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Pyricularia
''Pyricularia'' is a genus of fungi which was named by Saccardo in 1880.Saccardo, P.A. Michelia 2(no. 6): 20. 1880 The polyphyletic nature of ''Pyricularia'' has been resolved and species of ''Pyricularia s. str.'' were shown to belong to a monophyletic clade (including ''Pyricularia grisea'' isolates), defining the family Pyriculariaceae. Etymology The genus ''Pyricularia'' is named after the pyriform (pear-shaped) shape of its conidia. Pathogenicity The genus ''Pyricularia'' includes species that are pathogenic on a wide range of monocot plants. For example, ''Pyricularia oryzae'' (sexual morph ''Magnaporthe oryzae''), the causal agent of the rice blast disease, is one of the most widely distributed diseases of rice, and is highly destructive leading to up to 30% yield loss worldwide. ''Pyricularia oryzae'' isolates from rice are mostly host-specific and infect only few host plants beside rice (barley and ''Lolium''). ''Pyricularia oryzae'' isolates from other host plant ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyriculariaceae
The Pyriculariaceae are a family of ascomycete fungi in the order Magnaporthales. It was introduced by S. Klaubauf, M.H. Lebrun & P.W. Crous in 2014. Taxonomy Type genus: Pyricularia Sacc. 1880 Type species: Pyricularia grisea Sacc. 1880 The polyphyletic nature of Pyricularia has been resolved in 2014 leading to the definition of a new family, the Pyriculariaceae. Phylogenetic analysis showed that three clear clades could be distinguished. One clade corresponds to Magnaporthaceae (based on Nakataea), and two other clades were defined as new families: Pyriculariaceae (based on Pyricularia), and Ophioceraceae (based on Ophioceras). Description The Pyriculariaceae that reproduce sexually form perithecial fruiting bodies (ascomata), which are immersed, black and with long cylindrical necks covered in setae. Asci are subcylindrical, unitunicate, short-stipitate and with a large apical ring staining in Meltzer's iodine reagent. Ascospores are septate and fusiform. Asexual ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Magnaporthaceae
The Magnaporthaceae are a family of fungi in the order Magnaporthales. It was circumscribed by Paul F. Cannon in 1994 for a group of grass-associated fungi centered on ''Magnaporthe'' (''Nakataea''). Magnaporthaceae have a harpophora-like asexual morphology and are often associated with roots of grasses or cereals. Important pathogens from the ''Magnaporthaceae'' include '' Nakataea oryzae, Gaeumannomyces graminis'', '' Magnaporthiopsis poae'' and ''Magnaporthe rhizophila''. Taxonomy and systematics Type genus: ''Nakataea'' Hara (= ''Magnaporthe'' R.A. Krause & R.K. Webster) Type species: '' Nakataea oryzae'' (Catt.) J. Luo & N. Zhang Description Magnaporthaceae that reproduce sexually, have perithecial ascomata that are immersed in host tissue, frequently with long necks. Asci are cylindrical and stain positive in Meltzer's reagent. Ascospores are curved to sigmoid and contain septa. They show variability in their morphology and can be filiform (''Gaeumannomyces'') or fus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Magnaporthe Grisea
''Magnaporthe grisea'', also known as rice blast fungus, rice rotten neck, rice seedling blight, blast of rice, oval leaf spot of graminea, pitting disease, ryegrass blast, Johnson spot, neck blast, wheat blast, and Imochi (Japanese:稲熱) is a plant-pathogenic fungus and model organism that causes a serious disease affecting rice. It is now known that ''M. grisea'' consists of a cryptic species complex containing at least two biological species that have clear genetic differences and do not interbreed. Complex members isolated from ''Digitaria'' have been more narrowly defined as ''M. grisea''. The remaining members of the complex isolated from rice and a variety of other hosts have been renamed ''Magnaporthe oryzae'', within the same ''M. grisea'' complex. Confusion on which of these two names to use for the rice blast pathogen remains, as both are now used by different authors. Members of the ''Magnaporthe grisea'' complex can also infect other agriculturally important cereal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Barley
Barley (''Hordeum vulgare''), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. It was one of the first cultivated grains, particularly in Eurasia as early as 10,000 years ago. Globally 70% of barley production is used as animal fodder, while 30% as a source of fermentable material for beer and certain distilled beverages, and as a component of various foods. It is used in soups and stews, and in barley bread of various cultures. Barley grains are commonly made into malt in a traditional and ancient method of preparation. In 2017, barley was ranked fourth among grains in quantity produced () behind maize, rice and wheat. Etymology The Old English word for barley was ', which traces back to Proto-Indo-European and is cognate to the Latin word ' "flour" (''see corresponding entries''). The direct ancestor of modern English ''barley'' in Old English was the derived adjective ''bærlic'', meaning "of barley". The first citation of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyricularia Caffra
''Pyricularia'' is a genus of fungi which was named by Saccardo in 1880.Saccardo, P.A. Michelia 2(no. 6): 20. 1880 The polyphyletic nature of ''Pyricularia'' has been resolved and species of ''Pyricularia s. str.'' were shown to belong to a monophyletic clade (including '' Pyricularia grisea'' isolates), defining the family Pyriculariaceae. Etymology The genus ''Pyricularia'' is named after the pyriform (pear-shaped) shape of its conidia. Pathogenicity The genus ''Pyricularia'' includes species that are pathogenic on a wide range of monocot plants. For example, ''Pyricularia oryzae'' (sexual morph ''Magnaporthe oryzae''), the causal agent of the rice blast disease, is one of the most widely distributed diseases of rice, and is highly destructive leading to up to 30% yield loss worldwide. ''Pyricularia oryzae'' isolates from rice are mostly host-specific and infect only few host plants beside rice (barley and '' Lolium''). ''Pyricularia oryzae'' isolates from other host ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyricularia Buloloensis
''Pyricularia'' is a genus of fungi which was named by Saccardo in 1880.Saccardo, P.A. Michelia 2(no. 6): 20. 1880 The polyphyletic nature of ''Pyricularia'' has been resolved and species of ''Pyricularia s. str.'' were shown to belong to a monophyletic clade (including '' Pyricularia grisea'' isolates), defining the family Pyriculariaceae. Etymology The genus ''Pyricularia'' is named after the pyriform (pear-shaped) shape of its conidia. Pathogenicity The genus ''Pyricularia'' includes species that are pathogenic on a wide range of monocot plants. For example, ''Pyricularia oryzae'' (sexual morph ''Magnaporthe oryzae''), the causal agent of the rice blast disease, is one of the most widely distributed diseases of rice, and is highly destructive leading to up to 30% yield loss worldwide. ''Pyricularia oryzae'' isolates from rice are mostly host-specific and infect only few host plants beside rice (barley and '' Lolium''). ''Pyricularia oryzae'' isolates from other host ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyricularia Borealis
''Pyricularia'' is a genus of fungi which was named by Saccardo in 1880.Saccardo, P.A. Michelia 2(no. 6): 20. 1880 The polyphyletic nature of ''Pyricularia'' has been resolved and species of ''Pyricularia s. str.'' were shown to belong to a monophyletic clade (including '' Pyricularia grisea'' isolates), defining the family Pyriculariaceae. Etymology The genus ''Pyricularia'' is named after the pyriform (pear-shaped) shape of its conidia. Pathogenicity The genus ''Pyricularia'' includes species that are pathogenic on a wide range of monocot plants. For example, ''Pyricularia oryzae'' (sexual morph ''Magnaporthe oryzae''), the causal agent of the rice blast disease, is one of the most widely distributed diseases of rice, and is highly destructive leading to up to 30% yield loss worldwide. ''Pyricularia oryzae'' isolates from rice are mostly host-specific and infect only few host plants beside rice (barley and '' Lolium''). ''Pyricularia oryzae'' isolates from other host ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyricularia Apiculata
''Pyricularia'' is a genus of fungi which was named by Saccardo in 1880.Saccardo, P.A. Michelia 2(no. 6): 20. 1880 The polyphyletic nature of ''Pyricularia'' has been resolved and species of ''Pyricularia s. str.'' were shown to belong to a monophyletic clade (including '' Pyricularia grisea'' isolates), defining the family Pyriculariaceae. Etymology The genus ''Pyricularia'' is named after the pyriform (pear-shaped) shape of its conidia. Pathogenicity The genus ''Pyricularia'' includes species that are pathogenic on a wide range of monocot plants. For example, ''Pyricularia oryzae'' (sexual morph ''Magnaporthe oryzae''), the causal agent of the rice blast disease, is one of the most widely distributed diseases of rice, and is highly destructive leading to up to 30% yield loss worldwide. ''Pyricularia oryzae'' isolates from rice are mostly host-specific and infect only few host plants beside rice (barley and '' Lolium''). ''Pyricularia oryzae'' isolates from other host ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyricularia Angulata
''Pyricularia'' is a genus of fungi which was named by Saccardo in 1880.Saccardo, P.A. Michelia 2(no. 6): 20. 1880 The polyphyletic nature of ''Pyricularia'' has been resolved and species of ''Pyricularia s. str.'' were shown to belong to a monophyletic clade (including '' Pyricularia grisea'' isolates), defining the family Pyriculariaceae. Etymology The genus ''Pyricularia'' is named after the pyriform (pear-shaped) shape of its conidia. Pathogenicity The genus ''Pyricularia'' includes species that are pathogenic on a wide range of monocot plants. For example, ''Pyricularia oryzae'' (sexual morph ''Magnaporthe oryzae''), the causal agent of the rice blast disease, is one of the most widely distributed diseases of rice, and is highly destructive leading to up to 30% yield loss worldwide. ''Pyricularia oryzae'' isolates from rice are mostly host-specific and infect only few host plants beside rice (barley and '' Lolium''). ''Pyricularia oryzae'' isolates from other host ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Teleomorph, Anamorph And Holomorph
In mycology, the terms teleomorph, anamorph, and holomorph apply to portions of the life cycles of fungi in the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota: *Teleomorph: the sexual reproductive stage (morph), typically a fruiting body. *Anamorph: an asexual reproductive stage (morph), often mold-like. When a single fungus produces multiple morphologically distinct anamorphs, these are called synanamorphs. *Holomorph: the whole fungus, including anamorphs and teleomorph. Dual naming of fungi Fungi are classified primarily based on the structures associated with sexual reproduction, which tend to be evolutionarily conserved. However, many fungi reproduce only asexually, and cannot easily be classified based on sexual characteristics; some produce both asexual and sexual states. These problematic species are often members of the Ascomycota, but a few of them belong to the Basidiomycota. Even among fungi that reproduce both sexually and asexually, often only one method of reproduction can be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phylogenetics
In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek language, Greek wikt:φυλή, φυλή/wikt:φῦλον, φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups of organisms. These relationships are determined by Computational phylogenetics, phylogenetic inference methods that focus on observed heritable traits, such as DNA sequences, Protein, protein Amino acid, amino acid sequences, or Morphology (biology), morphology. The result of such an analysis is a phylogenetic tree—a diagram containing a hypothesis of relationships that reflects the evolutionary history of a group of organisms. The tips of a phylogenetic tree can be living taxa or fossils, and represent the "end" or the present time in an evolutionary lineage. A phylogenetic diagram can be rooted or unrooted. A rooted tree diagram indicates the hypothetical common ancestor of the tree. An un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Digitaria
''Digitaria'' is a genus of plants in the Poaceae, grass family native to tropical and warm temperate regions but can occur in tropical, subtropical, and cooler temperate regions as well. Common names include crabgrass, finger-grass, and fonio. They are slender monocotyledonous annual and perennial lawn, pasture, and forage plants; some are often considered lawn pests. ''Digitus'' is the Latin word for "finger", and they are distinguished by the long, finger-like inflorescences they produce. Uses The seeds are edible, most notably those of fonio (''Digitaria exilis'' and ''Digitaria iburua''), ''Digitaria sanguinalis'', as well as ''Digitaria compacta''. They can be toasted, ground into a flour, made into porridge or Fermentation (food), fermented to make beer. Fonio has been widely used as a staple crop in parts of Africa. It also has decent nutrient qualities as a forage for cattle. Lawns The prevalent species of ''Digitaria'' in North America are Digitaria sanguinalis, lar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
