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Nogeoldae
The ''Nogeoldae'' ('Old Cathayan') is a textbook of colloquial northern Chinese published in Korea in several editions from the 14th to 18th centuries. The book is an important source on both Late Middle Korean and the history of Mandarin Chinese. Later editions were translated into Manchu and Mongolian. Contents The word (Korean ; Old Mandarin ''Khita'') of the title, like the term ''Cathay'', is a transcription of the Mongolian form of '' Khitan'', a people who ruled northern China as the Liao dynasty (907–1125). It became a common name throughout Asia for China and all things Chinese. Here it means 'Chinese'. The word (, Korean , literally 'old') had been used as a prefix indicating familiarity (as in modern Standard Chinese) since at least the Tang period. The book mainly consists of dialogs centered on a journey of a Korean merchant to Beijing, and the Chinese travelers who join him on the way. It opens with the following lines: After arriving in Beijing, they sell ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bureau Of Interpreters
The Bureau of Interpreters or Sayŏgwŏn was an agency of the Joseon government of Korea from 1393 to 1894 responsible for training and supplying official interpreters. Textbooks for foreign languages produced by the bureau aimed to accurately describe contemporary speech and are thus valuable sources on the history of Korean and the various foreign languages. History In a country surrounded by linguistically distinct neighbours, Korean diplomacy has always relied on interpreters. They were a vital part of the national foreign policies of ''sadae'' 'serving the great' (i.e. China) and ''gyorin'' 'neighbourly relations'. King Chungnyeol of Goryeo, Chungnyeol of Goryeo established the T'ongmun'gwan (通文館 'Office of Interpretation') in 1276 to train interpreters in Chinese and (possibly) Mongolian. In 1393, the second year of the Joseon dynasty, the Bureau of Interpreters was established as part of the Ministry of Rites. Regulations stipulated that its director would be an J ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bak Tongsa
''Bak Tongsa'' () is a textbook of colloquial northern Chinese published by the Bureau of Interpreters in Korea in various editions between the 14th and 18th centuries. Like the contemporaneous ''Nogeoldae'' ('Old Cathayan'), it is an important source on both Late Middle Korean and the history of Mandarin Chinese. The ''Nogeoldae'' consists of dialogues and focuses on travelling merchants, but ''Bak Tongsa'' is a narrative text covering society and culture. Editions The original Chinese text was written in the mid-14th century, but it is no longer extant. The ''Bak Tongsa'' and the ''Nogeoldae'' were very popular, and are mentioned in Korean records of 1426 as required texts for government translators. In 1480, the royal instructor ordered revisions of both textbooks to match the very different Middle Mandarin of the Ming dynasty. In 1517, the Korean scholar Choe Sejin augmented this edition with Chinese pronunciations written in Hangul and a Korean translation. This edition i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Old Mandarin
Old Mandarin or Early Mandarin was the speech of northern China during the Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty (1115–1234), Jin dynasty and the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (12th to 14th centuries). New genres of vernacular literature were based on this language, including verse, drama and story forms, such as the ''Qu (poetry), qu'' and ''Chinese Sanqu poetry, sanqu''. The phonology of Old Mandarin has been inferred from the 'Phags-pa script, an alphabet created in 1269 for several languages of the Mongol empire, including Chinese, and from two rime dictionary, rime dictionaries, the ''Menggu Ziyun'' (1308) and the ''Zhongyuan Yinyun'' (1324). The rhyme books differ in some details but show many of the features characteristic of modern Mandarin dialects, such as the reduction and disappearance of final stops and the reorganization of the four tones (Middle Chinese), four tones of Middle Chinese. Name The name "Mandarin", as a direct translation of the Chinese (, 'language of the official ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Daegu
Daegu (, , literally 'large hill', 대구광역시), formerly spelled Taegu and officially known as the Daegu Metropolitan City, is a city in South Korea. It is the third-largest urban agglomeration in South Korea after Seoul and Busan; it is the third-largest official metropolitan area in the nation with over 2.5 million residents; and the second-largest city after Busan in the Yeongnam region in southeastern Korean Peninsula. It was overtaken by Incheon in the 2000s, but still it is said to be the third city, according to the "Act on the Establishment of Daegu City and Incheon City" (Act No. 3424 and April 13, 1981). Daegu and surrounding North Gyeongsang Province are often referred to as Daegu-Gyeongbuk, with a total population over 5 million. Daegu is located in south-eastern Korea about from the seacoast, near the Geumho River and its mainstream, Nakdong River in Gyeongsang-do. The Daegu basin is the central plain of the Yeongnam List of regions of Korea, regio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
A New Manual
A, or a, is the first letter and the first vowel of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''a'' (pronounced ), plural ''aes''. It is similar in shape to the Ancient Greek letter alpha, from which it derives. The uppercase version consists of the two slanting sides of a triangle, crossed in the middle by a horizontal bar. The lowercase version can be written in two forms: the double-storey a and single-storey ɑ. The latter is commonly used in handwriting and fonts based on it, especially fonts intended to be read by children, and is also found in italic type. In English grammar, " a", and its variant " an", are indefinite articles. History The earliest certain ancestor of "A" is aleph (also written 'aleph), the first letter of the Phoenician alphabet, which consisted entirely of consonants (for that reason, it is also called an abjad to distinguish it fro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ch'ŏphae Sinŏ
''Ch'ŏphae Sinŏ'' or ''Shōkai Shingo'' ('Rapid Understanding of a New Language') is a Korean textbook of colloquial Japanese language, Japanese, written in 1618 and published by the Bureau of Interpreters in 1676. It is a source for Late Middle Japanese. Author Gang U-seong (康遇聖, Kang Wuseng) was a native of Jinju. At the age of 11, he was one of thousands of Korean civilians abducted to Japan during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598), Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592. He was released after 10 years and returned to Korea, where he embarked on a career as an official interpreter, passing the interpreter's exam in 1609. He served as interpreter on Korean embassies to Japan and as an instructor in Busan, the point of departure for missions to Japan. By 1618, he had completed a series of instructional materials on the Japanese language in the form of conversations involving Koreans travelling to Japan for business or diplomacy. Editions The work was publishe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Japanese Language
is spoken natively by about 128 million people, primarily by Japanese people and primarily in Japan, the only country where it is the national language. Japanese belongs to the Japonic or Japanese- Ryukyuan language family. There have been many attempts to group the Japonic languages with other families such as the Ainu, Austroasiatic, Koreanic, and the now-discredited Altaic, but none of these proposals has gained widespread acceptance. Little is known of the language's prehistory, or when it first appeared in Japan. Chinese documents from the 3rd century AD recorded a few Japanese words, but substantial Old Japanese texts did not appear until the 8th century. From the Heian period (794–1185), there was a massive influx of Sino-Japanese vocabulary into the language, affecting the phonology of Early Middle Japanese. Late Middle Japanese (1185–1600) saw extensive grammatical changes and the first appearance of European loanwords. The basis of the standard dialect moved f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qing Dynasty
The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speaking ethnic group who unified other Jurchen tribes to form a new "Manchu" ethnic identity. The dynasty was officially proclaimed in 1636 in Manchuria (modern-day Northeast China and Outer Manchuria). It seized control of Beijing in 1644, then later expanded its rule over the whole of China proper and Taiwan, and finally expanded into Inner Asia. The dynasty lasted until 1912 when it was overthrown in the Xinhai Revolution. In orthodox Chinese historiography, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The multiethnic Qing dynasty lasted for almost three centuries and assembled the territorial base for modern China. It was the largest imperial dynasty in the history of China and in 1790 the f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
