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Tate–Poitou Duality
In mathematics, Tate duality or Poitou–Tate duality is a duality theorem for Galois cohomology groups of modules over the Galois group of an algebraic number field or local field, introduced by and . Local Tate duality For a ''p''-adic local field k, local Tate duality says there is a perfect pairing of the finite groups arising from Galois cohomology: :\displaystyle H^r(k,M)\times H^(k,M')\rightarrow H^2(k,\mathbb_m)=\Q/ \Z where M is a finite group scheme, M' its dual \operatorname(M,G_m), and \mathbb_m is the multiplicative group. For a local field of characteristic p>0, the statement is similar, except that the pairing takes values in H^2(k, \mu) = \bigcup_ \tfrac \Z/\Z. The statement also holds when k is an Archimedean field, though the definition of the cohomology groups looks somewhat different in this case. Global Tate duality Given a finite group scheme M over a global field k, global Tate duality relates the cohomology of M with that of M' = \operatorname(M,G_m) using ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathematics
Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics with the major subdisciplines of number theory, algebra, geometry, and analysis, respectively. There is no general consensus among mathematicians about a common definition for their academic discipline. Most mathematical activity involves the discovery of properties of abstract objects and the use of pure reason to prove them. These objects consist of either abstractions from nature orin modern mathematicsentities that are stipulated to have certain properties, called axioms. A ''proof'' consists of a succession of applications of deductive rules to already established results. These results include previously proved theorems, axioms, andin case of abstraction from naturesome basic properties that are considered true starting points of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Galois Cohomology
In mathematics, Galois cohomology is the study of the group cohomology of Galois modules, that is, the application of homological algebra to modules for Galois groups. A Galois group ''G'' associated to a field extension ''L''/''K'' acts in a natural way on some abelian groups, for example those constructed directly from ''L'', but also through other Galois representations that may be derived by more abstract means. Galois cohomology accounts for the way in which taking Galois-invariant elements fails to be an exact functor. History The current theory of Galois cohomology came together around 1950, when it was realised that the Galois cohomology of ideal class groups in algebraic number theory was one way to formulate class field theory, at the time it was in the process of ridding itself of connections to L-functions. Galois cohomology makes no assumption that Galois groups are abelian groups, so this was a non-abelian theory. It was formulated abstractly as a theory of class ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Galois Group
In mathematics, in the area of abstract algebra known as Galois theory, the Galois group of a certain type of field extension is a specific group associated with the field extension. The study of field extensions and their relationship to the polynomials that give rise to them via Galois groups is called Galois theory, so named in honor of Évariste Galois who first discovered them. For a more elementary discussion of Galois groups in terms of permutation groups, see the article on Galois theory. Definition Suppose that E is an extension of the field F (written as E/F and read "''E'' over ''F'' "). An automorphism of E/F is defined to be an automorphism of E that fixes F pointwise. In other words, an automorphism of E/F is an isomorphism \alpha:E\to E such that \alpha(x) = x for each x\in F. The set of all automorphisms of E/F forms a group with the operation of function composition. This group is sometimes denoted by \operatorname(E/F). If E/F is a Galois extension, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Algebraic Number Field
In mathematics, an algebraic number field (or simply number field) is an extension field K of the field of rational numbers such that the field extension K / \mathbb has finite degree (and hence is an algebraic field extension). Thus K is a field that contains \mathbb and has finite dimension when considered as a vector space over The study of algebraic number fields, and, more generally, of algebraic extensions of the field of rational numbers, is the central topic of algebraic number theory. This study reveals hidden structures behind usual rational numbers, by using algebraic methods. Definition Prerequisites The notion of algebraic number field relies on the concept of a field. A field consists of a set of elements together with two operations, namely addition, and multiplication, and some distributivity assumptions. A prominent example of a field is the field of rational numbers, commonly denoted together with its usual operations of addition and multiplication. A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Local Field
In mathematics, a field ''K'' is called a (non-Archimedean) local field if it is complete with respect to a topology induced by a discrete valuation ''v'' and if its residue field ''k'' is finite. Equivalently, a local field is a locally compact topological field with respect to a non-discrete topology. Sometimes, real numbers R, and the complex numbers C (with their standard topologies) are also defined to be local fields; this is the convention we will adopt below. Given a local field, the valuation defined on it can be of either of two types, each one corresponds to one of the two basic types of local fields: those in which the valuation is Archimedean and those in which it is not. In the first case, one calls the local field an Archimedean local field, in the second case, one calls it a non-Archimedean local field. Local fields arise naturally in number theory as completions of global fields. While Archimedean local fields have been quite well known in mathematics for at lea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perfect Pairing
In mathematics, a bilinear form is a bilinear map on a vector space (the elements of which are called '' vectors'') over a field ''K'' (the elements of which are called ''scalars''). In other words, a bilinear form is a function that is linear in each argument separately: * and * and The dot product on \R^n is an example of a bilinear form. The definition of a bilinear form can be extended to include modules over a ring, with linear maps replaced by module homomorphisms. When is the field of complex numbers , one is often more interested in sesquilinear forms, which are similar to bilinear forms but are conjugate linear in one argument. Coordinate representation Let be an -dimensional vector space with basis . The matrix ''A'', defined by is called the ''matrix of the bilinear form'' on the basis . If the matrix represents a vector with respect to this basis, and analogously, represents another vector , then: B(\mathbf, \mathbf) = \mathbf^\textsf A\mathbf = \ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Finite Group
Finite is the opposite of infinite. It may refer to: * Finite number (other) * Finite set, a set whose cardinality (number of elements) is some natural number * Finite verb, a verb form that has a subject, usually being inflected or marked for person and/or tense or aspect * "Finite", a song by Sara Groves from the album '' Invisible Empires'' See also * * Nonfinite (other) Nonfinite is the opposite of finite * a nonfinite verb is a verb that is not capable of serving as the main verb in an independent clause * a non-finite clause In linguistics, a non-finite clause is a dependent or embedded clause that represen ... {{disambiguation fr:Fini it:Finito ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multiplicative Group
In mathematics and group theory, the term multiplicative group refers to one of the following concepts: *the group under multiplication of the invertible elements of a field, ring, or other structure for which one of its operations is referred to as multiplication. In the case of a field ''F'', the group is , where 0 refers to the zero element of ''F'' and the binary operation • is the field multiplication, *the algebraic torus GL(1).. Examples *The multiplicative group of integers modulo ''n'' is the group under multiplication of the invertible elements of \mathbb/n\mathbb. When ''n'' is not prime, there are elements other than zero that are not invertible. * The multiplicative group of positive real numbers \mathbb^+ is an abelian group with 1 its identity element. The logarithm is a group isomorphism of this group to the additive group of real numbers, \mathbb. * The multiplicative group of a field F is the set of all nonzero elements: F^\times = F -\, under the multiplic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Archimedean Field
In abstract algebra and analysis, the Archimedean property, named after the ancient Greek mathematician Archimedes of Syracuse, is a property held by some algebraic structures, such as ordered or normed groups, and fields. The property, typically construed, states that given two positive numbers ''x'' and ''y'', there is an integer ''n'' such that ''nx'' > ''y''. It also means that the set of natural numbers is not bounded above. Roughly speaking, it is the property of having no ''infinitely large'' or ''infinitely small'' elements. It was Otto Stolz who gave the axiom of Archimedes its name because it appears as Axiom V of Archimedes’ ''On the Sphere and Cylinder''. The notion arose from the theory of magnitudes of Ancient Greece; it still plays an important role in modern mathematics such as David Hilbert's axioms for geometry, and the theories of ordered groups, ordered fields, and local fields. An algebraic structure in which any two non-zero elements are ''comparable' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shafarevich Group
Igor Rostislavovich Shafarevich (russian: И́горь Ростисла́вович Шафаре́вич; 3 June 1923 – 19 February 2017) was a Soviet and Russian mathematician who contributed to algebraic number theory and algebraic geometry. Outside mathematics, he wrote books and articles that criticised socialism and other books which were (controversially) described as anti-semitic. Mathematics From his early years, Shafarevich made fundamental contributions to several parts of mathematics including algebraic number theory, algebraic geometry and arithmetic algebraic geometry. In particular, in algebraic number theory, the Shafarevich–Weil theorem extends the commutative reciprocity map to the case of Galois groups, which are central extensions of abelian groups by finite groups. Shafarevich was the first mathematician to give a completely self-contained formula for the Hilbert pairing, thus initiating an important branch of the study of explicit formulas in number theo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Artin–Verdier Duality
In mathematics, Artin–Verdier duality is a duality theorem for constructible abelian sheaves over the spectrum of a ring of algebraic numbers, introduced by , that generalizes Tate duality. It shows that, as far as etale (or flat) cohomology is concerned, the ring of integers in a number field behaves like a 3-dimensional mathematical object. Statement Let ''X'' be the spectrum of the ring of integers in a totally imaginary number field ''K'', and ''F'' a constructible étale abelian sheaf on ''X''. Then the Yoneda pairing :H^r(X,F)\times \operatorname^(F,\mathbb_m)\to H^3(X,\mathbb_m)=\Q/\Z is a non-degenerate pairing of finite abelian groups, for every integer ''r''. Here, ''Hr''(''X,F'') is the ''r''-th étale cohomology group of the scheme ''X'' with values in ''F,'' and Ext''r''(''F,G'') is the group of ''r''-extensions of the étale sheaf ''G'' by the étale sheaf ''F'' in the category of étale abelian sheaves on ''X.'' Moreover, ''Gm'' denotes the ét ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tate Pairing
In mathematics, Tate pairing is any of several closely related bilinear pairings involving elliptic curves or abelian varieties, usually over local or finite fields, based on the Tate duality pairings introduced by and extended by . applied the Tate pairing over finite fields to cryptography. See also * Weil pairing Weil may refer to: Places in Germany *Weil, Bavaria *Weil am Rhein, Baden-Württemberg * Weil der Stadt, Baden-Württemberg *Weil im Schönbuch, Baden-Württemberg Other uses * Weil (river), Hesse, Germany * Weil (surname), including people with ... References * * * * Pairing-based cryptography Elliptic curve cryptography Elliptic curves {{Crypto-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
