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Ramarama Languages
The Ramarama languages of Rondônia, Brazil form a branch of the Tupian language family. They are Karo, or Ramarama, with 150 speakers, and the extinct Urumi. Varieties Below is a list of Itogapúc (Ramarama) language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties. *Itogapúc / Ntogapyd - once spoken on the Machadinho River, Mato Grosso, now perhaps extinct. *Ramarama / Ytangá - spoken at the sources of the Machadinho River, Branco River, and Preto River, Mato Grosso. *Urumà - spoken on the Taruma River in Mato Grosso. *Urukú - spoken on the Lourdes River. *Arara - spoken at the mouth of the Preto River and Ji-Paraná River, and to the Madeira River The Madeira River ( pt, Rio Madeira, link=no ) is a major waterway in South America. It is estimated to be in length, while the Madeira-Mamoré is estimated near or in length depending on the measuring party and their methods. The Madeira is .... References Tupian languages * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rondônia
Rondônia () is one of the 26 states of Brazil, located in the northern subdivision of the country (central-western part). To the west is a short border with the state of Acre, to the north is the state of Amazonas, in the east is Mato Grosso, and in the south and southwest is Bolivia. Rondônia has a population of 1,815,000 as of 2021. It is the fifth least populated state. Its capital and largest city is Porto Velho. The state was named after Cândido Rondon, who explored the north of the country during the 1910s. The state, which is home to 0.8% of the Brazilian population, is responsible for 0.6% of the Brazilian GDP. Geography Rondonia was originally home to over 200,000 km2 of rainforest, but has become one of the most deforested places in the Amazon. By 2003 around 70,000 km2 of rainforest had been cleared. The area around the Guaporé River is part of the Beni savanna ecoregion. The Samuel Dam is located in the state, on the Jamari River. History Dem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area and the seventh most populous. Its capital is BrasÃlia, and its most populous city is São Paulo. The federation is composed of the union of the 26 States of Brazil, states and the Federal District (Brazil), Federal District. It is the largest country to have Portuguese language, Portuguese as an List of territorial entities where Portuguese is an official language, official language and the only one in the Americas; one of the most Multiculturalism, multicultural and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass Immigration to Brazil, immigration from around the world; and the most populous Catholic Church by country, Roman Catholic-majority country. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a Coastline of Brazi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tupian Languages
The Tupi or Tupian language family comprises some 70 languages spoken in South America, of which the best known are Tupi language, Tupi proper and Guarani language, Guarani. Homeland and ''urheimat'' Rodrigues (2007) considers the Proto-Tupian urheimat to be somewhere between the Guaporé River, Guaporé and Aripuanã River, Aripuanã rivers, in the Madeira River basin. Much of this area corresponds to the modern-day state of Rondônia, Brazil. 5 of the 10 Tupian branches are found in this area, as well as some Tupi–Guarani languages (especially KawahÃb language, KawahÃb), making it the probable urheimat of these languages and maybe of its speaking peoples. Rodrigues believes the Proto-Tupian language dates back to around 3,000 BC. Language contact Tupian languages have extensively influenced many language families in South America. Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arawa languages, Arawa, Bora-Muinane languages, Bora-Muinane, Guato language, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ramarama Language
Ramarama, also known as Karo, is a Tupian language of Brazil. Unusually for the indigenous languages of South America in general and Tupian in particular, Ramarama is a fairly analytic language, with limited affixation and a strict SOV word order. However, the language also displays complex processes of morphophonological alternation, segmental allophony, and interaction between segmental and suprasegmental phonology. Setting The Arara people speak this language, also formally known as Arara but had to be changed in the late 1980s so the language could be distinguished from other languages in the Arara branch by similar Brazilian groups. At one point, Ntogapid, Ramarama, Uruku, Urumi and Ytanga were all thought to be sister languages of Karo. After further study, it was determined that they were all the same language that was classified as different languages during various ethnology work in Brazil. The Karo language is spoken in two villages in Brazil; Iterap and Paygap. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Urumi Language
Urumi is an extinct Tupian language of the state of Rondônia, in the Amazon region of Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area .... References Tupian languages Extinct languages of South America Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area {{tupian-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ÄŒestmÃr Loukotka
ÄŒestmÃr Loukotka (12 November 1895 – 13 April 1966) was a Czechoslovak linguist. His daughter was Jarmila Loukotková. Career Loukotka proposed a Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas#Loukotka (1968), classification for the languages of South America based on several previous works. This classification contained a lot of unpublished material and was therefore superior to all previous classifications. He divided the languages of South America and the Caribbean into 77 different families, based upon similarities of vocabulary and available lists. His classification of 1968 is the most influential and was based upon two previous schemes (1935, 1944), which were similar to those proposed by Paul Rivet (whom he was a student of), although the number of families was increased to 94 and 114. References 1895 births 1958 deaths Linguists from the Czech Republic Paleolinguists Linguists of indigenous languages of the Americas 20th-century linguists { ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Machadinho River
The Machadinho River ( pt, Rio Machadinho) is a river of Rondônia state in western Brazil, a tributary of the Jiparaná River. The river runs along the western boundary of the Seringueira Extractive Reserve, one of a number of small sustainable use units in the region whose primary product is rubber. See also *List of rivers of Rondônia List of rivers in Rondônia (Brazilian State). The list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tributaries indented under each larger stream's name and ordered from downstream to upstream. Rondônia is located entirely within the Amazon B ... References Brazilian Ministry of Transport Rivers of Rondônia {{Rondônia-river-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Branco River
The Branco River ( pt, Rio Branco; Engl: ''White River'') is the principal affluent of the Rio Negro from the north. Basin The river drains the Guayanan Highlands moist forests ecoregion. It is enriched by many streams from the Tepui highlands which separate Venezuela and Guyana from Brazil. Its two upper main tributaries are the Uraricoera and the Takutu. The latter almost links its sources with those of the Essequibo; during floods headwaters of the Branco and those of the Essequibo are connected, allowing a level of exchange in the aquatic fauna (such as fish) between the two systems. The Branco flows nearly south, and finds its way into the Negro through several channels and a chain of lagoons similar to those of the latter river. It is long, up to its Uraricoera confluence. It has numerous islands, and, above its mouth, it is broken by a bad series of rapids. Water chemistry As suggested by its name, the Branco (literally "white" in Portuguese) has whitish water that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Preto River (Rondônia)
The Preto River is a river of Rondônia state in western Brazil, a tributary of the Jiparaná River. Part of the river's watershed is covered by the Jacundá National Forest, a sustainable use conservation unit. See also *List of rivers of Rondônia List of rivers in Rondônia (Brazilian State). The list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tributaries indented under each larger stream's name and ordered from downstream to upstream. Rondônia is located entirely within the Amazon B ... References Brazilian Ministry of Transport Rivers of Rondônia {{Rondônia-river-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taruma River
Taruma may refer to: * Tarumã, city in São Paulo, Brazil * Taruma language, indigenous language of Brazil * Taruma people, indigenous people of Brazil, Guyana and Suriname * Tarumanagara Tarumanagara or Taruma Kingdom or just Taruma is an early Sundanese Indianised kingdom, located in western Java, whose 5th-century ruler, Purnawarman, produced the earliest known inscriptions in Java, which are estimated to date from around ..., Java * '' Vitex montevidensis'', commonly called tarumã {{Disambig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lourdes River
Lourdes (, also , ; oc, Lorda ) is a market town situated in the Pyrenees. It is part of the Hautes-Pyrénées department in the Occitanie region in southwestern France. Prior to the mid-19th century, the town was best known for the Château fort de Lourdes, a fortified castle that rises up from a rocky escarpment at its center. In 1858 Lourdes rose to prominence in France and abroad due to the Marian apparitions claimed to have been seen by the peasant girl Bernadette Soubirous, who was later canonized. Shortly thereafter the city with the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes became one of the world's most important sites of pilgrimage and religious tourism. History Antiquity The current municipal area of Lourdes was inhabited in prehistoric times. In Roman times it had to be, since the first century BC, an oppidum hill where today stands the fortress, as is testified by the numerous finds that came to light in the second half of the nineteenth century (remains of walls, fragmen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ji-Paraná River
The Ji-Paraná River (Machado River), sometimes spelled Jiparaná, is a river in Rondônia state in western Brazil. It is a tributary of the Madeira River in the Amazon Basin. For much of its length it runs roughly parallel with the northeastern state border of Rondônia. The city of Ji-Paraná is divided by the river. Part of the river's basin is covered by the Jacundá National Forest, a sustainable use conservation unit. Part of the basin is in the Jaru Biological Reserve, a fully protected conservation unit created in 1984. The river forms the southern boundary in Rondônia of the Campos Amazônicos National Park, a protected area created in 2006 that holds an unusual enclave of cerrado vegetation in the Amazon rainforest. See also *List of rivers of Rondônia ReferencesBrazilian Ministry of Transport River A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, sea, lake or another river. In some cases, a river flows in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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