|
Narchat
Narchat, Narchatka, Naricha ( mdf, Нарчат, Нарчатка, Нарича, Narchat, Narchatka, Naricha) was a Moksha Queen,Лебедев В. И. Загадочный город Мохши, Пенза, 1958, p.15 ruler of Moxel mentioned in Russian sources as Murunza. She was daughter and successor of king Puresh and sister of Atämaz. She led the uprising against Mongols in 1242 and was slain in Battle of Sernya in 1242. Mongol Takeover In September 1237 the Mongols invaded Kingdom Moxel ('Moksha Kingdom' in Latin sources). They seized the capital Noronshasht and killed all the city dwellers. Narchat's father and brother together with Moxel army joined the Mongol hordes on their way to Europe. As soon as she found out her father, brother and many Moksha warriors were killed in Germany she attacked the Mongol convoys passing Mokshaland. On their way from Europe, Mongols returned to Moxel and seized Sernya. The city was burnt down, all the defenders were killed. Queen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sernya
Sernya ( mdf, ςερνια, ςερνεσ, Sernä, Sernes, Golden, The Golden, russian: Золотарёвское городище, Zolotaryovskoye gorodishche, Zolotaryovka settlement) is a site of medieval city ruins in Middle Mokshaland (modern Penza Oblast in Russia) that was razed by Mongols in 1242 battle. The city was founded c. third century AD. Total settlement area covers 14 hectares which is comparable to the cities of the Rus' principalities in 12-13th centuries. The city fortress area is 2,5 hectares (Moscow fortress 0,8-1,5 hectare appeared in 1150s). History The legendary Mokshas, Moksha city ruins were first discovered by Russian archeologist Fedor Chekalin on 22 December, 1893, but excavations started only in 2000. Askizi (Yenisei Kyrgyz) and Volga Bulgar traders stayed in the city. The city was famous for its jewelers. Battle of Sernya The city and its fortress were seized by Subutai in 1242 on return from the Mongol invasion of Europe as revenge to Mokshas t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Puresh
Puresh ( mdf, Пуреш, Puresh, pureh brewing time born) was a Moksha Kanazor, ruler of Kingdom Moxel in ( Middle Volga) mentioned in Russians sources as Murunza. He was an ally of Russian Grand Prince Yuri II of Vladimir and of the Cuman Khan Köten against the Volga Bulgars and Erzyas in the 1230s. War For Kadoma European Campaign In September 1237 the Mongols invaded Moksha kingdom Moxel). Puresh became a vassal of Batu Khan and joined Mongol army in the European campaign. Puresh's warriors became the vanguard of the Mongol army and took part in the seizure of Kiev, Sandomierz and Zawichost. Massacre before Battle of Legnica Puresh secretly met with the High Duke of Poland, Henry II the Pious, on 8 April 1241, one day before the Battle of Legnica, and they agreed that the Moksha army would join the Silesia and Greater Poland. Subutai uncovered the plot and Puresh, his son Atämaz and many Moksha warriors were killed while sleeping after midnight on 9 April 1241. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mordovka
Mordovka (Russian: ) was a historical Russian currency that circulated in Volga Region in 15-18th centuries. It was found in hoards in Volga Region and Middle Asia. Etymology The term ''mordovka'' (russian: мордовка lit.'Mordvin woman') is in use since 19th century among Russian numismatists for all similar coins or tokens found in Volga region. History Russian ethnographer had been collecting this kind coins for more than 30 years and divided his corpus in two classes he called Type A and type B. Type B coins or tokens were made of different alloys and used mostly in Moksha women traditional costumes as decoration. Zaikovsky notes that even he himself knows one of the places where this kind of craft was produced ( Traka village). He points at the fact that Tatar, Kyrgyz or Russian women never use them as decoration. Moreover a legend exists they were money in old times. Interesting that he notes the coins are called ''mordvki'' or ''mortki'' when ''mordka'' was a term ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1242
Year 1242 ( MCCXLII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * Spring – Prince Alexander Nevsky is joined by his brother Andrey II (Yaroslavich) at Novgorod, supported with his elite ''druzhina'' (or 'household') from Suzdal. They head southwest across the frozen marshes, which cover much of the land between Novgorod and Pskov. On March 5, Alexander retakes the city almost without a struggle, before the larger Crusader garrison in nearby Izborsk can intervene. * April – A Russian force led by Alexander Nevsky crosses the frontier between Novgorod and Livonian Crusader territory, to raid into Catholic Estonia. After that, Alexander breaks his army off into contingents to ravage the countryside. He is forced to turn back, when a local Crusader force under Bishop Hermann von Buxhövden defeats Alexander's advance guard at Mooste bridge south of Tartu. * April 5 – Battl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Atämaz
Atämaz ( mdf, Атямас, Atiamas, belonging to Atäm (Thunder God)) was a Moxel prince of 13th c. He was the son of Kanazor (King) Puresh and brother of Queen Narchat. War For Kadoma Erzya-Moksha War Europe Campaign In September 1237 the Mongols invaded Moksha kingdom Moxel). Puresh became a vassal of Batu Khan and joined Mongol army in the European campaign. Puresh's warriors became the vanguard of the Mongol army and took part in the seizure of Kiev, Sandomierz and Zawichost. Massacre before Battle of Legnica Puresh secretly met with the High Duke of Poland, Henry II the Pious, on 8 April 1241, one day before the Battle of Legnica, and they agreed that the Moksha army would join the Silesia and Greater Poland. Subutai uncovered the plot. Puresh, his son Atämaz and many Moksha warriors were killed while sleeping after midnight on 9 April 1241. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mukhsha Ulus
Mukhsha Ulus ( tt-Cyrl, Мухша олысы}, , ), or Naruchat Duchy ( tt-Cyrl, Наручат бәклегел, , ; mdf, Мурунза, ''Murunza''; cu, Нароучадская орда, ''Naruchad Horde'') was a subdivision of Golden Horde in Middle Mokshaland, modern Mordovia, Penza Oblast and Tambov Oblast of Russia in 13th-15th centuries with the capital in Mukhsha. Population was mainly Mokshas, Mişär Tatars, and Burtas. In 1313–1367 years coined own money. Population was mostly agricultural. Some were cattle-breeders and craftsmen. The main territory of the ''ulus'' (district) was situated between rivers Sura and Tsna. History The territory of the Medieval Moksha kingdom Murunza was conquered by Batu Khan in 1237 In Latin sources mentioned as Moxel (Mokshaland). Russian Laurentian Codex mentions the name of the Moksha king, Puresh. In 1313-1342 Mukhsha became the administrative center of Mukhsha Ulus and residence of Öz Beg Khan. In 1395 it suffered the ra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khagan
Khagan or Qaghan (Mongolian:; or ''Khagan''; otk, 𐰴𐰍𐰣 ), or , tr, Kağan or ; ug, قاغان, Qaghan, Mongolian Script: ; or ; fa, خاقان ''Khāqān'', alternatively spelled Kağan, Kagan, Khaghan, Kaghan, Khakan, Khakhan, Khaqan, Xagahn, Qaghan, Chagan, Қан, or Kha'an is a title of imperial rank in the Turkic, Mongolic and some other languages, equal to the status of emperor and someone who rules a khaganate (empire). The female equivalent is Khatun. It may also be translated as " Khan of Khans", equivalent to King of Kings. In Bulgarian, the title became known as ''Khan'', while in modern Turkic, the title became ''Khaan'' with the ''g'' sound becoming almost silent or non-existent; the ''ğ'' in modern Turkish ''Kağan'' is also silent. Since the division of the Mongol Empire, monarchs of the Yuan dynasty and the Northern Yuan held the title of ''Khagan''. ''Kağan, Hakan'' and ''Kaan'', Turkish equivalents of the title are common Turkish names ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uncial Script
Uncial is a majuscule Glaister, Geoffrey Ashall. (1996) ''Encyclopedia of the Book''. 2nd edn. New Castle, DE, and London: Oak Knoll Press & The British Library, p. 494. script (written entirely in capital letters) commonly used from the 4th to 8th centuries AD by Latin and Greek scribes. Uncial letters were used to write Greek and Latin, as well as Gothic and Coptic. Development Early uncial script most likely developed from late rustic capitals. Early forms are characterized by broad single-stroke letters using simple round forms taking advantage of the new parchment and vellum surfaces, as opposed to the angular, multiple-stroke letters, which are more suited for rougher surfaces, such as papyrus. In the oldest examples of uncial, such as the fragment of '' De bellis macedonicis'' in the British Library, of the late 1st-early 2nd century, all of the letters are disconnected from one another, and word separation is typically not used. Word separation, however, is characteri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oka (measure)
The oka, okka, or oke ( ota, اوقه) was an Ottoman measure of mass, equal to 400 dirhems (Ottoman drams). Its value varied, but it was standardized in the late empire as 1.2829 kilograms. 'Oka' is the most usual spelling today; 'oke' was the usual contemporary English spelling; 'okka' is the modern Turkish spelling, and is usually used in academic work about the Ottoman Empire. In Turkey, the traditional unit is now called the ''eski okka'' 'old oka' or ''kara okka'' 'black okka'; the ''yeni okka'' 'new okka' is the kilogram. In Greece, the oka (, plural ) was standardized at 1.282 kg and remained in use until traditional units were abolished on March 31, 1953—the metric system had been adopted in 1876, but the older units remained in use. In Cyprus, the oka was equal to 1.270058636 kg or 4 onjas, each weighing 100 drams, and it remained in use until 1986, when Cyprus adopted the metric system.OED In Egypt, the monetary oka weighted 1.23536 kg. In Tripolitania, it weighed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mukhsha
Mukhshi ( tt-Latn, Muxşa, , , , mdf, νορονσαστ, Noronshasht, IPA noronʲʃɑʃtʲ}, Turki: ﻥﺭﻥﺝﺍﻁ, Nurinjat IPA urinˈdʒɑt) was the capital city of Murunza and capital of Golden Horde in 14th century during the reign of Öz Beg Khan and his official residence. It was the administrative center of Mukhsha Ulus and one of the Golden Horde centres of coinage. In the 15th century the city lost its importance and declined. The ruins (buildings of bricks, stone baths, Muslim graves) are situated in Penza Oblast near the modern town of Narovchat in the upper stream of Moksha River. History Early history Noronshasht was the capital of Medieval Moksha kingdom Murunza. Russian Laurentian Codex mentions the name of the king Puresh. Noronshasht was conquered by Batu Khan in 1237. Foundation and name The city foundation date is unknown. The archeological findings confirmed the first city population was Moksha. According to Iosif Cherapkin the first name of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mordovian State University
N. P. Ogarev's Mordovia State University (MSUO or OMSU for Ogarev Mordovia State University, or MRSU for Мордовский государственный университет имени Н. П. Огарева, ''Mordovskyi Gosudarstvennyi Universitet (imeni N. P. Ogareva)'') is located in the city of Saransk in the Republic of Mordovia, Russia. The university offers bachelor's and master's degrees in various academic fields. History The Agronomy Pedagogical Institute, also known as the Mordovia State Pedagogical Institute, was founded on 1 October 1931. In October 1957, it was reorganized as Mordovia State University also known as Ogarev Mordovia State University. It achieved national research university status on 20 May 2010. Teaching formats The courses are available in the form of full-time education, evening (part-time) curriculum, and correspondence education (6 years). The medical faculty offers 6 and 7-year programs of study. Student body The total student b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Christian Martin Frähn
Christian Martin Joachim (von) Frähn (4 June 1782 – 16 August 1851), German and Russian numismatist and historian, was born at Rostock, Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Frähn began his Oriental studies under Tychsen at the university of Rostock, and afterwards continued them at Göttingen and Tübingen. He became a Latin master in Pestalozzi's famous institute in 1804, taught at Rostock as a Privatdozent in 1806, and in the following year was chosen to fill the chair of Oriental languages in the Russian university of Kazan. Though in 1815 he was invited to succeed Tychsen at Rostock, he preferred to go to St Petersburg, where he became director of the Asiatic museum and councillor of state. He died at St Petersburg. Frähn wrote over 150 works. Among the more important are: *''Numophylacium orientale Pototianum'' (1813) *''De numorum Bulgharicorum fonte antiquissimo'' (1816) *''Das muhammedanische Münzkabinett des asiatischen Museum der kaiserl. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu St Pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
.jpg "Click for more on -> Mordovka")
