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Punicus
Punicus (known as ''Púnico'' in Portuguese and Spanish; died 153 BC) was a chieftain of the Lusitanians, a proto-Celtic tribe from western Hispania. He became their first military leader during the Lusitanian War, and also led their first major victories against Rome. Biography Punicus's origin was placed by some authors in ''Herminius Mons'' (Serra da Estrela), like his later countryman Viriathus, but this has been doubted by others. Others place his origin in Braga, though it would make him one of the Bracari instead of a Lusitanian proper. It is probable that he served at some point as a mercenary in Phoenician or Punic territories in the south of the Iberian Peninsula, as Lusitanians and other Celtiberian tribes used to do. He might have taken part in the war between Carthage and the Numidians led by Masinissa, an ally to Rome. In 155 BC, Punicus instigated a Lusitanian uprising and started sacking and pillaging through Roman territories. To crush the rebellion, Roman pra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lusitanian War
The Lusitanian War, called ''Pyrinos Polemos'' ("the Fiery War") in Greek, was a war of resistance fought by the Lusitanian tribes of Hispania Ulterior against the advancing legions of the Roman Republic from 155 to 139 BC. The Lusitanians revolted in 155 BC, and again in 146 BC and were pacified. In 154 BC, a long war in Hispania Citerior, known as the Numantine War, was begun by the Celtiberians. It lasted until 133 and is an important event in the integration of what would become Portugal into the Roman and Latin-speaking world. Historical context In the sequence of the Second Punic War, the Roman Republic defeated Carthage and its colonies in the Mediterranean Coast of the Iberian Peninsula. This marked the first incursion of the Roman Republic into the peninsula and possibly the first clash between Lusitanians and Romans, as Lusitanian mercenaries fought on the Carthaginian side during the Punic Wars. In 194 BC, the Romans launched their first offensives in Lusitanian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caesarus
Caesarus (known as ''Césaro'' in Portuguese and Spanish) was a chieftain of the Lusitanians, a proto-Celtic tribe from western Hispania. He followed and later replaced Punicus as their major military leader during the Lusitanian War. Biography He is considered to have served as Punicus's lieutenant, which would explain the quick way he was promoted to leader after the latter's death. Caesarus might have previously accompanied him during his service as a mercenary for Phoenician or Punic territories in the south of the Iberian Peninsula. In 155 BC, Punicus provoked the Lusitanians and Vettones into revolting and pillaging the Roman colonies, but after being killed in 153 BC, he was relieved by Caesarus. The new chieftain had his first major battle in Hispania Ulterior against the forces of Roman Praetor Lucius Mummius. Although the Roman forces were initially successful, obliging the Lusitanians to fall back and abandon their plunder, the Roman forces became disorganised in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lusitania
Lusitania (; ) was an ancient Iberian Roman province located where modern Portugal (south of the Douro river) and a portion of western Spain (the present Extremadura and the province of Salamanca) lie. It was named after the Lusitani or Lusitanians, Lusitanian people (an Proto-Indo-Europeans, Indo-European people). Its capital was ''Emerita Augusta'' (currently Mérida, Spain), and it was initially part of the Roman Republic province of Hispania Ulterior, before becoming a province of its own in the Roman Empire. Romans first came to the territory around the mid-2nd century BC. A Lusitanian War, war with Lusitanian tribes followed, from 155 to 139 BC. In 27 BC, the province was created. Lusitania was and is often used as an alternative name for Portugal. Origin of the name The etymology of the name of the Lusitanians, Lusitani (who gave the Roman province its name) remains unclear. Popular etymology connected the name to a supposed Roman demigod Lusus, whereas some early-mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lusitanians
The Lusitanians ( la, Lusitani) were an Indo-European languages, Indo-European speaking people living in the west of the Iberian Peninsula prior to its conquest by the Roman Republic and the subsequent incorporation of the territory into the Roman province of Lusitania. History Origins Frontinus mentions Lusitanian leader Viriathus as the leader of the Celtiberians, in their war against the Romans. The Greco-Roman historian Diodorus Siculus attributed them a name of another List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes, Celtic tribe: "Those who are called Lusitanians are the bravest of all Cimbri", often thought of as Germanic. The Lusitanians were also called Belitanians, according to the diviner Artemidorus. . [S.l.]: Real Academia de la Historia, 2000. 33 p. vol. 6 of Bibliotheca archaeologica hispana, v. 6 of Publicaciones del Gabinete de Antigüedades. Strabo differentiated the Lusitanians from the Iberians, Iberian tribes and called them Celts who had been known as Oestri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Terentius Varro
The Terentii Varrones a branch of the '' gens Terentia'' in ancient Rome. Members * Gaius Terentius Varro (d. sometime after 200 BC), the surviving commander of the defeated Roman army at the Battle of Cannae. * Aulus Terentius Varro, an envoy ''(legatus)'' of Aulus Cornelius Mammula, who was stationed with troops as propraetor in Greece, in 190–189. Along with Marcus Claudius Lepidus, Varro was sent to the Senate to deliver "disturbing reports" from Asia. In 189, he returned to Greece with envoys from Aetolia. In 184, he was assigned to Hispania Citerior ("Nearer" Roman Spain) as praetor, and levied a new army with which he successfully fought the Suessetani. He continued his command as propraetor in 183–182, with victories over the Ausetani and Celtiberi. In 182, he may have held proconsular powers, and upon his return to Rome that year celebrated an ''ovatio''. In 172, Varro was part of a diplomatic embassy to Gentius, king of Ilyria, that lodged a protest against atta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vettones
The Vettones (Greek: ''Ouettones'') were a pre-Roman people of the Iberian Peninsula of possibly Celtic ethnicity. Origins Lujan (2007) concludes that some of the names of the Vettones show clearly western Hispano-Celtic features. Reissued in 2012 in softcover as . A Celtiberian origin has also been claimed. Organized since the 3rd Century BC, the Vettones formed a tribal confederacy of undetermined strength. Even though their tribes' names are obscure, the study of local epigraphic evidence has identified the Calontienses, Coerenses, Caluri, Bletonesii and Seanoci, but the others remain unknown. Culture A predominately horse- and cattle-herder people that practiced transhumance, archeology has identified them with the local 2nd Iron Age ‘Cogotas II’ Culture, also known as the ‘Culture of the Verracos’ ('' verracos de piedra''), named after the crude granite sculptures representing pigs, wild boars and bulls that still dot their former region. These are one of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manius Manilius
Manius Manilius ( fl. 155149 BC) was a Roman Republican orator and distinguished jurist who also had a long military career. It is unclear if he was related to the Manius Manilius who was degraded by Cato the Censor for embracing his wife in broad daylight in Cato's censorship from 184 BC to 182 BC. Manilius was proconsul of Hispania Ulterior in 155 BC when the Lusitani, under the leadership of Punicus, raided that province, beginning the Lusitanian War; he led an army against them but was defeated. He became consul in 149 BC with Lucius Marcius Censorinus. He unsuccessfully besieged Carthage at the beginning of the Third Punic War, and was replaced by Calpurnius Piso in 149 after suffering a heavy defeat at Nepheris, a Carthaginian stronghold south of the city. In Cicero's ''De oratore'', Manilius was depicted as a member of the Scipionic Circle. In the work, Cicero describes Manilius as a "representative of the broad education required of the orator, and of old-fashioned generos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus (consul 148 BC)
Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus was a Roman statesman in the 2nd century BC. He was elected consul in the year 148 BC, serving alongside Spurius Postumius Albinus Magnus. His last name indicates that he was originally a member of the Caesonia gens and was adopted by one of the Pisones. Lucius served as Praetor in 154 BC, receiving the province Hispania Ulterior during the period of the Lusitanian War. He was defeated in battle against the Lusitani led by Punicus. He was consul during the second year of the Third Punic War The Third Punic War (149–146 BC) was the third and last of the Punic Wars fought between Carthage and Rome. The war was fought entirely within Carthaginian territory, in modern northern Tunisia. When the Second Punic War ended in 201 ..., which he conducted so lackadaisically that he was replaced by Scipio the following year. References 2nd-century BC Roman consuls Caesoninus, Lucius (consul 606 AUC) Ancient Roman adoptees {{Anci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
153 BC
__NOTOC__ Year 153 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Nobilior and Luscus (or, less frequently, year 601 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 153 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Republic * The uprisings in Rome's Hispanic provinces oblige the year's consuls to take office earlier than the traditional date of 25 March, a change that becomes permanent. Some suggest that, as a consequence, January 1 becomes the first day of the Roman year. Seleucid Empire * The Seleucid king Demetrius I Soter's relations with Attalus II Philadelphus of Pergamum and Ptolemy VI Philometor of Egypt deteriorate to the point where they support a rival claimant to the Syrian throne, Alexander Balas, who claims to be the son of the former Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes and, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Olyndicus
Olyndicus (?-170 BC), also known as Olonicus, was a Celtiberian war chief who led a rebellion against Rome, fighting against the praetor Lucius Canuleyus and his troops, in the province of Hispania Ulterior. According to Florus, he was a great leader, and a cunning and daring warrior.Florus, ''Epitomae'', 1.33.13 Olyndicus was said to have behaved like a prophet and to have led his troops wielding a magical silver lance, sent to him by the gods from the sky. See also * Tanginus *Celtiberian Wars The First Celtiberian War (181–179 BC) and Second Celtiberian War (154–151 BC) were two of the three major rebellions by the Celtiberians (a loose alliance of Celtic tribes living in east central Hispania, among which we can name the Pellend ... References {{reflist External links Elementos chamánicos y uránicos en el episodio del celtibero Olíndico (''Shamanic elements about the topic of Olyndicus'') (in Spanish) La lanza de Olíndico (Spanish) Celtic warriors Spanish rebe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic period (), and the Classical period (). Ancient Greek was the language of Homer and of fifth-century Athenian historians, playwrights, and philosophers. It has contributed many words to English vocabulary and has been a standard subject of study in educational institutions of the Western world since the Renaissance. This article primarily contains information about the Epic and Classical periods of the language. From the Hellenistic period (), Ancient Greek was followed by Koine Greek, which is regarded as a separate historical stage, although its earliest form closely resembles Attic Greek and its latest form approaches Medieval Greek. There were several regional dialects of Ancient Greek, of which Attic Greek developed into Koine. Dia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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