Pustulinae is an extinct

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...

of medium to large-sized brachiopods which lived during the

Early Carboniferous Early may refer to: History * The beginning or oldest part of a defined historical period, as opposed to middle or late periods, e.g.: ** Early Christianity ** Early modern Europe Places in the United States * Early, Iowa * Early, Texas * Early ...

period in marine habitats. It is named after the type genus ''Pustula''.

Taxonomy

The exact evolutionary relationships of Pustulinae relative to other groups of the

suborder Order ( la, ordo) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between family and class. In biological classification, the order is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and ...

Productidina Productidina is a suborder of brachiopods containing the families: * Superfamily Productoidea ** Family Productellidae ** Family Productidae * Superfamily Echinoconchoidea ** Family Echinoconchidae ** Family Sentosiidae * Superfamily Linop ...

have been a matter of extensive debate throughout much of the 20th Century, primarily due to the three genera '' Buxtonia'', ''

Pustula ''Pustula'' is a genus of plant-parasitic oomycetes segregated from ''Albugo''. The name is derived from Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a di ...

'' and '' Juresania'' (with the debate later expanded to their families and subfamilies) shifting in position repeatedly between phylogenies and classifications. The emphasis on internal versus external characters to determine the systematics of these groups has largely been responsible for this: the original ''

Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology The ''Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology'' (or ''TIP'') published by the Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas Press, is a definitive multi-authored work of some 50 volumes, written by more than 300 paleontologists, and co ...

'' published in 1965 placed emphasis on internal characters (including the cardinal process) as diagnostic, whereas the 2000 revision primarily used external features and shell shape, resulting in differing classification of these clades. More recently, Leighton & Maples (2002) conducted multiple phylogenetic analyses which are strongly in agreement that the four subfamilies Buxtoniinae,

Echinoconchinae Echinoconchinae is an extinct subfamily of brachiopods which lived during the Carboniferous and Permian periods in marine habitats. The family had a cosmopolitan distribution. Taxonomy The exact evolutionary relationships of Echinoconchinae re ...

, Pustulinae and Juresaniinae form the family Echinoconchidae. The results of their phylogenetic analyses are displayed in the cladogram below:

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q33140659 Rhynchonellata