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Poisson Superbracket
In mathematics, a Poisson superalgebra is a Z2- graded generalization of a Poisson algebra. Specifically, a Poisson superalgebra is an (associative) superalgebra ''A'' with a Lie superbracket : cdot,\cdot: A\otimes A\to A such that (''A'', ·,· is a Lie superalgebra and the operator : ,\cdot: A\to A is a superderivation of ''A'': : ,yz= ,y + (-1)^y ,z\, A supercommutative Poisson algebra is one for which the (associative) product is supercommutative. This is one possible way of "super"izing the Poisson algebra. This gives the classical dynamics of fermion fields and classical spin-1/2 particles. The other is to define an antibracket algebra instead. This is used in the BRST and Batalin-Vilkovisky formalism. Examples * If ''A'' is any associative Z2 graded algebra, then, defining a new product ,.(which is called the super-commutator) by ,y=xy-(-1), x, , y, yx for any pure graded x, y turns ''A'' into a Poisson superalgebra. See also *Poisson supermanifold In differen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathematics
Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics with the major subdisciplines of number theory, algebra, geometry, and analysis, respectively. There is no general consensus among mathematicians about a common definition for their academic discipline. Most mathematical activity involves the discovery of properties of abstract objects and the use of pure reason to prove them. These objects consist of either abstractions from nature orin modern mathematicsentities that are stipulated to have certain properties, called axioms. A ''proof'' consists of a succession of applications of deductive rules to already established results. These results include previously proved theorems, axioms, andin case of abstraction from naturesome basic properties that are considered true starting points of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Graded Algebra
In mathematics, in particular abstract algebra, a graded ring is a ring such that the underlying additive group is a direct sum of abelian groups R_i such that R_i R_j \subseteq R_. The index set is usually the set of nonnegative integers or the set of integers, but can be any monoid. The direct sum decomposition is usually referred to as gradation or grading. A graded module is defined similarly (see below for the precise definition). It generalizes graded vector spaces. A graded module that is also a graded ring is called a graded algebra. A graded ring could also be viewed as a graded \Z-algebra. The associativity is not important (in fact not used at all) in the definition of a graded ring; hence, the notion applies to non-associative algebras as well; e.g., one can consider a graded Lie algebra. First properties Generally, the index set of a graded ring is assumed to be the set of nonnegative integers, unless otherwise explicitly specified. This is the case in this article ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Poisson Algebra
In mathematics, a Poisson algebra is an associative algebra together with a Lie bracket that also satisfies Leibniz's law; that is, the bracket is also a derivation. Poisson algebras appear naturally in Hamiltonian mechanics, and are also central in the study of quantum groups. Manifolds with a Poisson algebra structure are known as Poisson manifolds, of which the symplectic manifolds and the Poisson–Lie groups are a special case. The algebra is named in honour of Siméon Denis Poisson. Definition A Poisson algebra is a vector space over a field ''K'' equipped with two bilinear products, ⋅ and , having the following properties: * The product ⋅ forms an associative ''K''-algebra. * The product , called the Poisson bracket, forms a Lie algebra, and so it is anti-symmetric, and obeys the Jacobi identity. * The Poisson bracket acts as a derivation of the associative product ⋅, so that for any three elements ''x'', ''y'' and ''z'' in the algebra, one has = ⋅ ''z'' + '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Superalgebra
In mathematics and theoretical physics, a superalgebra is a Z2-graded algebra. That is, it is an algebra over a commutative ring or field with a decomposition into "even" and "odd" pieces and a multiplication operator that respects the grading. The prefix ''super-'' comes from the theory of supersymmetry in theoretical physics. Superalgebras and their representations, supermodules, provide an algebraic framework for formulating supersymmetry. The study of such objects is sometimes called super linear algebra. Superalgebras also play an important role in related field of supergeometry where they enter into the definitions of graded manifolds, supermanifolds and superschemes. Formal definition Let ''K'' be a commutative ring. In most applications, ''K'' is a field of characteristic 0, such as R or C. A superalgebra over ''K'' is a ''K''-module ''A'' with a direct sum decomposition :A = A_0\oplus A_1 together with a bilinear multiplication ''A'' × ''A'' → ''A'' such t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lie Superbracket
In mathematics, a Lie superalgebra is a generalisation of a Lie algebra to include a Z2 grading. Lie superalgebras are important in theoretical physics where they are used to describe the mathematics of supersymmetry. In most of these theories, the ''even'' elements of the superalgebra correspond to bosons and ''odd'' elements to fermions (but this is not always true; for example, the BRST supersymmetry is the other way around). Definition Formally, a Lie superalgebra is a nonassociative Z2-graded algebra, or ''superalgebra'', over a commutative ring (typically R or C) whose product ·, · called the Lie superbracket or supercommutator, satisfies the two conditions (analogs of the usual Lie algebra axioms, with grading): Super skew-symmetry: : ,y-(-1)^ ,x\ The super Jacobi identity: :(-1)^ ,_z.html"_;"title=",_[y,_z">,_[y,_z_+_(-1)^ ,_[y,_z_+_(-1)^[y,_[z,_x.html"_;"title=",_z.html"_;"title=",_[y,_z">,_[y,_z_+_(-1)^[y,_[z,_x">,_z.html"_;"title=",_[y,_z">,_[y,_z_+_(-1)^[y,_ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lie Superalgebra
In mathematics, a Lie superalgebra is a generalisation of a Lie algebra to include a Z2 grading. Lie superalgebras are important in theoretical physics where they are used to describe the mathematics of supersymmetry. In most of these theories, the ''even'' elements of the superalgebra correspond to bosons and ''odd'' elements to fermions (but this is not always true; for example, the BRST supersymmetry is the other way around). Definition Formally, a Lie superalgebra is a nonassociative Z2-graded algebra, or ''superalgebra'', over a commutative ring (typically R or C) whose product ·, · called the Lie superbracket or supercommutator, satisfies the two conditions (analogs of the usual Lie algebra axioms, with grading): Super skew-symmetry: : ,y-(-1)^ ,x\ The super Jacobi identity: :(-1)^ ,_z.html"_;"title=",_[y,_z">,_[y,_z_+_(-1)^ ,_[y,_z_+_(-1)^[y,_[z,_x.html"_;"title=",_z.html"_;"title=",_[y,_z">,_[y,_z_+_(-1)^[y,_[z,_x">,_z.html"_;"title=",_[y,_z">,_[y,_z_+_(-1)^[y,_ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Superderivation
In mathematics, a derivation is a function on an algebra which generalizes certain features of the derivative operator. Specifically, given an algebra ''A'' over a ring or a field ''K'', a ''K''-derivation is a ''K''-linear map that satisfies Leibniz's law: : D(ab) = a D(b) + D(a) b. More generally, if ''M'' is an ''A''-bimodule, a ''K''-linear map that satisfies the Leibniz law is also called a derivation. The collection of all ''K''-derivations of ''A'' to itself is denoted by Der''K''(''A''). The collection of ''K''-derivations of ''A'' into an ''A''-module ''M'' is denoted by . Derivations occur in many different contexts in diverse areas of mathematics. The partial derivative with respect to a variable is an R-derivation on the algebra of real-valued differentiable functions on R''n''. The Lie derivative with respect to a vector field is an R-derivation on the algebra of differentiable functions on a differentiable manifold; more generally it is a derivation on the te ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Supercommutative Algebra
In mathematics, a supercommutative (associative) algebra is a superalgebra (i.e. a Z2-graded algebra) such that for any two homogeneous elements ''x'', ''y'' we have :yx = (-1)^xy , where , ''x'', denotes the grade of the element and is 0 or 1 (in Z) according to whether the grade is even or odd, respectively. Equivalently, it is a superalgebra where the supercommutator : ,y= xy - (-1)^yx always vanishes. Algebraic structures which supercommute in the above sense are sometimes referred to as skew-commutative associative algebras to emphasize the anti-commutation, or, to emphasize the grading, graded-commutative or, if the supercommutativity is understood, simply commutative. Any commutative algebra is a supercommutative algebra if given the trivial gradation (i.e. all elements are even). Grassmann algebras (also known as exterior algebras) are the most common examples of nontrivial supercommutative algebras. The supercenter of any superalgebra is the set of elements that sup ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antibracket Algebra
In mathematics and theoretical physics, a Gerstenhaber algebra (sometimes called an antibracket algebra or braid algebra) is an algebraic structure discovered by Murray Gerstenhaber (1963) that combines the structures of a supercommutative ring and a graded Lie superalgebra. It is used in the Batalin–Vilkovisky formalism. It appears also in the generalization of Hamiltonian formalism known as the De Donder–Weyl theory as the algebra of generalized Poisson brackets defined on differential forms. Definition A Gerstenhaber algebra is a graded-commutative algebra with a Lie bracket of degree −1 satisfying the Poisson identity. Everything is understood to satisfy the usual superalgebra sign conventions. More precisely, the algebra has two products, one written as ordinary multiplication and one written as and a Z-grading called degree (in theoretical physics sometimes called ghost number). The degree of an element ''a'' is denoted by , ''a'', . These satisfy the identities ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
BRST Quantization
In theoretical physics, the BRST formalism, or BRST quantization (where the ''BRST'' refers to the last names of Carlo Becchi, , Raymond Stora and Igor Tyutin) denotes a relatively rigorous mathematical approach to Quantization (physics), quantizing a quantum field theory, field theory with a gauge symmetry. Quantization (physics), Quantization rules in earlier quantum field theory (QFT) frameworks resembled "prescriptions" or "heuristics" more than proofs, especially in non-abelian group, non-abelian QFT, where the use of "ghost fields" with superficially bizarre properties is almost unavoidable for technical reasons related to renormalization and anomaly cancellation. The BRST global supersymmetry introduced in the mid-1970s was quickly understood to rationalize the introduction of these Faddeev–Popov ghosts and their exclusion from "physical" asymptotic states when performing QFT calculations. Crucially, this symmetry of the path integral is preserved in loop order, and thu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Poisson Supermanifold
In differential geometry a Poisson supermanifold is a differential supermanifold M such that the supercommutative algebra of smooth functions over it (to clarify this: M is not a point set space and so, doesn't "really" exist, and really, this algebra is all we have), C^\infty(M) is equipped with a bilinear map called the Poisson superbracket turning it into a Poisson superalgebra. Every symplectic supermanifold is a Poisson supermanifold but not vice versa. See also * Poisson manifold * Poisson algebra * Noncommutative geometry {{differential-geometry-stub Symplectic geometry ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
