populated Regions of Chile, region, t ...
, Peru. (Unattested.)
;Chiriguano group
*Chiriguano / Camba - spoken in the Bolivian Andes in the Serranía de Aguarugue and in the western part of the Bolivian Chaco, in Sara Province and on the upper course of the
Bermejo River
The Bermejo River (Spanish, Río Bermejo) is a river in South America that flows from Bolivia to the Paraguay River in Argentina. The river is generally called Bermejo in spite of its different names along its way, but it also has its own Nativ ...
Tarabuco
Tarabuco is a Bolivian town in the department of Chuquisaca, capital of the Yamparáez Province and its first section, Tarabuco Municipality. It is best known as the home of the Yampara culture. Its people host the Pujllay festival in March each ...
.
*Guarayo - spoken at the sources of the Blanco River and on the San Miguel River, now in the missions of Yotaú, San Pablo, and
Yaguarú
Yaguarú is a small town in Bolivia. The town's name means "wolf", in Guaraní language, Guarani.
References
Populated places in Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)
{{SantaCruzBO-geo-stub ...
, province of Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
*Pauserna / Moperecoa / Warádu-nëe - originally spoken on the Paragúa River and Tarbo River, Bolivia, now by only a few individuals on the
Verde River
The Verde River (Yavapai: Haka'he:la) is a major tributary of the Salt River in the U.S. state of Arizona. It is about long and carries a mean flow of at its mouth. It is one of the largest perennial streams in Arizona.
Description
The ri ...
, a tributary of the
Guaporé River
Guaporé River ( pt, Rio Guaporé, es, Río Iténez) is a river in western Brazil and northeastern Bolivia. It is long; of the river forms the border between Brazil and Bolivia.
The Guaporé River is part of the Madeira River basin, which eve ...
, Mato Grosso.
*Tapieté / Kurukwá / Yanaygua / Parapiti - spoken on the upper course of the
Pilcomayo River
Pilcomayo (in Hispanicized spelling) (Quechua Pillkumayu or Pillku Mayu, ''pillku'' red, ''mayu'' river, "red river", Guarani Ysyry Araguay ) is a river in central South America. At long, it is the longest western tributary of the Paraguay River ...
and on the Parapití River, Paraguayan Chaco
*Izozo / Chané - spoken on the
Itiyuro River
The Itiyuro River is a river of Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the List of South ...
in the Campo y Durán and on the Parepetí River, Chaco.
*Siriono / Chori - language of a very primitive tribe in central Bolivia, especially in the tropical forests on the Ichillo River and Grande River, between the Blanco River and
Yapacaní River
The Yapacaní River is a river of Bolivia, part of the Amazon River basin. The river is a tributary of the Rio Grande. The river runs northwards through the Santa Cruz Department and joins the Mamoré River.
Geography
The Yapacaní River or ...
Piray River
The Piray River is a river of Bolivia. Santa Cruz de la Sierra
Santa Cruz de la Sierra (; "Holy Cross of the Mountain Range"), commonly known as Santa Cruz, is the largest city in Bolivia and the capital of the Santa Cruz department.
Situate ...
Beni River
The Beni River ( es, Río Beni) is a river in the north of Bolivia.
It rises north of La Paz and flows northeast. The Madre de Dios River is where its mouth is at. In the upper portion of its course it flows through highland forest and rainforest ...
and
Mamoré River
The Mamoré is a large river in Brazil and Bolivia which unites with the Beni to form the Madeira, one of the largest tributaries of the Amazon. It rises on the northern slope of the Sierra de Cochabamba, east of the city of Cochabamba, and is k ...
.
*Dialects:
*Tirinié - spoken on the
Mamoré River
The Mamoré is a large river in Brazil and Bolivia which unites with the Beni to form the Madeira, one of the largest tributaries of the Amazon. It rises on the northern slope of the Sierra de Cochabamba, east of the city of Cochabamba, and is k ...
Mamoré River
The Mamoré is a large river in Brazil and Bolivia which unites with the Beni to form the Madeira, one of the largest tributaries of the Amazon. It rises on the northern slope of the Sierra de Cochabamba, east of the city of Cochabamba, and is k ...
.
*Yandé - spoken on the
Mamoré River
The Mamoré is a large river in Brazil and Bolivia which unites with the Beni to form the Madeira, one of the largest tributaries of the Amazon. It rises on the northern slope of the Sierra de Cochabamba, east of the city of Cochabamba, and is k ...
Arapiuns River
The Arapiuns River is a river in Pará state in north-central Brazil. It is a tributary of the Tapajós, and merges into the latter river about before Tapajós merges into the Amazon River. Arapiuns is a blackwater river.
See also
*List of river ...
Arapiuns River
The Arapiuns River is a river in Pará state in north-central Brazil. It is a tributary of the Tapajós, and merges into the latter river about before Tapajós merges into the Amazon River. Arapiuns is a blackwater river.
See also
*List of river ...
Amazon River
The Amazon River (, ; es, Río Amazonas, pt, Rio Amazonas) in South America is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world, and the disputed longest river system in the world in comparison to the Nile.
The headwaters of t ...
. (Unattested.)
*Igapuitariara - once spoken at the sources of the Curauaí River. (Unattested.)
*Curiato - once spoken at the mouth of the Maricauá River. (Unattested.)
*Sapupé / Sacopé - once spoken on the Bararatí River. (Unattested.)
*Maraguá - extinct language once spoken on the right bank of the
Amazon River
The Amazon River (, ; es, Río Amazonas, pt, Rio Amazonas) in South America is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world, and the disputed longest river system in the world in comparison to the Nile.
The headwaters of t ...
, south of the Condurí tribe. (Unattested.)
Proto-language
Schleicher (1998)
The following reconstructions of Proto-Tupi-Guarani are from Schleicher (1998):
Lemle (1971)
The following reconstructions of Proto-Tupi-Guarani are from Lemle (1971):Lemle, Miriam. 1971. Internal classification of the Tupi-Guarani linguistic family. In David Bendor-Samuel (ed.), ''Tupi studies I'', 107-129. Norman: Summer Institute of Linguistics of the University of Oklahoma.
See also
*
Tupí people
A subdivision of the Tupi-Guarani linguistic families, the Tupi people were one of the largest groups of indigenous Brazilians before its colonization. Scholars believe that while they first settled in the Amazon rainforest, from about 2,900 ...
(Tupinambá)
*
Guaraní people
Guarani are a group of culturally-related indigenous peoples of South America. They are distinguished from the related Tupi people, Tupi by their use of the Guarani language. The traditional range of the Guarani people is in present-day Paraguay b ...
* Gerardi, Fabrício Ferraz; Reichert, Stanislav. "The Tupí-Guaraní language family: A phylogenetic classification". In: ''Diachronica''. Available online: 01 February 2021. OI: https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.18032.fer