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Peru–Bolivian Confederation
The Peru–Bolivian Confederation ( es, Confederación Perú-Boliviana) was a short-lived state that existed in South America between 1836 and 1839. The country was a loose confederation made up of three states: North Peru and South Peru—states that arose from the division of the Peruvian Republic due to the civil wars of 1834 and 1835 to 1836—as well as the Bolivian State. The geographical limits of the Confederation varied over time, with Bolivia occupying and incorporating the disputed territories in northern Argentina in 1838. It also possessed ''de facto'' autonomous indigenous territories, such as Iquicha, all under the supreme command of Marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz, who assumed the position of Supreme Protector in 1836, while he was president of Bolivia. Although its institutional creation arose on May 1, 1837 with the , its ''de facto'' establishment dated from October 28, 1836—with the end of the war between Salaverry and Santa Cruz—until August 25, 1839 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Anthem Of Peru
The "" ("National Anthem of Peru"; also known as "", or "National March of Peru"; "", or "We are free!") is the national anthem of Peru. It was composed by José Bernardo Alcedo, and its lyrics were written by José de la Torre Ugarte in 1821. History Public contest of 1821 After Peru declared its independence, the general José de San Martín began a public contest to select the ''National March'', which was published on 7 August 1821 in the ministerial gazette. The contest called upon professors of poetry, composers and general aficionados, to send their signed productions to the Ministry of the State before 18 September, the day in which a designated commission would decide which of them would be adopted as the "National March". Seven compositions were entered, and on the prefixed day, they were reviewed and played in the following order: *The band musician major from the "Numancia" Battalion *That of master José Bernardo Alcedo *That of master Guapaya *That of master T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bolivian Sol
The sol was the currency of Bolivia between 1827 and 1864. There were no subdivisions of the sol but 16 soles were equal to 1 scudo. The sol replaced the Spanish colonial real The silver real ( es, real de plata) was the currency of the Spanish Empire, Spanish colonies in America and the Philippines. In the seventeenth century the silver real was established at two Spanish real, billon reals (''reales de vellón'') o ... at par and was replaced by the boliviano at a rate of 8 soles = 1 boliviano. Only coins were issued. Coins In 1827, silver , 1, 2, 4 and 8 soles were introduced. These were followed by gold 1 and 8 scudos in 1831 and , 2 and 4 scudos in 1834. Silver sol coins were issued in 1852 and 1853. References * External links History of Bolivian currency – Solat currency-history.info {{Bolivia-stub Currencies of Bolivia Modern obsolete currencies ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dissolution Of The Peru-Bolivian Confederation
Dissolution may refer to: Arts and entertainment Books * ''Dissolution'' (''Forgotten Realms'' novel), a 2002 fantasy novel by Richard Lee Byers * ''Dissolution'' (Sansom novel), a 2003 historical novel by C. J. Sansom Music * Dissolution, in music, is a specific type of section (music). * ''Dissolution'' (Olivia Block album), 2016 * ''Dissolution'' (The Pineapple Thief album), 2018 Politics and law * Dissolution (politics) is when a state, institution, nation, or administrative region ceases to exist, usually separating into two or more entities. * Dissolution (law), in law, means to end a legal entity or agreement such as a marriage, adoption, or corporation, or unions. * Dissolution of parliament, in politics, the dismissal of a legislature so that elections can be held. **Dissolution of the Parliament of the United Kingdom * Dissolution of the Monasteries, in British history, the formal process during the English Reformation by which Henry VIII confiscated the property of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
President Of Bolivia
The president of Bolivia ( es, Presidente de Bolivia), officially known as the president of the Plurinational State of Bolivia ( es, Presidente del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia), is head of state and head of government of Bolivia and the captain general of the Armed Forces of Bolivia. According to the Bolivian Constitution, the president is elected by popular vote to a five-year term with no limit on the number of terms a president may serve. If no candidate wins a majority (defined as either more than 50%, or alternatively at least 40% and at least 10% more than the second-place candidate), the top two candidates advance to a runoff election. Luis Arce is the 67th and incumbent president of Bolivia. He assumed office on 8 November 2020. Constitutional history Establishment On 6 August 1825, the Republic of Bolivia declared its independence and proclaimed Simón Bolívar head of state. While it is certainly true that Bolívar was the official ruler of the country s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Supreme Protector
Protector, sometimes spelled protecter, is used as a title or part of various historical titles of heads of state and others in authority. The word literally means ''one who protects''. Political and administrative Heads of state Iran ''Wakil ar-Ra`aya'' (rendered as Protector of the People) was the (or a?) title of the Persian imperial Monarch under the Zand dynasty - those rulers refused (except the last as noted) the style Shahanshah. The founding ruler adopted the style; it appears that his successors used the same style, although documentation is obscure *1773 - 1 March 1779 Mohammad Karim Khan Zand (b. c.1707 - d. 1779) *6 March 1779 - 1779 Abu al-Fath Khan Zand (1st time) (b. 1755 - d. 1787) - ''jointly with'' 6 March 1779 - 19 June 1779 Mohammad Ali Khan Zand (b. 1760 - d. 1...) *19 June 1779 - 22 August 1779 Abu al-Fath Khan Zand (2nd time) *22 August 1779 - 14 March 1781 Mohammad Sadeq Khan Zand (d. 1782) *15 March 1781 - 11 February 1785 Ali Morad Khan Zand (d. 178 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iquicha
, title_leader = Supreme Leader , year_leader1 = 1821 – 1839 , leader1 = Antonio Huachaca , today = } The Republic of Iquicha, also known as the Republiqueta of Iquicha, was a '' republiqueta'' and ''de facto'' autonomous region formed in Huanta by General Antonio Huachaca, a mestizo loyal to the Spanish Empire against the newly formed Peruvian Republic. The state existed from Peru's declared independence in 1821 until its incorporation to the country on November 15, 1839. Background The Iquichans had established themselves as warriors, fighting against the Cuzco rebellion of Túpac Amaru II in 1781, remaining faithful allies of the Spanish authorities. In 1813, Antonio Huachaca appeared for the first time as a popular leader, leading the indigenous peasants in defiance of the orders of the local Huamanga administration in protest of the inability of the local mayor to stop the abuses of government tax collectors, si ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Autonomous
In developmental psychology and moral, political, and bioethical philosophy, autonomy, from , ''autonomos'', from αὐτο- ''auto-'' "self" and νόμος ''nomos'', "law", hence when combined understood to mean "one who gives oneself one's own law" is the capacity to make an informed, uncoerced decision. Autonomous organizations or institutions are independent or self-governing. Autonomy can also be defined from a human resources perspective, where it denotes a (relatively high) level of discretion granted to an employee in his or her work. In such cases, autonomy is known to generally increase job satisfaction. Self-actualized individuals are thought to operate autonomously of external expectations. In a medical context, respect for a patient's personal autonomy is considered one of many fundamental ethical principles in medicine. Sociology In the sociology of knowledge, a controversy over the boundaries of autonomy inhibited analysis of any concept beyond relative autonomy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
De Facto
''De facto'' ( ; , "in fact") describes practices that exist in reality, whether or not they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms. It is commonly used to refer to what happens in practice, in contrast with ''de jure'' ("by law"), which refers to things that happen according to official law, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality. History In jurisprudence, it mainly means "practiced, but not necessarily defined by law" or "practiced or is valid, but not officially established". Basically, this expression is opposed to the concept of "de jure" (which means "as defined by law") when it comes to law, management or technology (such as standards) in the case of creation, development or application of "without" or "against" instructions, but in accordance with "with practice". When legal situations are discussed, "de jure" means "expressed by law", while "de facto" means action or what is practiced. Similar expressions: "essentially", "unofficial", "in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bolivian Annexation Of Northern Argentina
The Tarija War ( es, Guerra de Tarija), also known as the War between Argentina and the Peru–Bolivian Confederation ( es, Guerra entre Argentina y la Confederación Perú-Boliviana), was an armed conflict that occurred between 1837 and 1839. Because it happened while the Peru–Bolivian Confederation was engaged in a parallel war against the Republic of Chile during the so-called War of the Confederation, both conflicts are often confused. The Tarija War began on May 19, 1837, when Juan Manuel de Rosas, who was in charge of managing foreign relations for the Argentine Confederation and was governor of the Province of Buenos Aires, eclared war directly on President Andres de Santa Cruz because of the Tarija Question and Confederation's support for the Unitarian Party. The operations began in August 1837, when Bolivian Confederate troops invaded most of the Province of Jujuy, the Puna de Jujuy, and the north of the Province of Salta. The war continued with a series of combats ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salaverry-Santa Cruz War
The Salaverry-Santa Cruz War, sometimes called the Peruvian Civil War of 1835–1836, was an internal conflict in Peru with the involvement of the Bolivian army of Andres de Santa Cruz. At the Battle of Yanacocha (August 13, 1835), Santa Cruz's army lost 211 killed and 71 wounded, while Gamarra's army lost 400 killed and 985 taken prisoner. At the Battle of Uchumayo A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force ..., Santa Cruz's army lost 315 killed.Luis S. Crespo (24 de agosto de 2011)"Batalla de Yanacocha" ''El Diario''. Consultado el 24 de marzo de 2012. Del ejército de Gamarra, 8.000 eran indios armados de hondas y palos. References Bibliography Colección de documentos y de sucessos notables en las campañas de pacificación del Perú * Historia de Bolivia, 5º edición, e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peruvian Civil War Of 1834
The Peruvian Civil War of 1834 was a revolt by supporters of former president Agustín Gamarra against the government. Gamarra had wanted Pedro Pablo Bermúdez as his successor to the presidency instead of Luis José de Orbegoso. On April 17, 1834, the two sides clashed in the Battle of Huaylacucho, in Huancavelica resulting in a victory for the revolutionaries. On April 24, 1834, there was another clash near Jauja. Although the revolutionaries, Obregoso was overthrown the next year by Felipe Santiago Salaverry, sparking the Salaverry-Santa Cruz War. The Peruvian Civil War of 1834, also known as the Bermúdez Revolution, was a conflict that began in Peru after the election of General Luis José de Orbegoso as the country’s provisional president. Former president and General Agustín Gamarra, unhappy with election results, incited General Pedro Bermúdez to stir up a rebellion against the new government. The rebellion began in January 1834. The people divided themselves int ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peruvian Republic
, image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , other_symbol = Great Seal of the State , other_symbol_type = National seal , national_motto = "Firm and Happy for the Union" , national_anthem = "National Anthem of Peru" , march = "March of Flags" , image_map = PER orthographic.svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Lima , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , official_languages = Spanish , languages_type = Co-official languages , languages = , ethnic_groups = , ethnic_groups_year = 2017 , demonym = Peruvian , government_type = Unitary semi-presidential republic , leader_title1 = President , leader_name1 = Dina Boluarte , leader_title2 = First Vice President , leade ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
