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Sayf Ol-Dowleh
Soltan Mohammad Mirza (; 7 June 1812 – 1899) better known by his honorific title Sayf ol-Dowleh () was an Iranian prince of the Qajar dynasty and thirty-ninth son of Fath-Ali Shah, king of Qajar Iran. He was the governor of Isfahan between 1820 to 1835 and contributed to its restoration after the damage it suffered in the civil war between Zand sovereigns and Agha Mohammad Khan, rebuilding several of the Safavid pavilions and designing his own palace. The later period of his governorship in Isfahan was marred by riots, banditry along the roads and his rivalry with Mohammad Bagher Shafti, a major Shi'ia clergy figure, which resulted in a Jihad being invoked against Sayf ol-Dowleh. He suppressed the Jihad, but Isfahan was damaged again and a famine followed. Mohammad Shah ousted him and appointed Khosrow Khan Gorji in his stead. Sayf ol-Dowleh spent his days traveling and died in 1899 in Malayer. Unusually for his time, Sayf ol-Dowleh only married once, and later divorced his ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tehran
Tehran (; fa, تهران ) is the largest city in Tehran Province and the capital of Iran. With a population of around 9 million in the city and around 16 million in the larger metropolitan area of Greater Tehran, Tehran is the most populous city in Iran and Western Asia, and has the second-largest metropolitan area in the Middle East, after Cairo. It is ranked 24th in the world by metropolitan area population. In the Classical era, part of the territory of present-day Tehran was occupied by Rhages, a prominent Median city destroyed in the medieval Arab, Turkic, and Mongol invasions. Modern Ray is an urban area absorbed into the metropolitan area of Greater Tehran. Tehran was first chosen as the capital of Iran by Agha Mohammad Khan of the Qajar dynasty in 1786, because of its proximity to Iran's territories in the Caucasus, then separated from Iran in the Russo-Iranian Wars, to avoid the vying factions of the previously ruling Iranian dynasties. The capital has been ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Georgians
The Georgians, or Kartvelians (; ka, ქართველები, tr, ), are a nation and indigenous Caucasian ethnic group native to Georgia and the South Caucasus. Georgian diaspora communities are also present throughout Russia, Turkey, Greece, Iran, Ukraine, United States, and European Union. Georgians arose from Colchian and Iberian civilizations of classical antiquity; Colchis was interconnected with the Hellenic world, whereas Iberia was influenced by the Achaemenid Empire until Alexander the Great conquered it. In the 4th century, the Georgians became one of the first to embrace Christianity and now the majority of Georgians are Orthodox Christians, with most following their national autocephalous Georgian Orthodox Church, although there are small Georgian Catholic and Muslim communities as well as a significant number of irreligious Georgians. Located in the Caucasus, on the continental crossroads of Europe and Asia, the High Middle Ages saw Georgian people form ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hasht Behesht
Hasht Behesht (, ), literally meaning "the Eight Heavens" in Persian, is a 17th-century pavilion in Isfahan, Iran. It was built by order of Suleiman I, the eighth shah of Iran's Safavid Empire, and functioned mainly as a private pavilion. It is located in Isfahan's famous Charbagh Street. It was also the first modern school in Isfahan was called His Majesty's School (Madrese Homayouni). Structure As indicated on its name, the two-story pavilion of Hasht Behesht was built on the hasht-behesht plan, that is a type of floor plan consisting of a central hall surrounded by eight rooms. The building is of an octagonal shape, and has two main entrances. Four larger sides of it feature large balconies (iwans), under which some tall and thin wooden columns are raised. The pavilion is decorated with mural paintings, perforated woodwork, prismatic mirrors, tilework, and plasterwork. Gallery Hasht Behesht, Outside perspective by Pascal Coste.jpg, An 1840 drawing of Hasht Behesht by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soltan Ahmad Mirza Azod Al-Duleh
Soltan Ahmad Mirza Azod od-Dowleh was prince of Persia and 49th son of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar. He was born on 16 July 1824. His mother was Taj ol-Dowleh. He was governor of many cities including Zanjan, Malayer and Qazvin. Also he was chairman of Astan Quds Razavi. He published a book, which is named ''Azodi history'' that contains the history of three Qajar dynasty kings, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, Fath-Ali Shah Qajar and Mohammad Shah Qajar. One the key features of this book is that the author didn't censor anything and every thing that is written is obvious and clear. He had four children: * Abd Al-Mohammad Mirza Seyf od-Dowleh *Abdol Majid Mirza * Vajih Allah Mirza * Shams od-Dowleh, who married to Naser Al-Din Shah and became queen consort. See also *Qajar dynasty *Badr-almoluk *Irandokht *Ali Mirza Khan Johann Joseph von Semlin (born Mostafa Ali Mirza Khan; 1736–1824) was the reputed son of Nader Shah. After his father's murder, a loyalist brought Ali Mirza Khan to Ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clergy
Clergy are formal leaders within established religions. Their roles and functions vary in different religious traditions, but usually involve presiding over specific rituals and teaching their religion's doctrines and practices. Some of the terms used for individual clergy are clergyman, clergywoman, clergyperson, churchman, and cleric, while clerk in holy orders has a long history but is rarely used. In Christianity, the specific names and roles of the clergy vary by denomination and there is a wide range of formal and informal clergy positions, including deacons, elders, priests, bishops, preachers, pastors, presbyters, ministers, and the pope. In Islam, a religious leader is often known formally or informally as an imam, caliph, qadi, mufti, mullah, muezzin, or ayatollah. In the Jewish tradition, a religious leader is often a rabbi (teacher) or hazzan (cantor). Etymology The word ''cleric'' comes from the ecclesiastical Latin ''Clericus'', for those belonging ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zayn Al-Abidin Shirvani
Zayn al-Abidin Shirvani ( fa, زینالعابدین شیروانی; 1779—1837), also known by his pen-name of Tamkin, was a Persian scholar, mystic, and traveler from Shirvan. Biography A native of the Shirvan region, Shirvani belonged to a Shia Muslim family. The region was then ruled by the Shirvan Khanate, a dependency of Zand Iran. At the age of five, Shirvani went to the city of Karbala along with his father Mulla Iskandar, where he studied for twelve years. It was there that Shirvani met the Ni'matullahi masters Ma'sum Ali Shah Dakani and Nur-Ali Shah Isfahani. When Shirvani returned to Iran in 1814, he attempted to find a home in several places, ultimately settling in city of Shiraz. He later died in 1837 during a pilgrimage to the city of Mecca. Amongst the disciples of Shirvani was Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat (died 1871), a literary historian, administrator, and poet. Shirvani is notable for writing about the concept of Iran. Writing in 1813, he says that "from tim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philosopher
A philosopher is a person who practices or investigates philosophy. The term ''philosopher'' comes from the grc, φιλόσοφος, , translit=philosophos, meaning 'lover of wisdom'. The coining of the term has been attributed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras (6th century BCE).. In the Classics, classical sense, a philosopher was someone who lived according to a certain way of life, focusing upon resolving Meaning of life, existential questions about the human condition; it was not necessary that they discoursed upon Theory, theories or commented upon authors. Those who most arduously committed themselves to this lifestyle would have been considered ''philosophers''. In a modern sense, a philosopher is an intellectual who contributes to one or more branches of philosophy, such as aesthetics, ethics, epistemology, philosophy of science, logic, metaphysics, social theory, philosophy of religion, and political philosophy. A philosopher may also be someone who has worked in the hum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Regent
A regent (from Latin : ruling, governing) is a person appointed to govern a state '' pro tempore'' (Latin: 'for the time being') because the monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge the powers and duties of the monarchy, or the throne is vacant and the new monarch has not yet been determined. One variation is in the Monarchy of Liechtenstein, where a competent monarch may choose to assign regency to their of-age heir, handing over the majority of their responsibilities to prepare the heir for future succession. The rule of a regent or regents is called a regency. A regent or regency council may be formed ''ad hoc'' or in accordance with a constitutional rule. ''Regent'' is sometimes a formal title granted to a monarch's most trusted advisor or personal assistant. If the regent is holding their position due to their position in the line of succession, the compound term '' prince regent'' is often used; if the regent of a minor is their mother, she would b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yusef Khan-e Gorji
Yusef Khan-e Gorji (also spelled Yūsof; fa, یوسف خان گرجی; died 1824) was a Qajar dynasty, Qajar Iranian military leader and official of Georgians, Georgian origin. Born in Tbilisi, An influential figure, he founded the Iranian city of Arak, Iran, Arak. Biography Yusof Khan Gorji was given refuge by the Iranian king Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar (r. 1742–1797) following a territorial dispute with his cousins who were supported by Imperial Russian Empress Catherine the Great. In the period between 1795 and 1797, Yusef Khan-e Gorji, renamed ''Yusef Khan-e Sepahdar'' by the king, settled his army in the fertile though poorly controlled territory that would become modern Arak. Hostile tribes in this region had operated autonomously from Qajar rule. With the Iranian king Fat'h Ali Shah Qajar's approval, Yusef Khan diverted the main river to drive out the hostiles and built the Soltan Abad fortress, or Baladeh, a war fortress to serve as the foundation of what would become mod ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
State Visit
A state visit is a formal visit by a head of state to a foreign country, at the invitation of the head of state of that foreign country, with the latter also acting as the official host for the duration of the state visit. Speaking for the host, it is generally called a state reception. State visits are considered to be the highest expression of friendly bilateral relations between two sovereign states, and are in general characterised by an emphasis on official public ceremonies. Less formal visits than a state visit to another country with a lesser emphasis on ceremonial events, by either a head of state or a head of government, can be classified (in descending order of magnitude) as either an official visit, an official working visit, a working visit, a guest-of-government visit, or a private visit. In parliamentary democracies, while heads of state in such systems of government may formally issue and accept invitations, they do so on the advice of their heads of government, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lala (title)
Lala ( fa, لا لا, tr, Lala, az, Lələ) was a Turkish language, Turkish and Persian language, Persian title (of Persian language, Persian origin) meaning ''tutor'' and ''statesman'' in the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman and Safavid Empire, Safavid Empire. History In Ottoman tradition, lalas were the experienced statesmen who were assigned as the tutors of young princes ( tr, Şehzade). While still teenagers, the princes were sent to provinces (sanjak) as provincial governors ( tr, sanjak bey). They were accompanied by their lalas who trained them in statesmanship. The purpose of this practice was to prepare the princes for the future duty of regency. Later, when the prince was enthroned as the sultan his lala was usually promoted to be a vizier. Up to the 13th sultan Mehmet III (the end of the 16th century) all sultans enjoyed a period of provincial governorship prior to their reign. However, 14th sultan Ahmed I (1603–1617) who was enthroned in early teens without a period of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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