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Revolution Of 1848 In Luxembourg
The Revolution of 1848 in Luxembourg was part of the revolutionary wave which occurred across Europe in 1848. The Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg at that time was in personal union with the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Dissatisfaction with inequality, the authoritarian government, the lack of civil liberties and a political system that excluded most people from government, caused widespread upheaval. This in turn forced the government to concede various reforms, particularly granting a new constitution, which introduced new civil liberties, parliamentary government, wider participation in the political system, and the separation of powers. Background After being annexed by the French in the Napoleonic Wars, Luxembourg was elevated to a Grand Duchy and awarded to the Dutch King by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. While it was supposed to be ruled by him in personal union, rather than as part of his kingdom, the King-Grand Duke William I treated it merely as a province of the Netherlands. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Revolutionary Wave
A revolutionary wave or revolutionary decade is one series of revolutions occurring in various locations within a similar time-span. In many cases, past revolutions and revolutionary waves have inspired current ones, or an initial revolution has inspired other concurrent "affiliate revolutions" with similar aims. The causes of revolutionary waves have become the subjects of study by historians and political philosophers, including Robert Roswell Palmer, Crane Brinton, Hannah Arendt, Eric Hoffer, and Jacques Godechot. Writers and activists, including Justin Raimondo and Michael Lind, have used the phrase "revolutionary wave" to describe discrete revolutions happening within a short time-span. Michael Lind, ''Vietnam, the Necessary War: A Reinterpretation of America's Most Disastrous Military Conflict'', Simon and Schuster, 200p 37, - "The revolutionary wave effect produced by the fall of Saigon in 1975 was far more significant than the regional domino effect in Southeast Asia pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Civil List
A civil list is a list of individuals to whom money is paid by the government, typically for service to the state or as honorary pensions. It is a term especially associated with the United Kingdom and its former colonies of Canada, India, New Zealand, Singapore and many more. It was originally defined as expenses supporting the monarch. United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, the Civil List was, until 2011, the annual grant that covered some expenses associated with the Sovereign performing their official duties, including those for staff salaries, state visits, public engagements, ceremonial functions and the upkeep of the Royal Households. The cost of transport and security for the Royal Family, together with property maintenance and other sundry expenses, were covered by separate grants from individual government departments. The Civil List was abolished under the Sovereign Grant Act 2011. History Following the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the expenses relating to the support of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charles-Mathias Simons
Charles-''Mathias'' Simons (27 March 1802 – 5 October 1874)Thewes (2011), p. 27 was a Luxembourg politician and jurist. He was the third Prime Minister of Luxembourg, serving for seven years, from 1853 until 1860. He received his Doctorate of Laws in 1823 from the University of Liège. The year after, he registered at the bar of the court of first instance of Diekirch. In 1831 he was a delegate for Diekirch at the Belgian National Congress in Brussels, and helped to draft the new Belgian constitution. In 1836-1837 he was a member of the provincial council, and in 1841 became a member of the Assembly of Estates. In 1843-1848 he was a member of the cabinet and in 1848 of the Constituent Assembly. From 1 August to 2 December 1848 he became Administrator-general of communal affairs in the de la Fontaine Ministry. After the Willmar government had been deposed by the governor Prince Henry, at the wish of William III, Charles-Mathias Simons was appointed prime minister on 23 Se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vendelin Jurion
Vendelin Jurion (4 June 1806 – 10 February 1892) was a Luxembourgish politician and jurist. Jurion was born on 4 June 1806 in Bitburg, now in Germany but then a part of the French ''département'' of Forets (and, until its annexation by France, of the Duchy of Luxembourg). Jurion became an advocate on the district court in Diekirch, and later in Luxembourg City. While in Diekirch, he sat on the communal council, becoming mayor. In 1843, Jurion entered the administration of Luxembourg. He was elected to represent the canton of Diekirch on the Constituent Assembly, in 1848. When Luxembourg's first constitution was promulgated in 1848, he entered the Chamber of Deputies and served in the cabinet of Prime Minister Gaspard-Théodore-Ignace de la Fontaine as Administrator-General for the Interior. He returned to government in this capacity under Charles-Mathias Simons (1853–1856). After leaving the Chamber of Deputies, he entered the Council of State A Council of State ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gaspard-Théodore-Ignace De La Fontaine
Gaspard-Théodore-Ignace de la Fontaine (6 January 1787 – 11 February 1871)Thewes (2011), p. 15 was a Luxembourgish politician and jurist. He led the Orangist movement and was the first Prime Minister of Luxembourg, serving for four months, from 1 August 1848 until 6 December of the same year. From 1807 to 1810 he studied law in Paris and in the same year became a lawyer in Luxembourg City. In 1816 he became a member of the ''États provinciaux''. When the Belgian Revolution broke out, he supported William I, and was appointed to the government commission that controlled Luxembourg City. From 1841 to 1848 he was the governor of the Grand-Duchy. On 1 August 1848 he became the first head of government of Luxembourg and was also responsible for the areas of foreign affairs, justice, and culture. The government fell on 2 December 1849. De la Fontaine was from 1849 to 1851 a member of the council of Luxembourg City. In 1857 he was appointed the first president of the newly establi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Separation Of Powers
Separation of powers refers to the division of a state's government into branches, each with separate, independent powers and responsibilities, so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with those of the other branches. The typical division is into three branches: a legislature, an executive, and a judiciary, which is sometimes called the model. It can be contrasted with the fusion of powers in parliamentary and semi-presidential systems where there can be overlap in membership and functions between different branches, especially the executive and legislative, although in most non-authoritarian jurisdictions, the judiciary almost never overlaps with the other branches, whether powers in the jurisdiction are separated or fused. The intention behind a system of separated powers is to prevent the concentration of power by providing for checks and balances. The separation of powers model is often imprecisely and metonymically used interchangeably with the ' principl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constituent Assembly Of Luxembourg
The Constituent Assembly of Luxembourg was a constituent assembly called in 1848 in Luxembourg to write and pass a new national constitution. The Grand Duchy had been administratively separate from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands since the Belgian Revolution in 1830, but remained in personal union with the Netherlands. The first constitution had been passed in 1841 under William II, but it was a very conservative document, affirming the autocracy of the King-Grand Duke.Thewes (2006), p. 7 With the outbreak of the Revolutions of 1848, William changed from a conservative to a liberal, allowing for the preservation of the monarchy in the face of an upsurge in liberal sympathies. On 24 March, a Grand Ducal decree called for the establishment a commission of fifteen to investigate how to preserve the government.Mersch (1972), p. 483 On 30 March, they agreed, by thirteen votes to none (with two abstentions), to call a constituent assembly to rewrite the constitution, and this ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Koning Willem II Portret
Koning is the Dutch language, Dutch and Afrikaans word for "king" and thus may refer to the King of the Netherlands or the King of Belgium. Old spelling variations include ''Coning'', ''Coninck'', ''Köning'', ''Koninck'', ''Koningh'', ''Konink'', and ''Kooning''. "Koning" and "De Koning" are quite common Dutch surnames and may refer to: *Ans Koning (1923–2006), Dutch javelin thrower *Arthur Koning (1944–2015), Dutch rower *Christina Koning (b. 1954), British novelist and short story writer *Elisabeth Koning (1917–1975), Dutch sprinter *Elisabeth Johanna Koning (1816–1887), Dutch painter *Gerry Koning (b. 1980), Dutch footballer *Hans Koning (1921–2007), Dutch writer *Henk Koning (1933–2016), Dutch tax official and politician *Henry Koning (b. 1960), Dutch sailor *Jacob Koning, alternate spelling of Jacob Koninck (c.1615–c.1695), Dutch painter (brother of Philips) *Jean Koning (b. 1976), Dutch actor, director, musician and author *Karen Koning AbuZayd (b. 1941), Amer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean-Théodore Laurent
Jean-Théodore Laurent (6 July 1804 – 20 February 1884) was the Apostolic Vicar of Luxembourg from 1841 to 1856. Biography Laurent was born in 1804 in Aachen to a family of modest means. His father, the Luxembourger Franz Laurent, had 14 children with his wife Gertrude Schönen, originally from Aachen. After attending a '' Gymnasium'' in Aachen, Laurent studied theology for two years in Bonn. As he disliked the lectures by Professor Georg Hermes, he moved to the diocese of Liège, where he continued his studies in the seminary. Here he was ordained a priest on 14 March 1829. From 1829 to 1835 he was a vicar in Heerlen, and from 1835 to 1839 worked as a parson in Gemmenich in Belgium, near Plombières. During this period the Cologne church controversy was escalating, in which he was involved through his own writings, and in which he took the side of the founder of the ''Aachener Priesterkreis'' and ultramontanist, Leonhard Aloys Joseph Nellessen, arguing against the tenets o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apostolic Vicar Of Luxembourg
The Catholic Archdiocese of Luxembourg ( la, Archidioecesis Luxemburgensis) is an archdiocese of the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, comprising the entire Grand Duchy. The diocese was founded in 1870, and it became an archdiocese in 1988. The seat of the archdiocese is the Notre-Dame Cathedral, Luxembourg, Cathedral of Notre Dame in the city of Luxembourg, and since 2011 the archbishop is Jean-Claude Hollerich. History Early Christianity Christianity spread in Luxembourg from the city of Trier, along the Roman roads. The episcopal organisation of the area started in the late 3rd century with Euchaire and Maximin of Trier, and in the early 4th century, Materne of Cologne. The Christianisation of rural areas only came much later. Rural populations remained strangers to Christianity despite scattered islands in Arlon, Bitburg, Altrier and Dalheim. In the late 5th century, the Church was cut off from the power held by the new, Frankish arriva ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Black-Red-Gold
The national colours of the Federal Republic of Germany are officially black, red, and gold, defined with the adoption of the West German flag as a tricolour with these colours in 1949. As Germany was divided into West Germany and East Germany beginning in 1949 and continuing through 1990, both Germanies retained the black, red, and gold colors on each respective flag. After German reunification in 1990, West and East Germany adopted the West German flag as the flag of the reunited Germany, therefore maintaining black, red, and gold as Germany's colors. The colours ultimately hark back to the tricolour adopted by the ''Urburschenschaft'' of Jena in 1815, representing an early phase in the development of German nationalism and the idea of a unified German state. Since the 1860s, there has been a competing tradition of national colours as black, white, and red, based on the Hanseatic flags, used as the flag of the North German Confederation and the German Empire. The Weimar R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marseillaise
"La Marseillaise" is the national anthem of France. The song was written in 1792 by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle in Strasbourg after the declaration of war by France against Austria, and was originally titled "Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin" ("War Song for the Army of the Rhine"). The French National Convention adopted it as the Republic's anthem in 1795. The song acquired its nickname after being sung in Paris by volunteers from Marseille marching to the capital. The song is the first example of the "European march" anthemic style. The anthem's evocative melody and lyrics have led to its widespread use as a song of revolution and its incorporation into many pieces of classical and popular music. History As the French Revolution continued, the monarchies of Europe became concerned that revolutionary fervor would spread to their countries. The War of the First Coalition was an effort to stop the revolution, or at least contain it to France. Initially, the French army ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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