|
Runesocesius
Runesocesius was a deity whose name appears on an inscription from the region of Évora, the Roman ''Ebora'' in modern Portugal in the area inhabited by the Celtici in Lusitania. He has generally been thought of as a Lusitanians, Lusitanian god. Discovery & interpretation At the close of the 19th Century, a Roman dedication was discovered and examined by Portuguese archaeology, archaeologists near Évora. The inscription was in Latin and read ''SANCTRVNESOCESIOSACRVGLIC ... QVINTCINV ... BALS''. In a paper submitted to the French ''Société des Antiquaires'' this was interpreted as ''Sancto Runeso Cesio Sacrum G. Licinius Quinctinus Balsensis'': a dedication by Gaius Licinius Quinctinus of Balsa (Roman town), Balsa to a previously unknown god, Runesus Cesius. The name was interpreted as Celtic languages, Celtic, with "Cesius" an allograph for ''gaesius'' and hence deriving from the roots ''*runa-'' and ''*gaiso-'' meaning "the Mysterious One of the Javelin (or Spear)" An alternati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deity
A deity or god is a supernatural being who is considered divine or sacred. The ''Oxford Dictionary of English'' defines deity as a god or goddess, or anything revered as divine. C. Scott Littleton defines a deity as "a being with powers greater than those of ordinary humans, but who interacts with humans, positively or negatively, in ways that carry humans to new levels of consciousness, beyond the grounded preoccupations of ordinary life". Religions can be categorized by how many deities they worship. Monotheistic religions accept only one deity (predominantly referred to as "God"), whereas polytheistic religions accept multiple deities. Henotheistic religions accept one supreme deity without denying other deities, considering them as aspects of the same divine principle. Nontheistic religions deny any supreme eternal creator deity, but may accept a pantheon of deities which live, die and may be reborn like any other being. Although most monotheistic religions traditionall ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
José Leite De Vasconcelos
José Leite de Vasconcelos Cardoso Pereira de Melo (7 July 1858 – 17 May 1941) was a Portuguese ethnographer, archaeologist and prolific author who wrote extensively on Portuguese philology and prehistory. He was the founder and the first director of the Portuguese National Museum of Archaeology. Biography From childhood, Leite de Vasconcelos was attentive to his surroundings, recording in small notebooks everything that interested him. At the age of 18 he went to Porto, where in 1881 he completed a degree in natural sciences and, in 1886, a second degree in medicine. However, he practiced as a physician for only one year, serving as a health care administrator in Cadaval during 1887. Philological research His 1886 thesis, ''Evolução da linguagem'' (Evolution of Language) demonstrated an early interest that would come to occupy all his long life. His scientific training had imparted a rigorous and exhaustive investigative discipline to his work, whether in philology, archaeo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula (), ** * Aragonese and Occitan: ''Peninsula Iberica'' ** ** * french: Péninsule Ibérique * mwl, Península Eibérica * eu, Iberiar penintsula also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in southwestern Europe, defining the westernmost edge of Eurasia. It is principally divided between Spain and Portugal, comprising most of their territory, as well as a small area of Southern France, Andorra, and Gibraltar. With an area of approximately , and a population of roughly 53 million, it is the second largest European peninsula by area, after the Scandinavian Peninsula. Name Greek name The word ''Iberia'' is a noun adapted from the Latin word "Hiberia" originating in the Ancient Greek word Ἰβηρία ('), used by Greek geographers under the rule of the Roman Empire to refer to what is known today in English as the Iberian Peninsula. At that time, the name did not describe a single geographical entity or a distinct population; the same name was us ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tartessian Language
The Tartessian language is the extinct Paleo-Hispanic language of inscriptions in the Southwestern script found in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula, mainly in the south of Portugal (Algarve and southern Alentejo), and the southwest of Spain (south of Extremadura and western Andalusia). There are 95 such inscriptions, the longest having 82 readable signs. Around one third of them were found in Early Iron Age necropolises or other Iron Age burial sites associated with rich complex burials. It is usual to date them to the 7th century BC and to consider the southwestern script to be the most ancient Paleo-Hispanic script, with characters most closely resembling specific Phoenician letter forms found in inscriptions dated to ''c.'' 825 BC. Five of the inscriptions occur on ''stelae'' with what has been interpreted as Late Bronze Age carved warrior gear from the Urnfield culture. Name Most researchers use the term ''Tartessian'' to refer to the language as attested on the '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theonym
A theonym (from Greek ''theos'' (Θεός), "god"'','' attached to ''onoma'' (ὄνομα), "name") is the proper name of a deity. Theonymy, the study of divine proper names, is a branch of onomastics (the study of the etymology, history, and use of proper names.); it helps develop an understanding of the function and societal views of particular gods and may help understand the origins of a society's language. Analysis of theonyms has been useful in understanding the connections of Indo-European languages, and possibly their religion. In all languages, the analysis of the possible etymological origin of a theonym can serve as basis for theories of its historical origin. Metaphysical and mystical meanings are also discerned in theonyms, as in Kabbalah. Theonyms can also appear as all or part of a name for a human, animal, thing or place. See also * -onym * Theo * Theology * Thealogy, similar origin as above, but female instead * God (word) * Names of God * Nomenclature * Ono ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lusitanian Language
Lusitanian (so named after the Lusitani or Lusitanians) was an Indo-European Paleohispanic language. There has been support for either a connection with the ancient Italic languages or Celtic languages. It is known from only six sizeable inscriptions, dated from circa 1 CE, and numerous names of places (toponyms) and of gods ( theonyms). The language was spoken in the territory inhabited by Lusitanian tribes, from the Douro to the Tagus rivers, territory that today falls in central Portugal and western Spain. Classification and related languages Celtic Scholars like Untermann have identified toponymic and anthroponymic radicals which are clearly linked to Celtic materials: ''briga'' ‘hill, fortification’, ''bormano'' ‘thermal’ (Cf. theonym ''Bormo''), ''karno'' ‘cairn’, ''krouk'' ‘hillock, mound’, ''crougia'' ‘monument, stone altar’, etc. Others, like Anderson,. after inscriptional materials of Lusitania, and Gallaecia have been under closer scrutiny, w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tagus
The Tagus ( ; es, Tajo ; pt, Tejo ; see #Name, below) is the longest river in the Iberian Peninsula. The river rises in the Montes Universales near Teruel, in mid-eastern Spain, flows , generally west with two main south-westward sections, to empty into the Atlantic Ocean in Lisbon. Its Tagus Basin, drainage basin covers – exceeded in the peninsula only by the Douro. The river is highly used. Several dams and diversions supply drinking water to key population centres of central Spain and Portugal; dozens of hydroelectric stations create power. Between dams it follows a very constricted course, but after Castle of Almourol, Almourol, Portugal it has a wide alluvium, alluvial valley, floodplain, prone to flooding. Its mouth is a large estuary culminating at the major Port of Lisbon, port, and Portuguese capital, Lisbon. The source is specifically: in political geography, at the Fuente de García in the Frías de Albarracín municipality; in physical geography, within ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ataegina
Ataegina ( es, Ataecina; pt, Atégina) was a goddess worshipped by the ancient Iberians, Lusitanians, and Celtiberians of the Iberian Peninsula. She is believed to have ruled the underworld. Names The deity's name is variously attested as ''Ataegina'', ''Ataecina'', ''Adaecina'' and ''Adaegina'', among other spellings. Her name appears in conjunction to a place named ''Turibriga'' or ''Turobriga'' (see below). Etymology Celtic hypothesis The name ''Ataegina'' is most commonly derived from a Celtic source: according to Cristina Maria Grilo Lopes and Juan Olivares Pedreño, French scholar D'Arbois de Jubainville and Portuguese scholar José Leite de Vasconcelos interpreted her name as a compound ''atae'' 'repetition' and ''gina'', from ''*-genos'' '(to be) born'. Thus, her name would mean 'The Reborn One' ("renascida", in the original). Others propose a connection to the domain of nocturnal or underworld deities: tentatively saw a connection with Irish ''adaig'' 'night', whi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Endovelicus
Endovelicus (Portuguese: ''Endouellicus'', ''Endovélico''; Spanish: ''Endovélico'', ''Enobólico'') is the best known of the pre-Roman Lusitanian and Celtiberian gods of the Iron Age. He was originally a chthonic god. He was the God/Lord of the Underworld and of health, prophecy and the earth, associated with vegetation and the afterlife. Later accepted by the Romans themselves, who assimilated it to Pluto or to Serapis and made him a relatively popular god. Endovelicus has a temple in São Miguel da Mota in Alentejo, Portugal, and there are numerous inscriptions and ''ex-votos'' dedicated to him in the Museu Etnológico de Lisboa (the Ethnological Museum of Lisbon); possible toponyms include Andévalo in Spain. The cult of Endovelicus prevailed until the 5th century, just when Christianity was spreading in the region. Etymology In the last two centuries of scholarship, several etymologies have been proposed to Endovelicus's name. In the 19th century, António da Visitação ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gallaeci
The Gallaeci (also Callaeci or Callaici; grc, Καλλαϊκοί) were a Celtic tribal complex who inhabited Gallaecia, the north-western corner of Iberia, a region roughly corresponding to what is now the Norte Region in northern Portugal, and the Spanish regions of Galicia, western Asturias and western León before and during the Roman period. They spoke a Q-Celtic language related to Northeastern Hispano-Celtic, called Gallaecian or Northwestern Hispano-Celtic. The region was annexed by the Romans in the time of Caesar Augustus during the Cantabrian Wars, a war which initiated the assimilation of the Gallaeci into Latin culture. The endonym of modern-day Galicians, ''galegos'', derives directly from the name of this people. History The fact that the Gallaeci did not adopt writing until contact with the Romans constrains the study of their earlier history. However, early allusions to this people are present in ancient Greek and Latin authors prior to the conquest, wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Allograph
Allography, from the Greek for "other writing", has several meanings which all relate to how words and sounds are written down. Authorship An allograph may be the opposite of an autograph – i.e. a person's words or name (signature) written by someone else. Script In graphemics, the term ''allograph'' denotes any glyphs that are considered variants of a letter or other grapheme, like a number or punctuation. An obvious example in English (and many other writing systems) is the distinction between uppercase and lowercase letters. Allographs can vary greatly, without affecting the underlying identity of the grapheme. Even if the word "cat" is rendered as "cAt", it remains recognizable as the sequence of the three graphemes ‹c›, ‹a›, ‹t›.The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, second edition, Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 196 Thus, if a group of individual glyphs (shapes that may or may not represent the same letter) are allographs (they do represent the same le ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Évora
Évora ( , ) is a city and a municipality in Portugal. It has 53,591 inhabitants (2021), in an area of 1307.08 km2. It is the historic capital of the Alentejo and serves as the seat of the Évora District. Due to its well-preserved old town centre, still partially enclosed by medieval walls, and many monuments dating from various historical periods, including a Roman Temple, Évora is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Due to its inland position, Évora is one of Portugal's hottest cities in the summer, frequently subject to heat waves. Évora is ranked number two in the Portuguese most livable cities survey of living conditions published yearly by ''Expresso''. It was ranked first in a study concerning competitiveness of the 18 Portuguese district capitals, according to a 2006 study made by Minho University economics researchers. Along with Liepāja, Latvia, Évora was chosen to be European Capital of Culture in 2027. History Early history Évora has a history dating ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
.jpg "Click for more on -> Tagus")
