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Ninurima
Ninurima was a Mesopotamian goddess regarded as the spouse of Alammuš, an attendant of the moon god Nanna. She is best attested in texts from the Ur III period from Ur, though she also occurs in a number of god lists, including ''An = Anum''. Character Ninurima, the "lady of Ur," was regarded as the spouse of Alammuš, the divine "vizier" (''sukkal'') of the moon god Nanna. The nature of the connection between them is confirmed by the god list ''An = Anum'', where she occurs in line 38 of tablet III, before Ningal's ''sukkal'' Meme. The pair Ninurima and Alammuš could also appear in association with Ninpumuna, the goddess of salt springs. Worship While Ninurima is already present in an Early Dynastic god list from Fara, her cult is best attested in the Ur III period. She belonged to the group of deities worshiped in Ur, which at this time also included, among others, Nanna, Ningal, Ninkununa, Ningublaga, Nineigara, Ninsun, Gula, Annunitum and Ulmašītum. A foundation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alammuš
Alammuš (Alammush) was a Mesopotamian god. He was the sukkal (attendant deity) of the moon god Nanna, and like him was worshiped in Ur. He was also closely associated with the cattle god Ningublaga, and especially in astronomical texts they could be regarded as twin brothers. Name and character Alammuš’s name was often written logographically as dLÀL () or dMÙŠ.LÀL, though syllabic spellings are attested too. The Sumerian logogram LÀL resembles that representing the unrelated deity Kabta, leading to occasional confusion between them in scholarship in the past. Frans Wiggermann notes that the name and character of Alammuš (as well as these of other well attested sukkals of major city gods: Ninshubur, Nuska, Bunene and Isimud) do not appear to show direct connection with these of his master, Nanna, which means that he cannot be considered the personification of the effect of the corresponding major deity's actions (unlike sukkals such Nabium, deified flame associated w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ninpumuna
Ninpumuna was a Mesopotamian goddess associated with salt springs. It is assumed she was also an underworld deity. She is only attested in a handful of texts from the Ur III period from Ur and Puzrish-Dagan, in which she can appear alongside deities such as Ninazu and Ningishzida. It has been proposed she was also worshiped in the cult center of the latter god, Gishbanda. Character Ninpumuna's name can be translated from Sumerian as "mistress of the salt spring." The term ''pu3-mun'', "salt spring," is first attested in a document from the Early Dynastic period. The theonym is rendered as ''dNin-TÚL-mun-na'' in the ''Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie'', but more recent publications by Dina Katz (2007), Annabelle Staiger (2010) and Jose Hernández (2013) consistently use the reading "Ninpumuna." Mark E. Cohen already referred to her as "Ninpumunna" in a monograph published in 1993. It is presumed that Ninpumuna was associated with the underworld. Po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nineigara
Nineigara (also transcribed as Nine'igara) was a Mesopotamian goddess associated with dairy products. She was regarded as the wife of the god of cattle, Ningublaga, and like him belonged to the court of the moon god Nanna. Name and character Nineigara's name can be translated as "lady of the house of butter and cream." On this basis, it is assumed that she was regarded as the goddess of dairy products. Ningublaga, a god associated with cattle, was Nineigara's husband. Based on this connection it is presumed that she also belonged to the court of the moon god Nanna. According to Jeremy Black, she functioned as the divine housekeeper of his temple Ekišnugal in Ur. Nineigara and Ningublaga appear together in the ''Lament for Sumer and Ur'', where the former laments the departure of the former and the destruction of their home. They are also mentioned side by side in multiple god lists, including ''An = Anum'' and its Old Babylonian forerunner, as well as the Mari god list. Wors ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Susa
Susa ( ; Middle elx, 𒀸𒋗𒊺𒂗, translit=Šušen; Middle and Neo- elx, 𒋢𒋢𒌦, translit=Šušun; Neo-Elamite and Achaemenid elx, 𒀸𒋗𒐼𒀭, translit=Šušán; Achaemenid elx, 𒀸𒋗𒐼, translit=Šušá; fa, شوش ; he, שׁוּשָׁן ; grc-gre, Σοῦσα ; syr, ܫܘܫ ; pal, 𐭮𐭥𐭱𐭩 or ; peo, 𐏂𐎢𐏁𐎠 ) was an ancient city in the lower Zagros Mountains about east of the Tigris, between the Karkheh and Dez Rivers in Iran. One of the most important cities of the Ancient Near East, Susa served as the capital of Elam and the Achaemenid Empire, and remained a strategic centre during the Parthian and Sasanian periods. The site currently consists of three archaeological mounds, covering an area of around one square kilometre. The modern Iranian town of Shush is located on the site of ancient Susa. Shush is identified as Shushan, mentioned in the Book of Esther and other Biblical books. Name The English name is derived ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ninirigal
Ninirigal or Ninirigala was a Mesopotamian goddess associated with Kullaba, a district belonging to the city of Uruk. Her character is poorly known beyond her role as a tutelary goddess of this area. Her husband was a god known under the name Nunbaranna, most likely an epithet of the fire god Gibil. Character and worship The theonym Ninirigal can be translated as "lady of the Irigal," Irigal being the name of a É (temple), temple dedicated to this goddess which existed in Uruk between the late third and early second millennium BCE. She could be referred to as the mother of Kullaba, but her individual character is poorly defined in known sources. A goddess named NIN (cuneiform), Nin-UNUG who appears in an Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia), Early Dynastic ''zami'' hymn, which states that she was the tutelary deity of Kullaba (also spelled Kullab), a district of Uruk, is sometimes assumed to be Ninirigal, though this remains uncertain and the reading Ninunug is also considered a p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Old Babylonian Empire
The Old Babylonian Empire, or First Babylonian Empire, is dated to BC – BC, and comes after the end of Sumerian power with the destruction of the Third Dynasty of Ur, and the subsequent Isin-Larsa period. The chronology of the first dynasty of Babylonia is debated, since there is a Babylonian King List A and also a Babylonian King List B. In this chronology, the regnal years of List A are used due to their wide usage. The reign lengths given in List B are longer, generally speaking. Hardship of searching for origins of the First Dynasty The actual origins of the First Babylonian dynasty are rather hard to pinpoint with great certainty — simply because Babylon itself, due to a high water table, yields very few archaeological materials intact. Thus, the evidence that survived throughout the years includes written records such as royal and votive inscriptions, literary texts, and lists of year-names. The minimal amount of evidence in economic and legal documents makes it diff ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theophoric Name
A theophoric name (from Greek: , ''theophoros'', literally "bearing or carrying a god") embeds the word equivalent of 'god' or God's name in a person's name, reflecting something about the character of the person so named in relation to that deity. For example, names embedding Apollo, such as ''Apollonios'' or ''Apollodorus'', existed in Greek antiquity. Theophoric personal names, containing the name of a god in whose care the individual is entrusted (or a generic word for ''god''), were also exceedingly common in the ancient Near East and Mesopotamia. Some names of theophoric origin remain common today, such as Theodore (''theo-'', "god"; ''-dore'', origin of word compound in Greek: ''doron'', "gift"; hence "God's gift"; in Greek: ''Theodoros'') or less recognisably as Jonathan (from Hebrew ''Yonatan/Yehonatan'', meaning "Yahweh has given"). Classical Greek and Roman theophoric names * Demetrius and its derivatives mean "follower of Demeter." * Dennis, in Latin ''Dionysius'', ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andrew R
Andrew is the English form of a given name common in many countries. In the 1990s, it was among the top ten most popular names given to boys in English-speaking countries. "Andrew" is frequently shortened to "Andy" or "Drew". The word is derived from the el, Ἀνδρέας, ''Andreas'', itself related to grc, ἀνήρ/ἀνδρός ''aner/andros'', "man" (as opposed to "woman"), thus meaning "manly" and, as consequence, "brave", "strong", "courageous", and "warrior". In the King James Bible, the Greek "Ἀνδρέας" is translated as Andrew. Popularity Australia In 2000, the name Andrew was the second most popular name in Australia. In 1999, it was the 19th most common name, while in 1940, it was the 31st most common name. Andrew was the first most popular name given to boys in the Northern Territory in 2003 to 2015 and continuing. In Victoria, Andrew was the first most popular name for a boy in the 1970s. Canada Andrew was the 20th most popular name chosen for mal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
É (temple)
É (Cuneiform: ) is the Sumerian word or symbol for house or temple. The Sumerian term É.GAL (𒂍𒃲,"palace", literally "big house") denoted a city's main building. É.LUGAL (𒂍𒈗,"king's house") was used synonymously. In the texts of Lagash, the É.GAL is the center of the ensi's administration of the city, and the site of the city archives. Sumerian É.GAL is the probable etymology of Semitic words for "palace, temple", such as Hebrew היכל ''heikhal'',''The New Brown-Driver-Briggs-Gesenius Hebrew-English Lexicon'' by Francis Brown et al. (), p. 228 and Arabic هيكل ''haykal''. It has thus been speculated that the word É originated from something akin to *hai or *ˀai, especially since the cuneiform sign È is used for /a/ in Eblaite. The term TEMEN (𒋼) appearing frequently after É in names of ziggurats is translated as "foundation pegs", apparently the first step in the construction process of a house; compare, for example, verses 551–561 of the account ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shulgi
Shulgi ( dŠulgi, formerly read as Dungi) of Ur was the second king of the Third Dynasty of Ur. He reigned for 48 years, from c. 2094 – c. 2046 BC (Middle Chronology) or possibly c. 2030 – 1982 BC ( Short Chronology). His accomplishments include the completion of construction of the Great Ziggurat of Ur, begun by his father Ur-Nammu. On his inscriptions, he took the titles "King of Ur", "King of Sumer and Akkad" and " King of the four corners of the universe". He used the symbol for divinity ( ) before his name, marking his apotheosis, from the 23rd year of his reign. Life and work Shulgi was the son of Ur-Nammu king of Ur – according to one later text (CM 48), by a daughter of the former king Utu-hengal of Uruk – and was a member of the Third dynasty of Ur. Year-names are known for all 48 years of his reign, providing a fairly complete contemporary view of the highlights of his career. Shulgi is best known for his extensive revision of the scribal school's curr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ulmašītum
Ulmašītum was a Mesopotamian goddess regarded as warlike. Her name was derived from (E-)Ulmaš, a temple in the city of Akkad dedicated to Ishtar. She was commonly associated with Annunitum, and in many texts they appear as a pair. While she originated in northern Mesopotamia, in the Ur III period she is best attested in Ur, though later she was also worshiped in Malgium. Name and character The theonym Ulmašītum is derived from (E-)Ulmaš, the name of a temple of Ishtar located in the city of Akkad. Paul-Alain Beaulieu notes that similarly as in the cases of E-Meslam (the temple of Nergal in Kutha) and E-Šumeša (the temple of Ninurta in Nippur), the element Ulmaš is attested in theophoric names, though this might simply indicate that the temples themselves were viewed as divine, rather than that the cult of its attested divine resident was imposed over a different deity preserved in the name of the structure. The theophoric names of three children of Naram-Sin include the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Annunitum
Annunitum () or Anunītu was a Mesopotamian goddess of war. While initially she functioned as an epithet of Ishtar (Sumerian Inanna), she started to develop into a separate deity in the final years of the Sargonic period and through the Ur III period. In later periods, she is best attested as the tutelary goddess of Sippar-Amnanum, where she was worshiped separately from Ishtar. She was also known from Uruk, Ur, Nippur, Babylon, Kisurra, and Mari. Her cult persisted at least until the final years of the neo-Babylonian period, and possibly even later, until the period of Seleucid rule over Mesopotamia. Origin and development branching from Ishtar Annunitum was initially an epithet of Ishtar of Agade highlighting the warlike aspect of her nature. Possible translations of it include "skirmisher" or "the martial one." However, as early as during the final years of the Sargonic period, Annunitum started to develop into a separate deity. She is attested as a fully independent figu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
