''Pyricularia'' is a genus of

fungi A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from ...

which was named by Saccardo in 1880.Saccardo, P.A. Michelia 2(no. 6): 20. 1880 The

polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of converg ...

nature of ''Pyricularia'' has been resolved and species of ''Pyricularia

s. str. ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular c ...

'' were shown to belong to a

monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...

clade (including ''

Pyricularia grisea ''Magnaporthe grisea'', also known as rice blast fungus, rice rotten neck, rice seedling blight, blast of rice, oval leaf spot of graminea, pitting disease, ryegrass blast, Johnson spot, neck blast, wheat blast, and Imochi (Japanese:稲熱) is a ...

'' isolates), defining the family

Pyriculariaceae The Pyriculariaceae are a family of ascomycete fungi in the order Magnaporthales. It was introduced by S. Klaubauf, M.H. Lebrun & P.W. Crous in 2014. Taxonomy Type genus: Pyricularia Sacc. 1880 Type species: Pyricularia grisea Sacc. 1880 T ...

Etymology

The genus ''Pyricularia'' is named after the pyriform (pear-shaped) shape of its

conidia A conidium ( ; ), sometimes termed an asexual chlamydospore or chlamydoconidium (), is an asexual, non-motile spore of a fungus. The word ''conidium'' comes from the Ancient Greek word for dust, ('). They are also called mitospores due to the ...

Pathogenicity

The genus ''Pyricularia'' includes species that are pathogenic on a wide range of monocot plants. For example, ''

Pyricularia oryzae ''Pyricularia'' is a genus of fungi which was named by Saccardo in 1880.Saccardo, P.A. Michelia 2(no. 6): 20. 1880 The polyphyletic nature of ''Pyricularia'' has been resolved and species of ''Pyricularia s. str.'' were shown to belong to a mon ...

'' (sexual morph ''Magnaporthe oryzae''), the causal agent of the rice blast disease, is one of the most widely distributed diseases of rice, and is highly destructive leading to up to 30% yield loss worldwide. ''Pyricularia oryzae'' isolates from

rice Rice is the seed of the grass species ''Oryza sativa'' (Asian rice) or less commonly ''Oryza glaberrima ''Oryza glaberrima'', commonly known as African rice, is one of the two domesticated rice species. It was first domesticated and grown i ...

are mostly host-specific and infect only few host plants beside

(

barley Barley (''Hordeum vulgare''), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. It was one of the first cultivated grains, particularly in Eurasia as early as 10,000 years ago. Globally 70% of barley pr ...

and ''

Lolium ''Lolium'' is a genus of tufted grasses in the bluegrass subfamily (Pooideae). It is often called ryegrass, but this term is sometimes used to refer to grasses in other genera. They are characterized by bunch-like growth habits. ''Lolium'' is ...

''). ''Pyricularia oryzae'' isolates from other host plants such as ''

Eleusine ''Eleusine'' is a genus of Asian, African, and South American plants in the grass family,Setaria ''Setaria'' is a widespread genus of plants in the grass family. The name is derived from the Latin word ''seta'', meaning "bristle" or "hair", which refers to the bristly spikelets. The genus includes over 100 species distributed in many tr ...

'' and ''

Triticum Wheat is a grass widely cultivated for its seed, a cereal grain that is a worldwide staple food. The many species of wheat together make up the genus ''Triticum'' ; the most widely grown is common wheat (''T. aestivum''). The archaeologica ...

'' are also host-specific, and unable to infect rice. The closely related species ''P. oryzae'' and ''Pyricularia grisea'' are indistinguishable in morphology of conidium, perithecium and ascopore. ''Pyricularia grisea'' isolates from ''

Digitaria ''Digitaria'' is a genus of plants in the Poaceae, grass family native to tropical and warm temperate regions but can occur in tropical, subtropical, and cooler temperate regions as well. Common names include crabgrass, finger-grass, and fonio. ...

'' were shown to form a distinct clade by

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...

analysis and infect

crabgrass ''Digitaria'' is a genus of plants in the grass family native to tropical and warm temperate regions but can occur in tropical, subtropical, and cooler temperate regions as well. Common names include crabgrass, finger-grass, and fonio. They are ...

(''Digitaria''), but not other hosts. However, some ''P. oryzae'' isolates from rice and other grasses and some ''P. grisea'' isolates from crabgrass were described to show cross-infectivity on crabgrass and rice, respectively.

Sexual morphs

Sexual morphs were reported for ''P. grisea'' and ''P. oryzae''. The genus ''Pyricularia'' comprises several other species for which the sexual morph has not yet been discovered.

Species

*''

Pyricularia angulata ''Pyricularia'' is a genus of fungi which was named by Saccardo in 1880.Saccardo, P.A. Michelia 2(no. 6): 20. 1880 The polyphyletic nature of ''Pyricularia'' has been resolved and species of ''Pyricularia s. str.'' were shown to belong to a mon ...

'' *''

Pyricularia apiculata ''Pyricularia'' is a genus of fungi which was named by Saccardo in 1880.Saccardo, P.A. Michelia 2(no. 6): 20. 1880 The polyphyletic nature of ''Pyricularia'' has been resolved and species of ''Pyricularia s. str.'' were shown to belong to a mon ...

'' *''

Pyricularia borealis ''Pyricularia'' is a genus of fungi which was named by Saccardo in 1880.Saccardo, P.A. Michelia 2(no. 6): 20. 1880 The polyphyletic nature of ''Pyricularia'' has been resolved and species of ''Pyricularia s. str.'' were shown to belong to a mon ...

'' *''

Pyricularia buloloensis ''Pyricularia'' is a genus of fungi which was named by Saccardo in 1880.Saccardo, P.A. Michelia 2(no. 6): 20. 1880 The polyphyletic nature of ''Pyricularia'' has been resolved and species of ''Pyricularia s. str.'' were shown to belong to a mon ...

'' *''

Pyricularia caffra ''Pyricularia'' is a genus of fungi which was named by Saccardo in 1880.Saccardo, P.A. Michelia 2(no. 6): 20. 1880 The polyphyletic nature of ''Pyricularia'' has been resolved and species of ''Pyricularia s. str.'' were shown to belong to a mon ...

'' *'' Pyricularia cannae'' *'' Pyricularia cannicola'' *'' Pyricularia caricis'' *'' Pyricularia commelinicola'' *'' Pyricularia costi'' *'' Pyricularia costina'' *'' Pyricularia curcumae'' *'' Pyricularia cyperi'' *'' Pyricularia didyma'' *'' Pyricularia digitariae'' *'' Pyricularia distorta'' *'' Pyricularia dubiosa'' *'' Pyricularia ebbelsii'' *'' Pyricularia echinochloae'' *'' Pyricularia euphorbiae'' *'' Pyricularia fusispora'' *'' Pyricularia globbae'' *''

'' *'' Pyricularia guarumaicola'' *'' Pyricularia juncicola'' *'' Pyricularia kookicola'' *'' Pyricularia lauri'' *'' Pyricularia leersiae'' *'' Pyricularia longispora'' *'' Pyricularia lourinae'' *'' Pyricularia luzulae'' *'' Pyricularia occidentalis'' *'' Pyricularia oncosperma'' *''

'' *'' Pyricularia panici-paludosi'' *'' Pyricularia parasitica'' *'' Pyricularia penniseti'' *'' Pyricularia peruamazonica'' *'' Pyricularia pyricularioides'' *'' Pyricularia rabaulensis'' *'' Pyricularia sansevieriae'' *'' Pyricularia scripta'' *'' Pyricularia setariae'' *'' Pyricularia sphaerulata'' *'' Pyricularia submersa'' *'' Pyricularia subsigmoidea'' *'' Pyricularia vandalurensis'' *'' Pyricularia variabilis'' *'' Pyricularia whetzelii'' *'' Pyricularia zingiberis'' *'' Pyricularia zizaniicola''

Taxonomy

''Conidia'' are solitary, pyriform to obclavate, narrowed toward tip, rounded at the base, 2-septate, hyaline to pale brown, with a distinct basal hilum, sometimes with marginal frill. Type species: ''Pyricularia grisea'' Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 6): 20. 1880.

Family

Species of ''Pyricularia s. str.'' belong to a

clade that includes ''P. oryzae/P. grisea'' isolates, and was defined as

. Pyriculariaceae is sister to the Ophioceraceae, representing two novel families. These clades are clearly distinct from species belonging to the ''

Gaeumannomyces ''Gaeumannomyces'' is a genus of fungi in the family Magnaporthaceae. Species *''Gaeumannomyces amomi'' *''Gaeumannomyces caricis'' *''Gaeumannomyces cylindrosporus'' *''Gaeumannomyces graminis'' **'' Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae'' **'' ...

pro parte/

Magnaporthiopsis ''Magnaporthiopsis'' is a genus of ascomycete fungi. It has three species. Morphology Magnaporthiopsis is characterised by black and globose perithecia with a cylindrical neck, a double-layered perithecial wall, clavate asci with a refractive ...

Nakataea ''Nakataea'' is a genus of fungi in the family Magnaporthaceae The Magnaporthaceae are a family of fungi in the order Magnaporthales. It was circumscribed by Paul F. Cannon in 1994 for a group of grass-associated fungi centered on ''Magnaport ...

'' generic complex that are monophyletic and define the family

Magnaporthaceae The Magnaporthaceae are a family of fungi in the order Magnaporthales. It was circumscribed by Paul F. Cannon in 1994 for a group of grass-associated fungi centered on ''Magnaporthe'' (''Nakataea''). Magnaporthaceae have a harpophora-like asexual ...

References

External links

{{Taxonbar, from=Q7263583 Sordariomycetes genera Magnaporthales