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Phantasiasts
Phantasiasts (from Greek φαντασία, ''phantasia'', appearance, phantasm) was a label applied to several distinct Christian heresies by their opponents in late antiquity. The term appears in Greek and Syriac writings mainly to refer to extreme forms of Miaphysitism.Sergey Minov"Date and Provenance of the Syriac Cave of Treasures: A Reappraisal" ''Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies'' 20,1 (2017): 129–229, esp. at 141–145. The term evokes the second-century heresy of Docetism. Both movements were accused of denying the full reality of Jesus's humanity. The first targets of the label were the Eutychians, the followers of Eutyches. In a letter read before the Council of Chalcedon (451), Pope Leo the Great castigates the ''phantasmatici Christiani'' (Christian phantasmatics) in a clear reference to the Eutychians. Moderate Miaphysites like Timothy Aelurus, Philoxenus of Mabbug and Severus of Antioch also labelled the Eutychians phantasiasts. One Miaphysite oath administered to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gaianites
The Gaianites were a Julianist faction within the Egyptian miaphysite church between the sixth and ninth centuries.Theresia Hainthaler, "The Struggle between Chalcedonians and Anti-Chalcedonians", in ''Christ in Christian Tradition, Volume 2: From the Council of Chalcedona (451) to Gregory the Great (590–604), Part 4: The Church in Alexandria, with Nubia and Ethiopia after 451'' (Westminster John Knox Press, 1996), pp. 36–52, at 45–52. History By the time of the death of Patriarch Timothy IV of Alexandria in 535, Julianism (Aphthartodocetism) had become the dominant theology of Egyptian monasticism, of the rural Christian population and of the lower classes in the city of Alexandria itself. In 535, the Julianists elected as patriarch the archdeacon Gaianus, while their rivals the Severans elected the deacon Theodosius with the support of the Empress Theodora. While the Severans are considered the "imperial" faction, the Gaianites are seen as representing the "Coptic nati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eutychians
Eutychianism, also known as Real Monophysitism, refers to a set of Christian theological doctrines derived from the ideas of Eutyches of Constantinople (c. 380 – c. 456). Eutychianism is a monophysite understanding of how the human and divine relate within the person of Jesus Christ, with Christ being ''in'' one nature and ''of'' two, with the humanity of Christ subsumed by the divinity. Eutychians were often labelled Phantasiasts by their adversaries, who accused their Christology of reducing Jesus' incarnation to a phantasm.Sergey Minov"Date and Provenance of the Syriac Cave of Treasures: A Reappraisal" ''Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies'' 20,1 (2017): 129–229, esp. at 141–145. Overview At various times, Eutyches taught that the human nature of Christ was overcome by the divine or that Christ had a human nature but it was unlike the rest of humanity. One formulation is that Eutychianism stressed the unity of Christ's nature to such an extent that Christ's divinity cons ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aphthartodocetae
The Aphthartodocetae (Greek , from ἄφθαρτος, ''aphthartos'', "incorruptible" and δοκεῖν, ''dokein'', "to seem"), also called Julianists or Phantasiasts by their opponents, were members of a 6th-century Non-Chalcedonian sect. Their leader, Julian of Halicarnassus, taught that Christ's body was always incorruptible and only appeared to corrupt and exhibit blameless passions. This was in disagreement with another Non-Chalcedonian leader, Severus of Antioch, who insisted that Christ's body was passible, truly manifested blameless passions, was corruptible, and only became incorruptible following the resurrection. In the words of Severus, in his letter approving of the synodical letter of Theodosios I of Alexandria, the Julianists taught "the flesh of our Saviour, from its very establishment through the womb and the union, was impassible and immortal, and who assign to it the incorruptibility which is recognized in impassibility and immortality (and not simply in holin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Severus Of Antioch
Severus the Great of Antioch (Greek: Σεβῆρος; syr, ܣܘܝܪܝܘܣ ܕܐܢܛܝܘܟܝܐ), also known as Severus of Gaza or Crown of Syrians (Syriac: ܬܓܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܥܝܐ; Tagha d'Suryoye; Arabic: تاج السوريين; Taj al-Suriyyun), was the Patriarch of Antioch, and head of the Syriac Orthodox Church, from 512 until his death in 538. He is venerated as a saint in the Oriental Orthodox Church, and his feast day is 8 February. Biography Early life and education Severus was born in the city of Sozopolis in Pisidia in c. 459,Barsoum (2003), p. 92 or c. 465, into an affluent Christian family, however, later Miaphysite sources would assert that his parents were pagan.Witakowski (2004), pp. 115-116 His father was a senator in the city,Chapman (1911) and his paternal grandfather, also named Severus, [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heresy In Ancient Christianity
Heresy is any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs, in particular the accepted beliefs of a church or religious organization. The term is usually used in reference to violations of important religious teachings, but is also used of views strongly opposed to any generally accepted ideas. A heretic is a proponent of heresy. The term is used particularly in reference to Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. In certain historical Christian, Muslim, and Jewish cultures, among others, espousing ideas deemed heretical has been (and in some cases still is) met with censure ranging from excommunication to the death penalty. Heresy is distinct from apostasy, which is the explicit renunciation of one's religion, principles or cause; and from blasphemy, which is an impious utterance or action concerning God or sacred things. Heresiology is the study of heresy. Etymology Derived from Ancient Greek ''haíresis'' (), the English ''heresy'' origina ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Christian Terminology
Christians () are people who follow or adhere to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The words ''Christ'' and ''Christian'' derive from the Koine Greek title ''Christós'' (Χριστός), a translation of the Biblical Hebrew term ''mashiach'' (מָשִׁיחַ) (usually rendered as ''messiah'' in English). While there are diverse interpretations of Christianity which sometimes conflict, they are united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance. The term ''Christian'' used as an adjective is descriptive of anything associated with Christianity or Christian churches, or in a proverbial sense "all that is noble, and good, and Christ-like." It does not have a meaning of 'of Christ' or 'related or pertaining to Christ'. According to a 2011 Pew Research Center survey, there were 2.2 billion Christians around the world in 2010, up from about 600 million in 1910. Today, about 37% of all Christians live in the Am ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heraclius' Campaign Of 622
Heraclius' campaign of 622, erroneously also known as the Battle of Issus, was a major campaign in the Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628 by emperor Heraclius that culminated in a crushing Byzantine victory in Anatolia. In 622, the Byzantine emperor Heraclius, was ready to mount a counter-offensive against the Sassanid Persians who had overrun most of the eastern provinces of the Byzantine Empire. He left Constantinople the day after celebrating Easter on Sunday, 4 April 622. His young son, Heraclius Constantine, was left behind as regent under the charge of Sergius I of Constantinople, Patriarch Sergius and the patrician Bonus (patrician), Bonus. In order to threaten both the Persian forces in Anatolia and Coele-Syria, Syria, his first move was to sail from Constantinople to Pylae in Bithynia (not in Cilicia). He spent the summer training so as to improve the skills of his men and his own generalship. In the autumn, Heraclius threatened the Persian communications to Anatolia fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
George Of Pisidia
George of Pisidia ( gr, Γεώργιος Πισίδης, ''Geōrgios Pisidēs''; Latinized as ''Pisida'') was a Byzantine poet, born in Pisidia, who flourished during the 7th century AD. From his poems we learn he was a Pisidian by birth, and a friend of Patriarch Sergius I of Constantinople and the Emperor Heraclius. He was a deacon, guardian of the sacred vessels, referendary, and ''chartophylax'' (keeper of the records) of the church of St. Sophia. His works have been published in the original Greek with a Latin version. About five thousand verses of his poetry, most in trimetric iambics, have come down to us. His earliest work, in three cantos, is ''De expeditione Heraclii imperatoris contra Persas, libri tres'' on Heraclius' campaign against the Persians in 622 (a campaign in which a relic purporting to be the True Cross, which the Persians had captured some years before at Jerusalem, was recovered), seems to be the work of an eyewitness. This was followed by the ''Avari ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sasanian Empire
The Sasanian () or Sassanid Empire, officially known as the Empire of Iranians (, ) and also referred to by historians as the Neo-Persian Empire, was the History of Iran, last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th-8th centuries AD. Named after the Sasanian dynasty, House of Sasan, it endured for over four centuries, from 224 to 651 AD, making it the longest-lived List of monarchs of Persia, Persian imperial dynasty. The Sasanian Empire succeeded the Parthian Empire, and re-established the Persians as a major power in late antiquity alongside its neighbouring arch-rival, the Roman Empire (after 395 the Byzantine Empire).Norman A. Stillman ''The Jews of Arab Lands'' pp 22 Jewish Publication Society, 1979 International Congress of Byzantine Studies ''Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London, 21–26 August 2006, Volumes 1–3'' pp 29. Ashgate Pub Co, 2006 The empire was founded by Ardashir I, an Iranian ruler who rose to po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sergius Of Tella
Sergius of Tella was the Patriarch of Antioch and head of the Syriac Orthodox Church from c. 544 to c. 547 or c. 557 to 560. Biography Sergius was born at Tella, and was a friend of Jacob Baradaeus. He became a monk at the monastery of Hala, and was ordained a priest by the bishop John of Anazarbus. As a monk, Sergius accepted the doctrine of tritheism, and accompanied Jacob Baradaeus to Constantinople in 527. At Constantinople, Sergius tutored Empress Theodora's grandson Athanasius, and became a friend of John Philoponus, who wrote a non-Chalcedonian treatise named "A Treatise Concerning the Whole and the Parts" at Sergius' request. Jacob Baradaeus, who had become Bishop of Edessa, consecrated Sergius as patriarch of Antioch at Constantinople, thus cementing the schism in the church of Antioch into the non-Chalcedonian Syriac Orthodox Church and Chalcedonian Imperial Church. Sources disagree on the date of Sergius' consecration as patriarch. According to the ''Zuqnin Chronicle' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Julian Of Halicarnassus
Julian, bishop of Halicarnassus (Greek: Ίουλιανός Άλικαρνασσού, d. after 527), also known as Julian the Phantastiast, was an anti- Chalcedonian theologian who contested with Severus of Antioch over the ''phtharos'' of Christ. His followers were known as the Aphthartodocetae. He lived in exile for a time in the monastery of the Enaton The Enaton (or Ennaton, Hennaton) was a monastic district in Egypt during the Middle Ages. It lasted into the 15th century, but it was at its height between the 5th and 7th centuries. It takes its name, which means "ninth" (Greek ἔνατον), fr ... in Egypt. Julian believed "that the body of Christ, from the very moment of his conception, was incorruptible, immortal and impassible, as it was after the resurrection, and held that the suffering and death on the cross was a miracle contrary to the normal conditions of Christ's humanity", known as ''aphthartodocetism''.Susan R. Holman (editor), ''Wealth and Poverty In Early Chu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
