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Sima Samar
Sima Samar ( fa, سیما سمر; born 3 February 1957) is an Afghan woman and human rights advocate, activist and social worker within national and international forums, who served as Minister of Women's Affairs of Afghanistan from December 2001 to 2003. She is the former Chairperson of the Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC) and, from 2005 to 2009, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Sudan. In 2011, she was part of the newly founded Truth and Justice party. In 2012, she was awarded the Right Livelihood Award for "her longstanding and courageous dedication to human rights, especially the rights of women, in one of the most complex and dangerous regions in the world." Early life and education Samar was born on 3 February 1957 in Jaghori, in the Ghazni Province of Afghanistan. She belongs to the ethnic Hazara. She obtained her degree in medicine in February 1982 at Kabul University. She practiced medicine at a government hospit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ministry Of Women's Affairs (Afghanistan)
Afghan Ministry of Women's Affairs (MOWA) (, ) was a ministry in the Afghan government which was established in late 2001 by the Afghan Interim Administration. MOWA was the lead agency for promoting women's rights and advancement in Afghanistan. MOWA had a major shift in its strategy from welfare oriented, direct implementing approach to a policy influencing body by 2002. The last minister of Women's, appointed in 2015, was Delbar Nazari. With the announcement by the newly-established Taliban government of the Cabinet of Afghanistan on 7 September 2021, the Ministry of Women's Affairs no longer exists and was replaced by the Ministry for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice. Functions Provide direction, build inter-ministerial collaboration and develop the capacity of government agencies to ensure that policy formulation, planning, implementation, reporting and monitoring equitably respond to the differential needs and situations of women and men. This is bei ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hazara People
The Hazaras ( fa, , Həzārə; haz, , Āzərə) are an ethnic group and the principal component of the population of Afghanistan, native to, and primarily residing in the Hazaristan (Hazarajat) region in central Afghanistan and generally scattered throughout Afghanistan. They are one of the largest ethnic groups in Afghanistan, and are also significant minority groups in neighboring Pakistan, mostly in Quetta, and as well as in Iran. They speak the Hazaragi dialect of Persian, which is mutually intelligible with Dari, one of the two official languages of Afghanistan. Hazaras are considered to be one of the most persecuted groups in Afghanistan, and their persecution has occurred various times across previous decades. Etymology The etymology of the word "Hazara" remains disputed, but some have differing views on the term. *Babur, founder of the Mughal Empire in the early 16th century, records the name "Hazara" in Baburnama. He has mentioned "Hazara" as "Turkoman Hazaras" se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Persian Language
Persian (), also known by its endonym Farsi (, ', ), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages. Persian is a pluricentric language predominantly spoken and used officially within Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan in three mutually intelligible standard varieties, namely Iranian Persian (officially known as ''Persian''), Dari Persian (officially known as ''Dari'' since 1964) and Tajiki Persian (officially known as ''Tajik'' since 1999).Siddikzoda, S. "Tajik Language: Farsi or not Farsi?" in ''Media Insight Central Asia #27'', August 2002. It is also spoken natively in the Tajik variety by a significant population within Uzbekistan, as well as within other regions with a Persianate history in the cultural sphere of Greater Iran. It is written officially within Iran and Afghanistan in the Persian alphabet, a derivation of the Arabic script, and within Tajikistan in the Tajik alphabet, a der ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Canada
Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by total area. Its southern and western border with the United States, stretching , is the world's longest binational land border. Canada's capital is Ottawa, and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. Indigenous peoples have continuously inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years. Beginning in the 16th century, British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast. As a consequence of various armed conflicts, France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saleha Farooq Etemadi
Saleha Farooq Etemadi was an Afghan politician. She served as Minister of Social Security in 1990-1992. In May 1990 she was appointed cabinet minister of Social Security in the government of Mohammad Najibullah.Emadi, Hafizullah, Repression, resistance, and women in Afghanistan, Praeger, Westport, Conn., 2002 She was one of two women in the cabinet alongside Masuma Esmati-Wardak, and one of the first women in the Afghan government.The first five was Kubra Noorzai in 1965, Shafiqa Ziaie in 1971, Anahita Ratebzad in 1976, Masuma Esmati-Wardak in 1990 and Saleha Farooq Etemadi in 1990. After the fall of the Communist regimen, no other woman was to be a member of Government in Afghanistan until Sima Samar Sima Samar ( fa, سیما سمر; born 3 February 1957) is an Afghan woman and human rights advocate, activist and social worker within national and international forums, who served as Minister of Women's Affairs of Afghanistan from December 2 ... in 2001. References ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Masuma Esmati-Wardak
Masuma Esmati-Wardak was an Afghan writer and politician. She was jointly one of the first women to serve in the Afghan parliament and served as Minister of Education. In 1953 she graduated from Kabul Women's College, and received a degree in business in the United States in 1958.Mattar, Philip (2004). Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East & North Africa: D-K. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 786. . In 1959, she and Kubra Noorzai became one of the first women to appear in public in Afghanistan without a veil after Queen Humaira Begum had removed hers, supporting the call by the Prime minister Mohammed Daoud Khan for women to voluntary remove their veil.Tamim Ansary (2012Games without Rules: The Often-Interrupted History of Afghanistan/ref> In 1964 King Mohammed Zahir Shah appointed her to an advisory committee that reviewed the draft 1964 constitution, which granted women the right to vote and stand for election. In 1965 she was elected to represent Kandahar in the House of the P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anahita Ratebzad
Anahita Ratebzad (Persian/ ps, آناهیتا راتبزاد; November 1931 – 7 September 2014) was an Afghan socialist and Marxist-Leninist politician and a member of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) and the Revolutionary Council under the leadership of Babrak Karmal. One of the first women elected to the Afghan parliament, Ratebzad was deputy head of state from 1980 to 1986. Early life and education Ratebzad was born in Guldara in Kabul Province. Her father was an advocate of Amanullah Khan's reforms. This led to his forced exile following the events of 1929 to Iran under the ruling period of Nader Khan. Ratezbad and her brother grew up without their father under poor conditions. She was married off at the age of 15 to Dr. Keramuddin Kakar, one of the very few foreign-educated Afghan surgeons of the time. Ratebzad had attended the francophone Malalaï Lycée in Kabul. She received a degree in nursing from the State University of Michigan, School of Nur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shafiqa Ziaie
Shafiqa Ziaie or Shafiqa Ziaye (born 1928) was an Afghan educator and cabinet minister. She belonged to the generation of pioneer women who attained public positions in Afghan society after the reforms of Mohammed Daoud Khan. Life She was born in Kabul. She was orphan, but completed her studies up to the 8th grade, which was not a given thing in Afghanistan, were most women did not attend school at all. She left school to take care of her two brothers and a sister, but still managed to take her annual exam and graduate from Malalay High School and attend Women's College. She worked as an inspector of girls' schools. In 1960–1961, she studied French and Administration in Switzerland. She served as Minister without Portfolio in 1971–1973. She was the second woman to become a member of the Afghan government.Khan, Sarfraz and , SaminaPolitics of Policy and Legislation Affecting Women in Afghanistan: One Step Forward Two Steps Back(2013). Central Asia, No.73. Winter 2013, pp. 1-2 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kubra Noorzai
Kubra Noorzai (1932–1986) was an Afghanistan, Afghan politician. She was the first woman to become a government minister in the country, serving as Ministry of Public Health (Afghanistan), Minister of Public Health between 1965 and 1969. Biography Noorzai was born in Kabul, one of nine children. She was educated at the Centre d'Enseignement Français en Afghanistan, Lycée Malalaï, before graduating from the College of Science at Kabul University.Lucie Street (1967) ''The Tent Pegs of Heaven: A Journey Through Afghanistan'', p168 She was an Afghan delegate at UNESCO and the International Women's Congress meeting in Dublin. In 1964 King Mohammed Zahir Shah appointed her to an advisory committee that reviewed the draft Constitution of Afghanistan, 1964 constitution, which granted women the right to vote and stand for election. Following the 1965 Afghan parliamentary election, August–September 1965 elections, she was appointed Minister of Public Health by Prime Minister Mohamm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shuhada Organization
''Shaheed'' ( , , ; pa, ਸ਼ਹੀਦ) denotes a martyr in Islam. The word is used frequently in the Quran in the generic sense of "witness" but only once in the sense of "martyr" (i.e. one who dies for his faith); the latter sense acquires wider usage in the ''hadith''. The term is commonly used as a posthumous title for those who are considered to have accepted or even consciously sought out their own death in order to bear witness to their beliefs. Like the English-language word ''martyr'', in the 20th century, the word ''shahid'' came to have both religious and non-religious connotations, and has often been used to describe those who died for non-religious ideological causes. This suggests that there is no single fixed and immutable concept of martyrdom among Muslims and Sikhs. It is also used in Sikhism. Etymology In Arabic, the word ''shahid'' means "witness". Its development closely parallels that of the Greek word ''martys'' ( gr, μάρτυ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Afghan Refugees
Afghan refugees are citizens of Afghanistan who were compelled to abandon their country as a result of major wars, persecution, torture or genocide. The 1978 Saur Revolution followed by the 1979 Soviet invasion marked the first wave of internal displacement and international migration from Afghanistan to neighboring Iran and Pakistan; smaller numbers also went to India or to the former Soviet Union. Between 1979 and 1992, more than 20% of Afghanistan's population fled the country as refugees. When the Soviet forces left Afghanistan in 1989, many began returning to their homeland. They again migrated to neighboring countries during and after the Afghan Civil War (1992–1996) but between 2002 and 2022 most have returned to Afghanistan. Afghanistan became one of the largest refugee-producing countries in the world. Over 6 million Afghan refugees were residing in both Iran and Pakistan by 2000. Today, they are the third largest group after Syrian and Venezuelan refugees. Some ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pakistan
Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 243 million people, and has the world's Islam by country#Countries, second-largest Muslim population just behind Indonesia. Pakistan is the List of countries and dependencies by area, 33rd-largest country in the world by area and 2nd largest in South Asia, spanning . It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south, and is bordered by India to India–Pakistan border, the east, Afghanistan to Durand Line, the west, Iran to Iran–Pakistan border, the southwest, and China to China–Pakistan border, the northeast. It is separated narrowly from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor in the north, and also shares a maritime border with Oman. Islamabad is the nation's capital, while Karachi is its largest city and fina ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
