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Sobelivirales
''Sobelivirales'' is an order of RNA virus, RNA viruses which infect Eukaryote, eukaryotes. Member Virus, viruses have a Positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus, positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome. The name of the group is a portmanteau of member orders "''sobe''movirus-''li''ke" and -''virales'' which is the suffix for a Virus classification, virus order. Taxonomy The following families are recognized: *''Alvernaviridae'' *''Barnaviridae'' *''Solemoviridae'' References Viruses {{Virus-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Solemoviridae
''Solemoviridae'' is a family of non-enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses which infect plants. ''Solemoviridae'' is a member of the order ''Sobelivirales''. Structure Member viruses are non-enveloped and have a viral capsid with T=3 symmetry. Genome Solemoviruses have a positive-sense, single-strand RNA genome. The length of the genome is 4652 bp. The 3' terminus does not have a polyA-tail. The 5' terminus has a genome-linked viral protein (VPg). Taxonomy The family contains four genera and seven species unassigned to a genus: Genera: *'' Enamovirus'' *'' Polemovirus'' *''Polerovirus ''Polerovirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family '' Solemoviridae''. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are 26 species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: PLRV causes prominent rolling of the leaves of potato and a ...'' *'' Sobemovirus'' Species unassigned to a genus: *'' Barley yellow dwarf virus GPV'' *'' Barley yellow dwarf virus SGV'' *'' Ch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Positive-sense Single-stranded RNA Virus
Positive-strand RNA viruses (+ssRNA viruses) are a group of related viruses that have positive-sense, single-stranded genomes made of ribonucleic acid. The positive-sense genome can act as messenger RNA (mRNA) and can be directly translated into viral proteins by the host cell's ribosomes. Positive-strand RNA viruses encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) which is used during replication of the genome to synthesize a negative-sense antigenome that is then used as a template to create a new positive-sense viral genome. Positive-strand RNA viruses are divided between the phyla ''Kitrinoviricota'', ''Lenarviricota'', and ''Pisuviricota'' (specifically classes ''Pisoniviricetes'' and '' Stelpavirictes'') all of which are in the kingdom '' Orthornavirae'' and realm '' Riboviria''. They are monophyletic and descended from a common RNA virus ancestor. In the Baltimore classification system, +ssRNA viruses belong to Group IV. Positive-sense RNA viruses include pathogens s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sobemovirus
''Sobemovirus'' is a genus of viruses. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are 20 species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: mosaics and mottles. Structure Viruses in ''Sobemovirus'' are non-enveloped, with icosahedral geometries, and T=3 symmetry. The diameter is around 30 nm. Genome The genome is a single piece of linear, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA, 4,100–5,700 nucleotides in length.Index of Viruses—Sobemovirus (2006). In: ICTVdB—The Universal Virus Database, version 4. Büchen-Osmond, C (Ed), Columbia University, New York, USA. The genome encodes five open reading frames: ORF1, ORFs 2a and 2b, ORF3 and ORFx. ORF1 encodes P1 which plays a role in suppression of silencing and virus movement. ORFs 2a and 2b encode the replicational polyproteins P2a and P2ab. Translation of ORF2a from the genomic RNA is dependent on a leaky scanning mechanism. ORF3 encodes the coat protein. ORFx is conserved in all sobemoviruses. It overlaps ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mushroom Bacilliform Virus
''Barnaviridae'' is a family of non-enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses. Cultivated mushrooms serve as natural hosts. The family has one genus, ''Barnavirus'', which contains one species: ''Mushroom bacilliform virus''. Diseases associated with this family includes La France disease. Structure Viruses in ''Barnaviridae'' are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and Bacilliform geometries, and T=1 symmetry. These viruses are about 50 nm long. Genome Genomes are linear, around 4kb in length. The genome has 4 open reading frames. Genomic RNA serves as both the genome and viral messenger RNA. ORF2 is a polyprotein which is possibly auto-cleaved by the ORF2 viral protease. ORF3 encodes the RNA dependent RNA polymerase and may be translated by ribosomal frameshifting as an ORF2-ORF3 polyprotein. The single capsid protein (ORF4) is translated from a subgenomic RNA. Life cycle Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polemovirus
''Polemovirus'' is a genus of viruses. Commercial cultivars of ''Euphorbia pulcherrima'' serve as natural hosts. There is only one species in this genus: ''Poinsettia latent virus''. Its RNA suggests a replication mode like that of poleroviruses, whereas the coat protein sequence is closely related to that of sobemoviruses. Structure Viruses in ''Polemovirus'' are non-enveloped, with icosahedral geometries, and T=3 symmetry. Genomes are linear and non-segmented. Life cycle Viral replication is cytoplasmic, and is lysogenic Lysogeny, or the lysogenic cycle, is one of two cycles of viral reproduction (the lytic cycle being the other). Lysogeny is characterized by integration of the bacteriophage nucleic acid into the host bacterium's genome or formation of a circu .... Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the metho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RNA Virus
An RNA virus is a virusother than a retrovirusthat has ribonucleic acid (RNA) as its genetic material. The nucleic acid is usually single-stranded RNA ( ssRNA) but it may be double-stranded (dsRNA). Notable human diseases caused by RNA viruses include the common cold, influenza, SARS, MERS, Covid-19, Dengue Virus, hepatitis C, hepatitis E, West Nile fever, Ebola virus disease, rabies, polio, mumps, and measles. The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) classifies RNA viruses as those that belong to ''Group III'', ''Group IV'' or ''Group V'' of the Baltimore classification system. This category excludes ''Group VI'', viruses with RNA genetic material but which use DNA intermediates in their life cycle: these are called retroviruses, including HIV-1 and HIV-2 which cause AIDS. As of May 2020, all known RNA viruses encoding an RNA-directed RNA polymerase are believed to form a monophyletic group, known as the realm '' Riboviria''. The majority of such RNA ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eukaryote
Eukaryotes () are organisms whose cells have a nucleus. All animals, plants, fungi, and many unicellular organisms, are Eukaryotes. They belong to the group of organisms Eukaryota or Eukarya, which is one of the three domains of life. Bacteria and Archaea (both prokaryotes) make up the other two domains. The eukaryotes are usually now regarded as having emerged in the Archaea or as a sister of the Asgard archaea. This implies that there are only two domains of life, Bacteria and Archaea, with eukaryotes incorporated among archaea. Eukaryotes represent a small minority of the number of organisms, but, due to their generally much larger size, their collective global biomass is estimated to be about equal to that of prokaryotes. Eukaryotes emerged approximately 2.3–1.8 billion years ago, during the Proterozoic eon, likely as flagellated phagotrophs. Their name comes from the Greek εὖ (''eu'', "well" or "good") and κάρυον (''karyon'', "nut" or "kernel"). Euka ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Virus
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898,Dimmock p. 4 more than 9,000 virus species have been described in detail of the millions of types of viruses in the environment. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most numerous type of biological entity. The study of viruses is known as virology, a subspeciality of microbiology. When infected, a host cell is often forced to rapidly produce thousands of copies of the original virus. When not inside an infected cell or in the process of infecting a cell, viruses exist in the form of independent particles, or ''virions'', consisting of (i) the genetic material, i. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism. It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non-coding genes, other functional regions of the genome such as regulatory sequences (see non-coding DNA), and often a substantial fraction of 'junk' DNA with no evident function. Almost all eukaryotes have mitochondria and a small mitochondrial genome. Algae and plants also contain chloroplasts with a chloroplast genome. The study of the genome is called genomics. The genomes of many organisms have been sequenced and various regions have been annotated. The International Human Genome Project reported the sequence of the genome for ''Homo sapiens'' in 200The Human Genome Project although the initial "finished" sequence was missing 8% of the genome consisting mostly of repetitive sequences. With advancements in technology that could handle sequenci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Portmanteau
A portmanteau word, or portmanteau (, ) is a blend of wordsGarner's Modern American Usage , p. 644. in which parts of multiple words are combined into a new word, as in ''smog'', coined by blending ''smoke'' and ''fog'', or ''motel'', from ''motor'' and ''hotel''. In , a portmanteau is a single morph that is analyzed as representing two (or more) underlying s. When portmanteaus shorten es ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Virus Classification
Virus classification is the process of naming viruses and placing them into a taxonomic system similar to the classification systems used for cellular organisms. Viruses are classified by phenotypic characteristics, such as morphology, nucleic acid type, mode of replication, host organisms, and the type of disease they cause. The formal taxonomic classification of viruses is the responsibility of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) system, although the Baltimore classification system can be used to place viruses into one of seven groups based on their manner of mRNA synthesis. Specific naming conventions and further classification guidelines are set out by the ICTV. A catalogue of all the world's known viruses has been proposed and, in 2013, some preliminary efforts were underway. Definitions Species definition Species form the basis for any biological classification system. Before 1982, it was thought that viruses could not be made to fit Ernst Mayr's r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alvernaviridae
''Alvernaviridae'' is a family of non-enveloped positive-strand RNA viruses. Dinoflagellates serve as natural hosts. There is one genus in this family, ''Dinornavirus'', which contains one species: ''Heterocapsa circularisquama RNA virus 01''. Diseases associated with this family include host population control, possibly through lysis of the host cell. Structure Viruses in ''Alvernaviridae'' are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and spherical geometries, and T=3 symmetry. The diameter is around 34 nm. Genome Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 4.4kb in length. Life cycle Viral replication is cytoplasm In cell biology, the cytoplasm is all of the material within a eukaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, except for the cell nucleus. The material inside the nucleus and contained within the nuclear membrane is termed the nucleoplasm. The ...ic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive-strand ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
