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Quantum Non-equilibrium
Quantum non-equilibrium is a concept within stochastic formulations of the De Broglie–Bohm theory of quantum physics. Overview In quantum mechanics, the Born rule states that the probability density of finding a system in a given state, when measured, is proportional to the square of the amplitude of the system's wavefunction at that state, and it constitutes one of the fundamental axioms of the theory. This is not the case for the De Broglie–Bohm theory, where the Born rule is not a basic law. Rather, in this theory the link between the probability density and the wave function has the status of a hypothesis, called the quantum equilibrium hypothesis, which is additional to the basic principles governing the wave function, the dynamics of the quantum particles and the Schrödinger equation. (For mathematical details, refer to the derivation by Peter R. Holland.) Accordingly, quantum non-equilibrium describes a state of affairs where the Born rule is not fulfilled; that is, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
De Broglie–Bohm Theory
The de Broglie–Bohm theory, also known as the ''pilot wave theory'', Bohmian mechanics, Bohm's interpretation, and the causal interpretation, is an interpretation of quantum mechanics. In addition to the wavefunction, it also postulates an actual configuration of particles exists even when unobserved. The evolution over time of the configuration of all particles is defined by a guiding equation. The evolution of the wave function over time is given by the Schrödinger equation. The theory is named after Louis de Broglie (1892–1987) and David Bohm (1917–1992). The theory is deterministic and explicitly nonlocal: the velocity of any one particle depends on the value of the guiding equation, which depends on the configuration of all the particles under consideration. Measurements are a particular case of quantum processes described by the theory and yields the standard quantum predictions generally associated with the Copenhagen interpretation. The theory does not have a "m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quantum Chemistry
Quantum chemistry, also called molecular quantum mechanics, is a branch of physical chemistry focused on the application of quantum mechanics to chemical systems, particularly towards the quantum-mechanical calculation of electronic contributions to physical and chemical properties of Molecule, molecules, Material, materials, and solutions at the atomic level. These calculations include systematically applied approximations intended to make calculations computationally feasible while still capturing as much information about important contributions to the computed Wave function, wave functions as well as to observable properties such as structures, spectra, and thermodynamic properties. Quantum chemistry is also concerned with the computation of quantum effects on molecular dynamics and chemical kinetics. Chemists rely heavily on spectroscopy through which information regarding the Quantization (physics), quantization of energy on a molecular scale can be obtained. Common metho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Speed Of Light
The speed of light in vacuum, commonly denoted , is a universal physical constant that is important in many areas of physics. The speed of light is exactly equal to ). According to the special theory of relativity, is the upper limit for the speed at which conventional matter or energy (and thus any signal carrying information) can travel through space. All forms of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, travel at the speed of light. For many practical purposes, light and other electromagnetic waves will appear to propagate instantaneously, but for long distances and very sensitive measurements, their finite speed has noticeable effects. Starlight viewed on Earth left the stars many years ago, allowing humans to study the history of the universe by viewing distant objects. When communicating with distant space probes, it can take minutes to hours for signals to travel from Earth to the spacecraft and vice versa. In computing, the speed of light fixes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nonlocal Aharonov–Bohm Effect
Nonlocal may refer to: * Action at a distance, direct interaction of physical objects that are not in proximity * Conjugated system (or nonlocalized bond), in chemistry, a conjugated system is a system of connected p-orbitals with delocalized electrons in compounds with alternating single and multiple bonds, which in general may lower the overall energy of the molecule and increase stability * Nonlocal goto, an abstract representation of the control state of a computer program * Nonlocal Lagrangian, in field theory, a type of functional \mathcal L\phi(x) which contains terms which are nonlocal in the fields i.e. which are not polynomials or functions of the fields or their derivatives evaluated at a single point in the space of dynamical parameters (e.g. space-time) ** Other nonlocal relationships in physics, such as Pippard's nonlocal generalisation of the Londons' equations for superconductivity * Non-local means, an algorithm in image processing for image denoising * Non-local ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Herbert Fröhlich
Herbert Fröhlich (9 December 1905 – 23 January 1991) FRS was a German-born British physicist. Career In 1927, Fröhlich entered Ludwig-Maximilians University in Munich to study physics, and received his doctorate under Arnold Sommerfeld in 1930. His first position was as Privatdozent at the University of Freiburg. Due to rising anti-Semitism and the Deutsche Physik movement under Adolf Hitler, and at the invitation of Yakov Frenkel, Fröhlich went to the Soviet Union, in 1933, to work at the Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute in Leningrad. During the Great Purge following the murder of Sergei Kirov, he fled to England in 1935. Except for a short visit to the Netherlands and a brief internment during World War II, he worked in Nevill Francis Mott's department, at the University of Bristol, until 1948, rising to the position of Reader. At the invitation of James Chadwick, he took the Chair for Theoretical Physics at the University of Liverpool. In 1950 Bell Telephone Laborato ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mike Towler
Michael D. Towler (also referred to as ''Mike Towler'', complete name ''Michael David Towler'') is a theoretical physicist associated with the Cavendish Laboratory of the University of Cambridge and formerly research associate at University College, London and College Lecturer at Emmanuel College, Cambridge. He created and owns the ''Towler Institute'' in Vallico di Sotto in Tuscany, Italy. Biography Education, career and personal life Towler obtained an undergraduate degree from Bristol University in 1991, as well as his Ph.D. in 1994. From 1994 to 1996, he was research fellow at the University of Torino, Italy. From 1997 onwards, he has been closely associated with the Theory of Condensed Matter group (TCM) of Cambridge University's Cavendish Laboratory. Initially, until 2000, he was postdoctoral research associate, subsequently held a Lloyd's Fellowship, and from 2002 to 2010 he was Royal Society research fellow of the Cavendish Laboratory. Additionally, from 2002 to 2012 he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Detlef Dürr
Detlef is a given name of German origin. It is also spelled Detlev. People with this name Notable people with this name include: *Detlef Bothe (born 1957), East German sprint canoeist *Detlef Bothe (born 1965), German actor *Detlef Bruckhoff (born 1958), retired German footballer *Detlef Enge (born 1952), former East German football player *Detlef Gerstenberg (1957–1993), East German hammer thrower *Detlef Gromoll (1938–2008), German mathematician *Detlef Grumbach (born 1955), German author and journalist *Detlef Hofmann (born 1963), German sprint canoeist *Detlef Kästner (born 1958), East German boxer * Detlef Kübeck (born 1956), retired East German sprinter *Detlef Kirchhoff (born 1967), German rower *Detlef Kraus (1919–2008), German pianist *Detlef Laugwitz (1932–2000), German mathematician *Detlef Lewe (1939–2008), West German sprint canoeist *Detlef Lienau (1818–1887), German architect born in Denmark *Detlef Lohse (born 1963), German fluid mechanics researcher * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
James T
James is a common English language surname and given name: *James (name), the typically masculine first name James * James (surname), various people with the last name James James or James City may also refer to: People * King James (other), various kings named James * Saint James (other) * James (musician) * James, brother of Jesus Places Canada * James Bay, a large body of water * James, Ontario United Kingdom * James College, a college of the University of York United States * James, Georgia, an unincorporated community * James, Iowa, an unincorporated community * James City, North Carolina * James City County, Virginia ** James City (Virginia Company) ** James City Shire * James City, Pennsylvania * St. James City, Florida Arts, entertainment, and media * ''James'' (2005 film), a Bollywood film * ''James'' (2008 film), an Irish short film * ''James'' (2022 film), an Indian Kannada-language film * James the Red Engine, a character in ''Thomas the Tank En ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
H-theorem
In classical statistical mechanics, the ''H''-theorem, introduced by Ludwig Boltzmann in 1872, describes the tendency to decrease in the quantity ''H'' (defined below) in a nearly-ideal gas of molecules. L. Boltzmann,Weitere Studien über das Wärmegleichgewicht unter Gasmolekülen" Sitzungsberichte Akademie der Wissenschaften 66 (1872): 275-370. English translation: As this quantity ''H'' was meant to represent the entropy of thermodynamics, the ''H''-theorem was an early demonstration of the power of statistical mechanics as it claimed to derive the second law of thermodynamics—a statement about fundamentally irreversible processes—from reversible microscopic mechanics. It is thought to prove the second law of thermodynamics, albeit under the assumption of low-entropy initial conditions. The ''H''-theorem is a natural consequence of the kinetic equation derived by Boltzmann that has come to be known as Boltzmann's equation. The ''H''-theorem has led to considerable discuss ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Relaxation (physics)
In the physical sciences, relaxation usually means the return of a perturbed system into equilibrium. Each relaxation process can be categorized by a relaxation time τ. The simplest theoretical description of relaxation as function of time ''t'' is an exponential law (exponential decay A quantity is subject to exponential decay if it decreases at a rate proportional to its current value. Symbolically, this process can be expressed by the following differential equation, where is the quantity and (lambda) is a positive rate ...). In simple linear systems Mechanics: Damped unforced oscillator Let the homogeneous differential equation: :m\frac+\gamma\frac+ky=0 model damped harmonic oscillator, damped unforced oscillations of a weight on a spring. The displacement will then be of the form y(t) = A e^ \cos(\mu t - \delta). The constant T (=2m/\gamma) is called the relaxation time of the system and the constant μ is the quasi-frequency. Electronics: RC circuit In an RC ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Configuration Space (physics)
In classical mechanics, the parameters that define the configuration of a system are called ''generalized coordinates,'' and the space defined by these coordinates is called the configuration space of the physical system. It is often the case that these parameters satisfy mathematical constraints, such that the set of actual configurations of the system is a manifold in the space of generalized coordinates. This manifold is called the configuration manifold of the system. Notice that this is a notion of "unrestricted" configuration space, i.e. in which different point particles may occupy the same position. In mathematics, in particular in topology, a notion of "restricted" configuration space is mostly used, in which the diagonals, representing "colliding" particles, are removed. Example: a particle in 3D space The position of a single particle moving in ordinary Euclidean 3-space is defined by the vector q=(x,y,z), and therefore its ''configuration space'' is Q=\mathbb^3. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pilot Wave Theory
In theoretical physics, the pilot wave theory, also known as Bohmian mechanics, was the first known example of a hidden-variable theory, presented by Louis de Broglie in 1927. Its more modern version, the de Broglie–Bohm theory, interprets quantum mechanics as a deterministic theory, avoiding troublesome notions such as wave–particle duality, instantaneous wave function collapse, and the paradox of Schrödinger's cat. To solve these problems, the theory is inherently nonlocal. The de Broglie–Bohm pilot wave theory is one of several interpretations of (non-relativistic) quantum mechanics. An extension to the relativistic case has been developed since the 1990s. History Louis de Broglie's early results on the pilot wave theory were presented in his thesis (1924) in the context of atomic orbitals where the waves are stationary. Early attempts to develop a general formulation for the dynamics of these guiding waves in terms of a relativistic wave equation were unsuccessful ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
