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Pulchratia
''Pulchratia'' is an extinct genus of brachiopods which lived in marine habitats during the Upper Carboniferous period. Its fossils have been found in North America. Description Like other echinoconchids, ''Pulchratia'' had recumbent spines arranged in irregular concentric bands, with the spines of this genus being mostly uniform in size and not having strong bases. It also has long lateral ridges which diverge from the hinge line. In these conditions it differs from the related '' Parajuresania'', which has thicker posterior spines than anterior spines, and short cardinal ridges that parallel the hinge line, but otherwise the two genera are very similar. The buttress plates of ''Pulchratia'' are convergent, weak or entirely lost in adult specimens, while the lateral ridges are slightly divergent from the hinge. Distribution Fossil remains of ''Pulchratia'' are not known outside of North America, suggesting the genus may have been endemic to the continent. Remains of ''Pulchr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Juresaniinae
Juresaniinae is an extinct subfamily of brachiopods which lived during the Carboniferous and Permian periods in marine habitats. Taxonomy The exact evolutionary relationships of Juresaniinae relative to other groups of the suborder Productidina have been a matter of extensive debate throughout much of the 20th Century, primarily due to the three genera '' Buxtonia'', ''Pustula'' and '' Juresania'' (with the debate later expanded to their families and subfamilies) shifting in position repeatedly between phylogenies and classifications. The emphasis on internal versus external characters to determine the systematics of these groups has largely been responsible for this: the original ''Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology'' published in 1965 placed emphasis on internal characters (including the cardinal process) as diagnostic, whereas the 2000 revision primarily used external features and shell shape, resulting in differing classification of these clades. More recently, Leighton ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pustula (brachiopod)
''Pustula'' is an extinct genus of brachiopods which lived during the Carboniferous period. It is the type genus of the subfamily Pustulinae. Its fossils have been found in Eurasia Eurasia (, ) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it spans from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Japanese archipelago a ..., North America and northern Africa. Description Members of the genus ''Pustula'' had a subrectangular outline with a weak ventral sulcus, minimal trails and dorsal median folds. Like other echinoconchids, they had recumbent spines arranged in irregular concentric bands, with ''Pustula'' having elongated spine bases and weak spine differentiation. The dorsal face of this brachiopod was trifid, and the cardinal process was narrow. Marginal ridges and cardinal process pits are absent in this genus, while the cardinal ridges diminished towards the ears ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antiquatonia
''Antiquatonia'' is an extinct genus of brachiopod belonging to the order Productida and family Productidae. Specimens have been found in Carboniferous beds across many continents, suggesting the genus had a cosmopolitan distribution. Species level taxonomy of ''Antiquatonia'' is in need of revision. Description Like other members of Productinae, ''Antiquatonia'' had a deep corpus cavity, a geniculate profile with long trails, and well-developed marginal structures such as ear baffles. This genus had thick, halteroid ventral spines. The ears were flanked by a ridge of ventral spines, with complimentary internal lateral ridges. Classification Muir-Wood & Cooper (1960) placed ''Antiquatonia'' in the subfamily Dictyoclostinae, though later analyses would find it to belong in Productinae instead. Leighton & Maples (2002) conducted multiple phylogenetic analyses which are strongly in agreement that ''Antiquatonia'' forms a clade with ''Diaphragmus ''Diaphragmus'' is an extinc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diaphragmus
''Diaphragmus'' is an extinct genus of brachiopod belonging to the order Productida and family Linoproductidae. Specimens have been found in Carboniferous The Carboniferous ( ) is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic that spans 60 million years from the end of the Devonian Period million years ago ( Mya), to the beginning of the Permian Period, million years ago. The name ''Carbonifero ... beds in North America. Classification Leighton & Maples (2002) conducted multiple phylogenetic analyses which are strongly in agreement that the four subfamilies Buxtoniinae, Echinoconchinae, Pustulinae and Juresaniinae form the family Echinoconchidae. The results of their phylogenetic analyses are displayed in the cladogram below: Species *''D. elegans'' Norwood and Pratten *''D. nivosus'' Gordon 1975 References Paleozoic animals Productida {{Brachiopod-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pustulinae
Pustulinae is an extinct subfamily of medium to large-sized brachiopods which lived during the Early Carboniferous period in marine habitats. It is named after the type genus ''Pustula''. Taxonomy The exact evolutionary relationships of Pustulinae relative to other groups of the suborder Productidina have been a matter of extensive debate throughout much of the 20th Century, primarily due to the three genera '' Buxtonia'', ''Pustula'' and '' Juresania'' (with the debate later expanded to their families and subfamilies) shifting in position repeatedly between phylogenies and classifications. The emphasis on internal versus external characters to determine the systematics of these groups has largely been responsible for this: the original ''Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology'' published in 1965 placed emphasis on internal characters (including the cardinal process) as diagnostic, whereas the 2000 revision primarily used external features and shell shape, resulting in differing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Echinoconchinae
Echinoconchinae is an extinct subfamily of brachiopods which lived during the Carboniferous and Permian periods in marine habitats. The family had a cosmopolitan distribution. Taxonomy The exact evolutionary relationships of Echinoconchinae relative to other groups of the suborder Productidina have been a matter of extensive debate throughout much of the 20th Century, primarily due to the three genera '' Buxtonia'', ''Pustula'' and '' Juresania'' (with the debate later expanded to their families and subfamilies) shifting in position repeatedly between phylogenies and classifications. The emphasis on internal versus external characters to determine the systematics of these groups has largely been responsible for this: the original ''Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology The ''Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology'' (or ''TIP'') published by the Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas Press, is a definitive multi-authored work of some 50 volumes, written by m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hinge Line
A hinge line is an imaginary longitudinal line along the dorsal edge of the shell of a bivalve mollusk where the two valves hinge or articulate. The hinge line can easily be perceived in these images of a mussel shell and an ark shell.Invertebrate Paleobiology on-line syllabus on Bivalves, by Dr. Burt Carter, Georgia Southwestern State University, at: http://itc.gsw.edu/faculty/bcarter/paleo/labs/moll/biv2.htm The hinge teeth Hinge teeth are part of the anatomical structure of the inner surface of a bivalve shell, i.e. the shell of a bivalve mollusk. Bivalves by definition have two valves, which are joined together by a strong and flexible ligament situated on the hing ..., structures which control the articulation of the valves, are often but not always situated along the hinge line. References Mollusc shells {{bivalve-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Upper Carboniferous
Upper may refer to: * Shoe upper or ''vamp'', the part of a shoe on the top of the foot * Stimulant Stimulants (also often referred to as psychostimulants or colloquially as uppers) is an overarching term that covers many drugs including those that increase activity of the central nervous system and the body, drugs that are pleasurable and inv ..., drugs which induce temporary improvements in either mental or physical function or both * ''Upper'', the original film title for the 2013 found footage film ''The Upper Footage'' See also {{Disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
North America
North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean. Because it is on the North American Plate, North American Tectonic Plate, Greenland is included as a part of North America geographically. North America covers an area of about , about 16.5% of Earth's land area and about 4.8% of its total surface. North America is the third-largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa, and the list of continents and continental subregions by population, fourth by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. In 2013, its population was estimated at nearly 579 million people in List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America, 23 independent states, or about 7.5% of the world's population. In Americas (terminology)#Human ge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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