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Guajajara
The Guajajara are an indigenous peoples of Brazil, indigenous people in the Brazilian state of Maranhão. They are one of the most numerous indigenous groups in Brazil, with an estimated 13,100 individuals living on indigenous land. History In 1901, the Guajajara fought Order of Friars Minor Capuchin, Capuchin missionaries in what is regarded as the last Brazilian "war against the Indians." Chief Cauiré Imana had succeeded in uniting many villages to destroy the Capuchin mission and expel all whites from the region between the cities of Barra do Corda and Grajaú, Maranhão, Grajaú. The Guajajara were defeated by a militia made up of army contingents, military police, and Canelas warriors. Guardians of the forest The "guardians of the forest" are a forest protection group primarily composed of Guajajara tribal members living on Arariboia Indigenous Land, a territory in the north-eastern edge of the Amazon rainforest in Maranhão, Brazil. They operate with the intent of prot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sônia Guajajara
Sônia Bone de Souza Silva Santos (born 6 March 1974), usually known as Sônia Guajajara, is a Brazilian indigenous activist, environmentalist, and politician. A member of the Socialism and Liberty Party (PSOL), she was initially a candidate for President of Brazil in the 2018 Brazilian general election, before being chosen as the vice presidential running mate of nominee Guilherme Boulos. This made her the first indigenous person to run for a federal executive position in Brazil. In 2022, Guajajara was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by ''Time''. Early life Sônia Guajajara was born to a Guajajara family on Araribóia Indigenous Land ( pt, Terra Indígena Araribóia), located in the Amazonian rainforest in the northeastern state of Maranhão. At the age of 15, she left home at the invitation of FUNAI and moved to Minas Gerais, where she completed her initial education at an agricultural boarding school. Guajajara became interested in politics at a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guajajaras (mãe E Filho)
The Guajajara are an indigenous people in the Brazilian state of Maranhão. They are one of the most numerous indigenous groups in Brazil, with an estimated 13,100 individuals living on indigenous land. History In 1901, the Guajajara fought Capuchin missionaries in what is regarded as the last Brazilian "war against the Indians." Chief Cauiré Imana had succeeded in uniting many villages to destroy the Capuchin mission and expel all whites from the region between the cities of Barra do Corda and Grajaú. The Guajajara were defeated by a militia made up of army contingents, military police, and Canelas warriors. Guardians of the forest The "guardians of the forest" are a forest protection group primarily composed of Guajajara tribal members living on Arariboia Indigenous Land, a territory in the north-eastern edge of the Amazon rainforest in Maranhão, Brazil. They operate with the intent of protecting the rainforest from invasion by loggers, land grabbers, and drug trafficke ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paulo Paulino Guajajara
Paulo Paulino Guajajara (1 November 2019), also known as "Lobo" (Portuguese: "Wolf"), was a Brazilian Indigenous (Guajajara) environmental activist and land defender. He was killed by illegal loggers in an ambush inside the Araribóia in Maranhão. Activism Guajajara was a member of a forest guard, the Guardians of the Forest, started originally in 2012 to ward off illegal loggers. The group of around 120 Indigenous activists aim to protect the 413,000 hectares of land in the Araribóia region against environmental crimes. The guardians report their findings to the Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources and the Federal Police, but activists say they rarely receive help. At the end of September 2019, "the Guajajara sent a request for help to the National Indian Foundation (FUNAI) and the government of Maranhão, as threats by loggers and land grabbers had reached alarming levels." During an interview with Reuters just a few months before his dea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guajajara Language
Tenetehára is a Tupi–Guarani language spoken in the state of Maranhão in Brazil. Sociolinguistics, Sociolinguistically, it is two languages, each spoken by the Guajajara and the Tembé people, though these are mutually intelligible. Tembé was spoken by less than a quarter of its ethnic population of 820 in 2000; Guajajara, on the other hand, is more robust, being spoken by two-thirds of its 20,000 people. History Tenetehára speakers were first contacted in 1615 by a French expedition in the margins of the Pindaré river. They clashed against slaver raids until Jesuit missions were set up among them (1653-1755). After the Jesuits were expelled from Brazil, the various Tenetehára groups went back to a life with very limited contact with the settler society. At the end of the 19th century the members of the community started to be employed as collectors of natural resources. After some abuse by white settlers in their vicinity, in 1901 the Guajajara group revolted against ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tembé People
The Tembé, also Timbé and Tenetehara, are an indigenous people of Brazil, living along the Maranhão and Gurupi Rivers, in the state of Amazonas and Pará. Their lands have been encroached and settled by farmers and loggers, who do so illegally, and the Tembé are working to expel the intruders from their territories. Name The Tembé call themselves Tenetehara, which means "people," or more specifically the Tenetehara people, of which the Tembé are the western subgroup and the Guajarara are the eastern subgroup. "Tembé" is thought to come from a neighboring tribe's word, ''timbeb'', which means "flat nose." Language Tembé people speak the Tembé language, a Tupi-Guarani language. It is mutually intelligible with the Guajajára language. Notes External linksTembé headdress collection of the National Museum of the American Indian The National Museum of the American Indian is a museum in the United States devoted to the culture of the indigenous peoples of the Am ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Environmental Killings
Environmental killings are murders, assassinations, or other unlawful killings which are linked to environmental issues such as illegal logging, mining, land grabbing, pollution etc. Victims have included not only environmental activism, environmental and Indigenous land rights, land rights activists, but also members of indigenous peoples, indigenous communities and environmental journalism, journalists who have reported on these issues.Global Witness. 2014. Deadly Environment. The dramatic rise of killings of environmental and land defenders 1.1.2012-31.12.2013. Global Witness, London. retrieved 16 July 2014 Statements In 2003, the Environmental ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Awá (Brazil)
The Awá are an indigenous people of Brazil living in the Amazon rain forest. There are approximately 350 members, and 100 of them have no contact with the outside world. They are considered highly endangered because of conflicts with logging interests in their territory. The Awá people speak Guajá, a Tupi–Guaraní language. Originally living in settlements, they adopted a nomadic lifestyle around 1800 to escape incursions by Europeans. History During the 19th century, the Awá came under increasing attack by European settlers in the region, who cleared most of the forests from their land. Beginning around 1800, the Awá people adopted an increasingly nomadic lifestyle in order to avoid European invaders. From the mid-1980s onward, some Awá moved to government-established settlements. However, for the most part, they were able to maintain their traditional way of life. Sustaining themselves entirely from their forests in nomadic groups of a few dozen people, and with lit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of and an estimated total population of about 447million. The EU has often been described as a '' sui generis'' political entity (without precedent or comparison) combining the characteristics of both a federation and a confederation. Containing 5.8per cent of the world population in 2020, the EU generated a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of around trillion in 2021, constituting approximately 18per cent of global nominal GDP. Additionally, all EU states but Bulgaria have a very high Human Development Index according to the United Nations Development Programme. Its cornerstone, the Customs Union, paved the way to establishing an internal single market based on standardised legal framework and legislation that applies in all member states in those matters, and only those matters, where the states have agreed to act ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Capability Approach
The capability approach (also referred to as the capabilities approach) is a normative approach to human welfare that concentrates on the actual capability of persons to achieve lives they value rather than solely having a right or freedom to do so. It was conceived in the 1980s as an alternative approach to welfare economics. In this approach, Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum combine a range of ideas that were previously excluded from (or inadequately formulated in) traditional approaches to welfare economics. The core focus of the capability approach is improving access to the tools people use to live a fulfilling life. Assessing capability Sen initially argued for five components to assess capability: # The importance of real freedoms in the assessment of a person's advantage # Individual differences in the ability to transform resources into valuable activities # The multi-variate nature of activities giving rise to wellbeing # A balance of materialistic and nonmaterialistic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1988 Brazilian Constitution
The Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil ( pt, Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil) is the supreme law of Brazil. It is the foundation and source of the legal authority underlying the existence of Brazil and the federal government of Brazil. It provides the framework for the organization of the Brazilian government and for the relationship of the federal government to the states, to citizens, and to all people within Brazil. Overview The current Brazilian Constitution is the seventh enacted since the country's independence in 1822, and the sixth since the proclamation of the republic in 1889. It was promulgated on 5 October 1988, after a two-year process in which it was written from scratch. History The current Constitution of Brazil was drafted as a reaction to the period of military dictatorship, and sought to guarantee individual rights and restrict the state's ability to limit freedom, to punish offences and to regulate individual life. Among ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jair Bolsonaro
Jair Messias Bolsonaro (; born 21 March 1955) is a Brazilian politician and retired military officer who has been the 38th president of Brazil since 1 January 2019. He was elected in 2018 as a member of the Social Liberal Party, which he turned into a conservative party, before cutting ties with it. In 2021, he joined the Liberal Party. From 1991 to 2018, Bolsonaro served in Brazil's Chamber of Deputies, representing the state of Rio de Janeiro. Bolsonaro was born in Glicério, in the state of São Paulo. He graduated from the Agulhas Negras Military Academy in 1977 and served in the Brazilian Army's field artillery and parachutist units. He became known to the public in 1986, when he wrote an article for ''Veja'' magazine criticizing low wages for military officers, after which he was arrested and detained for 15 days. A year later, the same magazine accused him of planning to plant bombs in military units, which he denied. A lower court convicted him, but the Brazilian Su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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