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Rutoideae
Rutoideae is a flowering plant subfamily in the family Rutaceae. The subfamily has had varying circumscriptions. In a 2012 classification of the family it was one of only two subfamilies and contained most of the genera, whereas in a 2021 classification it has only five genera. Taxonomy In 1896, Engler published a division of the family Rutaceae into seven subfamilies. Rutoideae was one of the larger subfamilies. Engler's division into subfamilies largely relied on the characteristics of the fruit, as did others used until molecular phylogenetic methods were applied, which showed that Rutoideae cannot be clearly differentiated from other members of the family based on fruit. In 2012, Groppo et al. divided Rutaceae into only two subfamilies, a small Cneoroideae, and a greatly enlarged subfamily Rutoideae ''s.l.'' with all the remaining genera. A 2014 classification by Morton and Telmer split this circumscription of Rutoideae into a smaller Rutoideae and a much larger Amyridoideae ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rutoideae
Rutoideae is a flowering plant subfamily in the family Rutaceae. The subfamily has had varying circumscriptions. In a 2012 classification of the family it was one of only two subfamilies and contained most of the genera, whereas in a 2021 classification it has only five genera. Taxonomy In 1896, Engler published a division of the family Rutaceae into seven subfamilies. Rutoideae was one of the larger subfamilies. Engler's division into subfamilies largely relied on the characteristics of the fruit, as did others used until molecular phylogenetic methods were applied, which showed that Rutoideae cannot be clearly differentiated from other members of the family based on fruit. In 2012, Groppo et al. divided Rutaceae into only two subfamilies, a small Cneoroideae, and a greatly enlarged subfamily Rutoideae ''s.l.'' with all the remaining genera. A 2014 classification by Morton and Telmer split this circumscription of Rutoideae into a smaller Rutoideae and a much larger Amyridoideae ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rutaceae
The Rutaceae is a family, commonly known as the rueRUTACEAE in BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database or family, of s, usually placed in the order . Species of the family generally have s that divide into four or five parts, usually w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boenninghausenia
''Boenninghausenia'' is a monotypic plant genus in the family Rutaceae. The sole species is ''Boenninghausenia albiflora'', which occurs in Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan, Kashmir, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, North Vietnam, China and Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north .... References Rutoideae Monotypic Rutaceae genera Flora of Bhutan Flora of Nepal {{Rutaceae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chloroxylon
''Chloroxylon'' is a genus of trees in the family Rutaceae. The genus comprises two species, both desired for their wood as high quality tropical timber and heavily exploited. It has rough and spongy outer bark. Timber is very tough and durable. It has a typical unpleasant smell. Species *''Chloroxylon swietenia'' - east Indian satinwood or Sri Lanka satinwood *''Chloroxylon faho ''Chloroxylon'' is a genus of trees in the family Rutaceae. The genus comprises two species, both desired for their wood as high quality tropical timber and heavily exploited. It has rough and spongy outer bark. Timber is very tough and durable. ...'' - Madagascar satinwood References {{Taxonbar, from=Q13055458 Rutaceae genera Rutoideae ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psilopeganum
''Psilopeganum'' is a genus of flowering plants of the family Rutaceae. Characteristics It is a monotypic genus, with only a single species: ''Psilopeganum sinense'' (, not to be confused with ''Ephedra/ma huang''). Distribution It is native to the Three Gorges Reservoir area, in the Hubei province of central China, where it has become endangered. A specimen exists at the New York Botanical Garden. Medicinal uses ''Psilopeganum sinense'' is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine. See also *Chinese herbology Chinese herbology () is the theory of traditional Chinese herbal therapy, which accounts for the majority of treatments in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). A ''Nature'' editorial described TCM as "fraught with pseudoscience", and said that t ... 50 fundamental herbs References External linksPhoto from New York Botanical Garden collection Rutoideae Monotypic Rutaceae genera Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine {{Ruta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ruta Chalepensis
file:Ruta chalepensis Dried fruits Tigray Region Ethiopia.jpg, Dried fruits. ''Ruta chalepensis'' is a species of flowering plant in the Rutaceae family known by the common name fringed rue. It is native to Eurasia and North Africa. It has been found elsewhere as an introduced species. It is a perennial herb growing up to 80 centimeters tall. The leaves are compound, each divided into several segments which are subdivided into smaller leaflets. The inflorescence is a cluster of flowers, each with four or five bright yellow petals with rolled, fringed edges. The fruit is a textured capsule which is divided into pointed lobes. In herbalism, traditional herbal medicine, the plant is used as for a number of ailments, such as fever and inflammation. ''Ruta chalepensis'' is the original source of the chemical compound chalepensin. References External links *Jepson Manual Treatment [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genera
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus. :E.g. ''Panthera leo'' (lion) and ''Panthera onca'' (jaguar) are two species within the genus '' Panthera''. ''Panthera'' is a genus within the family Felidae. The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomists. The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: # monophyly – all descendants of an ancestral taxon are grouped together (i.e. phylogenetic analysis should clearly demons ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circumscription (taxonomy)
In biological taxonomy, circumscription is the content of a taxon, that is, the delimitation of which subordinate taxa are parts of that taxon. If we determine that species X, Y, and Z belong in Genus A, and species T, U, V, and W belong in Genus B, those are our circumscriptions of those two genera. Another systematist might determine that T, U, V, W, X, Y, and Z all belong in genus A. Agreement on circumscriptions is not governed by the Codes of Zoological or Botanical Nomenclature, and must be reached by scientific consensus. A goal of biological taxonomy is to achieve a stable circumscription for every taxon. This goal conflicts, at times, with the goal of achieving a natural classification that reflects the evolutionary history of divergence of groups of organisms. Balancing these two goals is a work in progress, and the circumscriptions of many taxa that had been regarded as stable for decades are in upheaval in the light of rapid developments in molecular phylogenetics ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Molecular Phylogenetics
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to determine the processes by which diversity among species has been achieved. The result of a molecular phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree. Molecular phylogenetics is one aspect of molecular systematics, a broader term that also includes the use of molecular data in taxonomy and biogeography. Molecular phylogenetics and molecular evolution correlate. Molecular evolution is the process of selective changes (mutations) at a molecular level (genes, proteins, etc.) throughout various branches in the tree of life (evolution). Molecular phylogenetics makes inferences of the evolutionary relationships that arise due to molecular evolution and results in the construction of a phylogenetic tree. History The theoretical frame ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cneoroideae
Cneoroideae is a subfamily of flowering plants that belongs to the family Rutaceae. The subfamilies Dictyolomatoideae and Spathelioideae are now included in the subfamily Cneoroideae. Taxonomy In 1896, Engler published a division of the family Rutaceae into seven subfamilies. Two of Engler's monogeneric subfamilies, Dictyolomatoideae and Spathelioideae, are now included in the subfamily Cneoroideae, along with genera Engler placed in other families. The subfamily name Cneoroideae is attributed to Philip Barker-Webb in 1842. Genera Genera placed in Cneoroideae in a 2021 classification of the Rutaceae into subfamilies are: *'' Bottegoa'' Chiov. *'' Cedrelopsis'' Baill. *'' Cneorum'' L. *''Dictyoloma'' A.Juss. *''Harrisonia'' R.Br. ex A.Juss. *''Ptaeroxylon'' Eckl. & Zeyh. *''Sohnreyia'' K.Krause *''Spathelia ''Spathelia'' is a genus in the plant family Rutaceae, subfamily Cneoroideae. Species records are from central America and the Caribbean. Species ''Plants of the World Onlin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paraphyly
In taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In contrast, a monophyletic group (a clade) includes a common ancestor and ''all'' of its descendants. The terms are commonly used in phylogenetics (a subfield of biology) and in the tree model of historical linguistics. Paraphyletic groups are identified by a combination of synapomorphies and symplesiomorphies. If many subgroups are missing from the named group, it is said to be polyparaphyletic. The term was coined by Willi Hennig to apply to well-known taxa like Reptilia ( reptiles) which, as commonly named and traditionally defined, is paraphyletic with respect to mammals and birds. Reptilia contains the last common ancestor of reptiles and all descendants of that ancestor, including all extant reptiles as well as the extinct synapsids, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ruta
''Ruta'' (commonly known as rue) is a genus of strongly scented evergreen subshrubs, 20–60 cm tall, in the family Rutaceae, native to the Mediterranean region, Macaronesia and southwest Asia. About ten species are accepted in the genus. The most well-known species is ''Ruta graveolens'' (rue or common rue). The leaves are bipinnate or tripinnate, with a feathery appearance, and green to strongly glaucous blue-green in colour. The flowers are yellow, with 4–5 petals, about 1 cm diameter, and borne in cymes. The fruit is a 4–5-lobed capsule, containing numerous seeds. Species , Plants of the World Online accepted ten species: *''Ruta angustifolia'' Pers. *''Ruta chalepensis'' L. *''Ruta corsica'' DC. *''Ruta graveolens'' L. *''Ruta lamarmorae'' Bacch., Brullo & Giusso *''Ruta lindsayi'' Turrill *''Ruta microcarpa'' Svent. *''Ruta montana'' (L.) L. *''Ruta oreojasme'' Webb *''Ruta pinnata'' L.f. Medicinal uses Extracts from rue have been used to treat eyestrain, s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
