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TRAF2
TNF receptor-associated factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TRAF2'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF) protein family. TRAF proteins associate with, and mediate the signal transduction from members of the TNF receptor superfamily. This protein directly interacts with TNF receptors, and forms complexes with other TRAF proteins. TRAF2 is required for TNF-alpha-mediated activation of MAPK8/JNK and NF-κB. The protein complex formed by TRAF2 and TRAF1 interacts with the IAP family members cIAP1 and cIAP2, and functions as a mediator of the anti-apoptotic signals from TNF receptors. The interaction of this protein with TRADD, a TNF receptor associated apoptotic signal transducer, ensures the recruitment of IAPs for the direct inhibition of caspase activation. cIAP1 can ubiquitinate and induce the degradation of this protein, and thus potentiate TNF-induced apoptosis. Multiple alternatively s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TRAF1
TNF receptor-associated factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TRAF1'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF receptor (TNFR) associated factor (TRAF) protein family. TRAF proteins associate with, and mediate the signal transduction from various receptors of the TNFR superfamily. This protein and TRAF2 form a heterodimeric complex, which is required for TNF-alpha-mediated activation of MAPK8/JNK and NF-kappaB. The protein complex formed by this protein and TRAF2 also interacts with IAP, and thus mediates the anti-apoptotic signals from TNF receptors. The expression of this protein can be induced by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). EBV infection membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is found to interact with this and other TRAF proteins; this interaction is thought to link LMP1-mediated B lymphocyte transformation to the signal transduction from TNFR family receptors. TRAF1 also functions as a negative regulator of inflammation by interfering with t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RIPK1
Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) functions in a variety of cellular pathways related to both cell survival and death. In terms of cell death, RIPK1 plays a role in apoptosis and necroptosis. Some of the cell survival pathways RIPK1 participates in include NF-κB, Akt, and JNK. RIPK1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''RIPK1'' gene, which is located on chromosome 6. This protein belongs to the Receptor Interacting Protein (RIP) kinases family, which consists of 7 members, RIPK1 being the first member of the family. Structure RIPK1 protein is composed of 671 amino acids, and has a molecular weight of about 76 kDa. It contains a serine/threonine kinase domain (KD) in the 300 aa N-Terminus, a death domain (DD) in the 112 aa C-Terminus, and a central region between the KD and DD called intermediate domain (ID). *The kinase domain plays different roles in cell survival and is important in necroptosis induction. RIP interacts with TRAF2 via t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
BIRC2
Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 2 (also known as cIAP1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''BIRC2'' gene. Function cIAP1 is a member of the Inhibitor of Apoptosis family that inhibit apoptosis by interfering with the activation of caspases. Interactions BIRC2 has been shown to interact with: * CASP9, * DIABLO, * GSPT1, * HSP90B1, * HTRA2, * RIPK1, * RIPK2 * TNFSF14, * TRAF1, * TRAF2, and * UBC The University of British Columbia (UBC) is a public research university with campuses near Vancouver and in Kelowna, British Columbia. Established in 1908, it is British Columbia's oldest university. The university ranks among the top three .... References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * External links * {{PDB Gallery, geneid=329 Proteins Microbiology ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MAP4K2
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''MAP4K2'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family. Although this kinase is found in many tissues, its expression in lymphoid follicles is restricted to the cells of germinal centre, where it may participate in B-cell differentiation. This kinase can be activated by TNF-alpha, and has been shown to specifically activate MAP kinases. This kinase is also found to interact with TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), which is involved in the activation of MAP3K1/MEKK1. A recent study showed that MAP4K2 is a direct kinase of LATS1/2 and thus regulates the Hippo pathway effectors YAP and TAZ. Interactions MAP4K2 has been shown to interact with RAB8A and TRAF2 TNF receptor-associated factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TRAF2'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a member ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ASK1
Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) also known as mitogen-activated protein kinase 5 (MAP3K5) is a member of MAP kinase family and as such a part of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. It activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases in a Raf-independent fashion in response to an array of stresses such as oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and calcium influx. ASK1 has been found to be involved in cancer, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. ''MAP3K5'' gene coding for the protein is located on chromosome 6 at locus 6q22.33. and the transcribed protein contains 1,374 amino acids with 11 kinase subdomains. Northern blot analysis shows that MAP3K5 transcript is abundant in human heart and pancreas. Mechanism of activation Under nonstress conditions ASK1 is oligomerized (a requirement for its activation) through its C-terminal coiled-coil domain (CCC), but remains in an inactive ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
BIRC3
Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein3 (also known as cIAP2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''BIRC3'' gene. cIAP2 is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis family that inhibit apoptosis by interfering with the activation of caspases. The encoded protein inhibits apoptosis induced by serum deprivation but does not affect apoptosis resulting from exposure to menadione, a potent inducer of free radicals. The cIAP2 protein contains three BIR domains, a UBA domain, a CARD domain and a RING finger domain. Transcript variants encoding the same isoform have been identified. Interactions Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 3 has been shown to interact with: * CASP9, * RIPK1, * TRAF1, * TRAF2, and * UBE2D2 Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 D2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''UBE2D2'' gene. Function The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degrad .... Refe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CD137
CD137 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family. Its alternative names are ''tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9'' (TNFRSF9), 4-1BB and ''induced by lymphocyte activation'' (ILA). It is of interest to immunologists as a co-stimulatory immune checkpoint molecule. Expression CD137 is expressed by activated T cells of both the CD4+ and CD8+ lineages. Although it is thought to function mainly in co-stimulating those cell types to support their activation by antigen presenting cells expressing its ligand (CD137L), CD137 is also expressed on dendritic cells, B cells, NK cells, neutrophils and macrophages. Specific effects on cells The best characterized activity of CD137 is its costimulatory activity for activated T cells. Crosslinking of CD137 enhances T cell proliferation, IL-2 secretion, survival and cytolytic activity. Further, it can enhance immune activity to eliminate tumors in mice. Interactions CD137 has been shown to interact with TR ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baculoviral IAP Repeat-containing Protein 3
Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein3 (also known as cIAP2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''BIRC3'' gene. cIAP2 is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis family that inhibit apoptosis by interfering with the activation of caspases. The encoded protein inhibits apoptosis induced by serum deprivation but does not affect apoptosis resulting from exposure to menadione, a potent inducer of free radicals. The cIAP2 protein contains three BIR domains, a UBA domain, a CARD domain and a RING finger domain. Transcript variants encoding the same isoform have been identified. Interactions Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 3 has been shown to interact with: * CASP9, * RIPK1, * TRAF1, * TRAF2, and * UBE2D2 Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 D2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''UBE2D2'' gene. Function The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degrad .... Refe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sphingosine Kinase 1
Sphingosine kinase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''SPHK1'' gene. Sphingosine kinase 1 phosphorylates sphingosine to sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) SK1 is normally a cytosolic protein but is recruited to membranes rich in phosphatidate (PA), a product of Phospholipase D (PLD) Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a novel lipid messenger with both intracellular and extracellular functions. Intracellularly, it regulates proliferation and survival, and extracellularly, it is a ligand for EDG1. Various stimuli increase cellular levels of S1P by activation of sphingosine kinase (SPHK), the enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of sphingosine. Competitive inhibitors of SPHK block formation of S1P and selectively inhibit cellular proliferation induced by a variety of factors, including platelet-derived growth factor and serum. Interactions SPHK1 has been shown to interact with TRAF2 TNF receptor-associated factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CD134
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 4 (TNFRSF4), also known as CD134 and OX40 receptor, is a member of the TNFR-superfamily of receptors which is not constitutively expressed on resting naïve T cells, unlike CD28. OX40 is a secondary co-stimulatory immune checkpoint molecule, expressed after 24 to 72 hours following activation; its ligand, OX40L, is also not expressed on resting antigen presenting cells, but is following their activation. Expression of OX40 is dependent on full activation of the T cell; without CD28, expression of OX40 is delayed and of fourfold lower levels. Function OX40 has no effect on the proliferative abilities of CD4+ cells for the first three days, however after this time proliferation begins to slow and cells die at a greater rate, due to an inability to maintain a high level of PKB activity and expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL and survivin. OX40L binds to OX40 receptors on T-cells, preventing them from dying and subsequently increasing cytoki ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CHUK
Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha (IKK-α) also known as IKK1 or conserved helix-loop-helix ubiquitous kinase (CHUK) is a protein kinase that in humans is encoded by the ''CHUK'' gene. IKK-α is part of the IκB kinase complex that plays an important role in regulating the NF-κB transcription factor. However, IKK-α has many additional cellular targets, and is thought to function independently of the NF-κB pathway to regulate epidermal differentiation. Function NF-κB response IKK-α is a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family and forms a complex in the cell with IKK-β and NEMO. NF-κB transcription factors are normally held in an inactive state by the inhibitory proteins IκBs. IKK-α and IKK-β phosphorylate the IκB proteins, marking them for degradation via ubiquitination and allowing NF-κB transcription factors to go into the nucleus. Once activated, NF-κB transcription factors regulate genes that are implicated in many ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CD27
CD27 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. It is currently of interest to immunologists as a co-stimulatory immune checkpoint molecule, and is the target of an anti-cancer drug in clinical trials. Expression During mouse embryonic development, specific (medium) expression levels of CD27 (in addition to high KIT (gene), cKit, medium GATA2, Gata2, and high CD31 expression levels) define the very first adult definitive Hematopoietic stem cell, hematopoietic stem cells generated in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros region. Furthermore, CD27 is expressed on both naïve and activated effector T cells as well as Natural killer cell, NK cells and activated B cells. It is a type I transmembrane protein with cysteine-rich domains, but once T cells have become activated, a soluble form of CD27 can be shed. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. This receptor is required for generation and long-term maintenance of T cell ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
