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Mukhsha Ulus ( tt-Cyrl, Мухша олысы}, , ), or Naruchat Duchy ( tt-Cyrl, Наручат бәклегел, , ; mdf, Мурунза, ''Murunza''; cu, Нароучадская орда, ''Naruchad Horde'') was a subdivision of
Golden Horde The Golden Horde, self-designated as Ulug Ulus, 'Great State' in Turkic, was originally a Mongols, Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. With the fr ...
in Middle Mokshaland, modern
Mordovia The Republic of Mordovia (russian: Респу́блика Мордо́вия, r=Respublika Mordoviya, p=rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə mɐrˈdovʲɪjə; mdf, Мордовия Республиксь, ''Mordovija Respublikś''; myv, Мордовия Рес ...
,
Penza Oblast Penza Oblast (russian: Пе́нзенская о́бласть, ''Penzenskaya oblast'') is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Penza. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 1,386,186. Geogr ...
and
Tambov Oblast Tambov Oblast (russian: Тамбо́вская о́бласть, ''Tambovskaya oblast'') is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Tambov. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 1,091,994. Ge ...
of
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
in 13th-15th centuries with the capital in
Mukhsha Mukhshi ( tt-Latn, Muxşa, , , , mdf, νορονσαστ, Noronshasht, IPA noronʲʃɑʃtʲ}, Turki: ﻥﺭﻥﺝﺍﻁ, Nurinjat IPA urinˈdʒɑt) was the capital city of Murunza and capital of Golden Horde in 14th century during the reig ...
. Population was mainly
Mokshas The Mokshas (also ''Mokshans'', ''Moksha people'', in ) comprise a Mordvinian ethnic group belonging to the Volgaic branch of the Finno-Ugric peoples. They live in the Russian Federation, mostly near the Volga River and the Moksha River, a tr ...
, Mişär Tatars, and
Burtas Burtas (russian: Буртасы, ''Burtasy''; cv, Пăртассем, ''Părtassem''; tt-Cyrl, Бортаслар, , ) were a tribe of uncertain ethnolinguistic affiliation inhabiting the steppe region north of the Caspian Sea in medieval times ( ...
. In 1313–1367 years coined own money. Population was mostly agricultural. Some were cattle-breeders and craftsmen. The main territory of the ''ulus'' (district) was situated between rivers
Sura A ''surah'' (; ar, سورة, sūrah, , ), is the equivalent of "chapter" in the Qur'an. There are 114 ''surahs'' in the Quran, each divided into '' ayats'' (verses). The chapters or ''surahs'' are of unequal length; the shortest surah ('' Al-K ...
and Tsna.


History

The territory of the Medieval
Moksha ''Moksha'' (; sa, मोक्ष, '), also called ''vimoksha'', ''vimukti'' and ''mukti'', is a term in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism for various forms of emancipation, enlightenment, liberation, and release. In its soteriology, ...
kingdom Murunza was conquered by
Batu Khan Batu Khan ( – 1255),, ''Bat haan'', tt-Cyrl, Бату хан; ; russian: хан Баты́й was a Mongol ruler and founder of the Golden Horde, a constituent of the Mongol Empire. Batu was a son of Jochi, thus a grandson of Genghis Kh ...
in 1237 In Latin sources mentioned as Moxel (Mokshaland). Russian
Laurentian Codex Laurentian Codex or Laurentian Letopis (russian: Лаврентьевский список, Лаврентьевская летопись) is a collection of chronicles that includes the oldest extant version of the '' Primary Chronicle'' and its ...
mentions the name of the
Moksha ''Moksha'' (; sa, मोक्ष, '), also called ''vimoksha'', ''vimukti'' and ''mukti'', is a term in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism for various forms of emancipation, enlightenment, liberation, and release. In its soteriology, ...
king,
Puresh Puresh ( mdf, Пуреш, Puresh, pureh brewing time born) was a Moksha Kanazor, ruler of Kingdom Moxel in ( Middle Volga) mentioned in Russians sources as Murunza. He was an ally of Russian Grand Prince Yuri II of Vladimir and of the Cuman Kh ...
.Laurentian Codex, 1377, Russian National Library, Saint-Petersburg
/ref> In 1313-1342
Mukhsha Mukhshi ( tt-Latn, Muxşa, , , , mdf, νορονσαστ, Noronshasht, IPA noronʲʃɑʃtʲ}, Turki: ﻥﺭﻥﺝﺍﻁ, Nurinjat IPA urinˈdʒɑt) was the capital city of Murunza and capital of Golden Horde in 14th century during the reig ...
became the administrative center of Mukhsha Ulus and residence of Öz Beg Khan. In 1395 it suffered the raid of
Timur Timur ; chg, ''Aqsaq Temür'', 'Timur the Lame') or as ''Sahib-i-Qiran'' ( 'Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction'), his epithet. ( chg, ''Temür'', 'Iron'; 9 April 133617–19 February 1405), later Timūr Gurkānī ( chg, ''Temür Kür ...
who destroyed the capital
Mukhsha Mukhshi ( tt-Latn, Muxşa, , , , mdf, νορονσαστ, Noronshasht, IPA noronʲʃɑʃtʲ}, Turki: ﻥﺭﻥﺝﺍﻁ, Nurinjat IPA urinˈdʒɑt) was the capital city of Murunza and capital of Golden Horde in 14th century during the reig ...
. In 1360 Tağay beg conquered the ''ulus''. It became a semi-independent Naruchat duchy. In 1367
Mamai Mamai (Mongolian Cyrillic: Мамай, tt-Cyrl, Мамай, translit=Mamay; 1325?–1380/1381) was a powerful military commander of the Golden Horde. Contrary to popular misconception, he was not a khan (king), but a warlord and a kingmaker ...
conquered that duchy. In the end of 14th century the duchy declined and in the beginning of 15th century
Russians , native_name_lang = ru , image = , caption = , population = , popplace = 118 million Russians in the Russian Federation (2002 ''Winkler Prins'' estimate) , region1 = , pop1 ...
conquered it. Naruçat Duchy was a place where Mişär Tatars and Mişär dialect were formed.


Literature

*Making Mongol History: Rashid al-Din and the Jamiʿ al-Tawarikh (Edinburgh Studies in Classical Islamic History and Culture) by Stefan Kamola, Edinburgh University Press; 1st edition (August 14, 2019), *Лебедев В. И., Загадочный город Мохши, Пенза, 1958


References


External links


The Golden Horde coinage
*


See also

* Mokshaland *
Mukhsha Mukhshi ( tt-Latn, Muxşa, , , , mdf, νορονσαστ, Noronshasht, IPA noronʲʃɑʃtʲ}, Turki: ﻥﺭﻥﺝﺍﻁ, Nurinjat IPA urinˈdʒɑt) was the capital city of Murunza and capital of Golden Horde in 14th century during the reig ...
* Sernya battle *
Narchat Narchat, Narchatka, Naricha ( mdf, Нарчат, Нарчатка, Нарича, Narchat, Narchatka, Naricha) was a Mokshas, Moksha Queen,Лебедев В. И. Загадочный город Мохши, Пенза, 1958, p.15 ruler of Mukhsha U ...
*
Mishar Yurt Mishar Yurt ( tt-Cyrl, Мишәр йорты, , ; in Russian chronicles – ''Мещерский юртСлавянская энциклопедия. lavic encyclopediaMoscow, 2003. Vol. 2, p. 671\Meshcherskiy yurt''; literally ''The home of Mi ...
*
Temnikov Principality , conventional_long_name = Bekhanid Principality of Tümen , common_name = Tümen , era = Middle Ages , status = Principality , status_text = Grand Duchy of Moscow protectorate since 1684 , ...
*
Mishar Tatars The Mishar Tatars (endonyms: мишәрләр, мишәр татарлары, mişärlär, mişär tatarları) form a subgroup of the Volga Tatars, indigenous to Mordovia, Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, and Chuvashia in the Russian Federation. They ...
*
Burtas Burtas (russian: Буртасы, ''Burtasy''; cv, Пăртассем, ''Părtassem''; tt-Cyrl, Бортаслар, , ) were a tribe of uncertain ethnolinguistic affiliation inhabiting the steppe region north of the Caspian Sea in medieval times ( ...
*
Mongol invasion of Europe From the 1220s into the 1240s, the Mongols conquered the Turkic states of Volga Bulgaria, Cumania, Alania, and the Kievan Rus' federation. Following this, they began their invasion into heartland Europe by launching a two-pronged invasion of ...
* History of Mokshaland * History of Middle Volga Area History of the Mongol Empire Mongol rump states Golden Horde Medieval Russia Tatar states History of Tatarstan Mordovia Geography of Mordovia Geography of Tambov Oblast Geography of Penza Oblast States and territories established in the 12th century {{Russia-hist-stub