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Supramontana
''Supramontana'' is a genus of land planarians from South America. Description The genus ''Supramontana'' is characterized by the presence of a cephalic retractor muscle not associated with cephalic glands. This muscle is similar to the one found in the genera '' Issoca'' and ''Luteostriata'', but in ''Supramontana'' the organ lacks cephalic glands, which are present in the other two genera. The copulatory apparatus of ''Supramontana'' has a permanent penis papilla and a long common ovovitelloduct. Etymology The name ''Supramontana'' comes from the Latin words ''supra'' (on the top) and ''montanus'' (of the mountains). It is a reference to the type-locality of '' Supramontana irritata'', the city of São Francisco de Paula, in Southern Brazil, whose previous name was São Francisco de Paula ''de Cima da Serra'' (on the top of the mountains). Species There are two described species in the genus ''Supramontana'': *'' Supramontana argentina'' Negrete et al., 2014 *'' Su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Supramontana Argentina
''Supramontana'' is a genus of land planarians from South America. Description The genus ''Supramontana'' is characterized by the presence of a cephalic retractor muscle not associated with cephalic glands. This muscle is similar to the one found in the genera '' Issoca'' and ''Luteostriata'', but in ''Supramontana'' the organ lacks cephalic glands, which are present in the other two genera. The copulatory apparatus of ''Supramontana'' has a permanent penis papilla and a long common ovovitelloduct. Etymology The name ''Supramontana'' comes from the Latin words ''supra'' (on the top) and ''montanus'' (of the mountains). It is a reference to the type-locality of '' Supramontana irritata'', the city of São Francisco de Paula, in Southern Brazil, whose previous name was São Francisco de Paula ''de Cima da Serra'' (on the top of the mountains). Species There are two described species in the genus ''Supramontana'': *'' Supramontana argentina'' Negrete et al., 2014 *'' Su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Supramontana Irritata
''Supramontana irritata'' is a species of Brazilian land planarian in the subfamily Geoplaninae. It is the type species of the genus ''Supramontana''. Description ''Supramontana irritata'' is a medium-sized land planarian up to in length when crawling. The dorsum has a light straw-yellow background color that is covered by very fine dark-brown to black spots. The spots form two wide diffuse lateral bands that become less marked towards the posterior end. The spots also concentrate at the margins of the bands, forming an irregular marginal stripe on each side of the body and two poorly marked paramedian stripes that run on each side of a thin median brown line. Sometimes the dark spots turn the median line inconspicuous, especially when the animal is contracted. The anterior end has an orange tinge that gradually fades posteriorly into the straw-yellow color of the dorsum. The ventral side is yellowish white. The numerous eyes are very small and hardly visible to the naked ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Luteostriata
''Luteostriata'' is a genus of land planarians from Brazil characterized by a yellow body with dark longitudinal stripes. Description The genus ''Luteostriata'' is characterized by the presence of a cephalic retractor muscle, which allows those animals to pull their anterior end upwards and backwards. Associated to the muscle are cephalic glands, forming a so-called cephalic musculo-glandular organ in a way similar to the one found in the genera ''Choeradoplana'' and '' Issoca''. The copulatory apparatus has an reversible penis, i.e., there is no permanent penis papilla and the penis is formed during copulation by folds in the male cavity which are pushed outwards. Externally, species in this genus usually have a yellow to light brown dorsal color with a series of longitudinal dark stripes, hence the name ''Luteostriata'', from Latin ''luteus'' (saffron yellow) + ''striatus'' (striped). The anterior end is also usually marked by an orange tinge that posteriorly gradually fades ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Luteostriata Muelleri
''Luteostriata'' is a genus of land planarians from Brazil characterized by a yellow body with dark longitudinal stripes. Description The genus ''Luteostriata'' is characterized by the presence of a cephalic retractor muscle, which allows those animals to pull their anterior end upwards and backwards. Associated to the muscle are cephalic glands, forming a so-called cephalic musculo-glandular organ in a way similar to the one found in the genera '' Choeradoplana'' and '' Issoca''. The copulatory apparatus has an reversible penis, i.e., there is no permanent penis papilla and the penis is formed during copulation by folds in the male cavity which are pushed outwards. Externally, species in this genus usually have a yellow to light brown dorsal color with a series of longitudinal dark stripes, hence the name ''Luteostriata'', from Latin ''luteus'' (saffron yellow) + ''striatus'' (striped). The anterior end is also usually marked by an orange tinge that posteriorly gradually fade ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geoplaninae
Geoplaninae is a subfamily of land planarians endemic to the Neotropical region. However, one species, ''Obama nungara'' has been introduced in Europe. Description The subfamily Geoplaninae was initially defined by Ogren and Kawakatsu (1990)Ogren, R. E. and Kawakatsu, M. (1990). ''Index to the species of the family Geoplanidae (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola) Part I: Geoplaninae.'' Bulletin of Fujis Women's College. 29: 79-166. for land planarians which have a broad creeping sole, mouth in the second half of the body, dorsal testes, subepithelial longitudinal musculature well developed and parenchymal longitudinal musculature absent or not well developed. The eyes contour the anterior region in a single row and posteriorly form several rows, which may spread onto the dorsum, and extend to the posterior end of the body. However, most, if not all, of these characteristics are not exclusive and cannot be considered a synapomorphy of the group. Some characteristics have also been ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reproductive System Of Planarians
The reproductive system of planarians is broadly similar among different families, although the associated structures can vary in complexity. All planarians are hermaphrodites, so their reproductive system has a male and a female part. Both parts communicate with the surface of the body via a single opening called gonopore, which is located on the ventral side of the posterior half of the body. Male part of the reproductive system The male part of the reproductive system in planarians has a set of several testicles, distributed throughout the body in two or more rows. They are usually concentrated in the anterior two thirds of the body, although they can reach close to the posterior end. The testicles are connected to a pair of sperm ducts which run posteriorly towards the gonopore. In some groups, the sperm ducts met in their distal part, forming the ejaculatory duct, which then opens in a cavity called “male atrium”. In others, like land planarians, both open in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the Roman Republic it became the dominant language in the Italian region and subsequently throughout the Roman Empire. Even after the fall of Western Rome, Latin remained the common language of international communication, science, scholarship and academia in Europe until well into the 18th century, when other regional vernaculars (including its own descendants, the Romance languages) supplanted it in common academic and political usage, and it eventually became a dead language in the modern linguistic definition. Latin is a highly inflected language, with three distinct genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter), six or seven noun cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative, and vocative), five declensions, four verb conjuga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
São Francisco De Paula, Rio Grande Do Sul
São Francisco de Paula is a city in the Serra Gaúcha of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The municipality covers about and sits about from Porto Alegre. As of 2020, the city's population was estimated to be 21,801. The municipality was originally created on December 23, 1902. The city is a tourist destination and is a link along two official scenic tourist routes: the Região das Hortênsias and the Rota Romântica. The municipality contains the São Francisco de Paula National Forest, a sustainable use conservation area created in 1968. It also contains part of the Tainhas State Park, created in 1975. Climate São Francisco de Paula features an Oceanic climate An oceanic climate, also known as a marine climate, is the humid temperate climate sub-type in Köppen classification ''Cfb'', typical of west coasts in higher middle latitudes of continents, generally featuring cool summers and mild winters ... (type Cfb), with humid, cool-to-warm summers and humi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Issoca
''Issoca'' is a genus of land planarians from Brazil. Description Species of the genus ''Issoca'' are characterized by the presence of a spoon-shaped head having a cephalic retractor muscle, which allows those animals to pull their anterior end upwards and backwards. Associated to the muscle are cephalic glands, forming a so-called cephalic musculo-glandular organ in a way similar to the one found in the genera '' Choeradoplana'' and ''Luteostriata''. The copulatory apparatus usually lacks a permanent penis papilla, i. e., the penis is formed during copulation by folds in the male cavity which are pushed outwards.Froehlich, C. G. (1955). ''Sobre Morfologia e Taxonomia das Geoplanidae.'' Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras da Universidade de São Paulo, Série Zoologia. 19: 195-279.Carbayo, F. (2010). ''A new genus for seven Brazilian land planarian species, split off from'' Notogynaphalia ''(Platyhelminthes, Tricladida).'' Belgian Journal of Zoology. 140: 91- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family (taxonomy), family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus. :E.g. ''Panthera leo'' (lion) and ''Panthera onca'' (jaguar) are two species within the genus ''Panthera''. ''Panthera'' is a genus within the family Felidae. The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomy (biology), taxonomists. The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: # monophyly – all descendants ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monophyletic
In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic groups are typically characterised by shared derived characteristics ( synapomorphies), which distinguish organisms in the clade from other organisms. An equivalent term is holophyly. The word "mono-phyly" means "one-tribe" in Greek. Monophyly is contrasted with paraphyly and polyphyly as shown in the second diagram. A ''paraphyletic group'' consists of all of the descendants of a common ancestor minus one or more monophyletic groups. A '' polyphyletic group'' is characterized by convergent features or habits of scientific interest (for example, night-active primates, fruit trees, aquatic insects). The features by which a polyphyletic group is differentiated from others are not inherited from a common ancestor. These definitions have tak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Synapomorphy
In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel character or character state that has evolved from its ancestral form (or plesiomorphy). A synapomorphy is an apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and is therefore hypothesized to have evolved in their most recent common ancestor. ) In cladistics, synapomorphy implies homology. Examples of apomorphy are the presence of erect gait, fur, the evolution of three middle ear bones, and mammary glands in mammals but not in other vertebrate animals such as amphibians or reptiles, which have retained their ancestral traits of a sprawling gait and lack of fur. Thus, these derived traits are also synapomorphies of mammals in general as they are not shared by other vertebrate animals. Etymology The word —coined by German entomologist Willi Hennig—is derived from the Ancient Greek words (''sún''), meaning "with, together"; (''apó''), meaning "away from"; and (''morphḗ''), meaning "shape, form". Clade analysis T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
