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Manuzi
Manuzi (also spelled Manuzzi) was a mountain god worshiped in Kizzuwatna. He shared his name with the mountain he represented and with a village. He is best attested from sources pertaining to the ''hišuwa'' festival, which indicate he was the husband of the goddess Lelluri. He could be identified as a form of the Hurrian weather god Teshub as well, and as such was referred to as Teshub Manuzi. Character Manuzi was a mountain god, but he could also be identified as a form of Teshub, and as such could be referred to as "Teshub Manuzi." He was associated with a mountain and a settlement which both shared his name. According to Volkert Haas, the latter was not historically notable. It was located in the proximity of the Gulf of Alexandretta. Documentation pertaining to the ''hišuwa'' festival mentions an eagle who sat on the shoulder of Manuzi, Eribuški, whose name has Hurrian origin. A separate ritual involved washing a golden statue of him. Eagles were also a symbol of other moun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lelluri
Lelluri (also spelled Lilluri, Liluri) was a Hurrian goddess worshiped in southeastern Anatolia and northern Syria. She was associated with mountains, and in known sources appears in connection with the god Manuzi. Character Lelluri most likely originated in the Nur Mountains, and her name ends with the Hurrian suffix -''luri'', known also from the theonyms Upelluri (a primordial giant from the Kumarbi Cycle), and Impaluri (''sukkal'' of the sea god), as well as a number of Hurrian mountain and stone names. Assyriologist Beate Pongratz-Leisten regards her as a deity "associated with Hurrian identity." Volkert Haas describes Lelluri as "lady of the mountains" ("die Herrin der Gebirge"). She was closely linked with Manuzi, a god associated with both the weather and mountains. She was likely his partner, and that they shared a temple in Kummani. A lexical text from Emar indicates that she was understood as analogous to the Mesopotamian goddess Ninmena. Worship According to Volk ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hurrian Deities
The Hurrian pantheon consisted of gods of varied backgrounds, some of them natively Hurrian religion, Hurrian, while others adopted from other pantheons, for example Religion in Ebla, Eblaite and List of Mesopotamian deities, Mesopotamian. Like the other inhabitants of the Ancient Near East, Hurrians regarded their gods as anthropomorphic. They were usually represented in the form of statues holding the symbols associated with a specific deity. The Yazılıkaya sanctuary, which was Hittites, Hittite in origin but served as a center of the practice of Hurrian religion, is considered a valuable source of information about their iconography. Hurrians organized their gods into lists known as ''kaluti'' or into similar lexical lists as the Mesopotamians. The formal structure of the pantheon was most likely based on either Mesopotamian or Syrian theology. The status of individual deities and composition of the pantheon could vary between individual locations, but some can nonetheless be i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ammarik
Ammarik, also transcribed as Ammarig or Hammarigu, was a god worshiped in Ebla in the third millennium BCE. He was most likely a deified mountain. After the fall of Ebla, he was incorporated into the pantheon of the Hurrians. Character Ammarik was most likely a deified mountain in origin. It is possible that the corresponding landmark is located to the northwest of Ebla, in the proximity of Church of Saint Simeon Stylites. According to Hittite documents, it was located in the land of Mukish. A proposed identity is Mount Simeon, which according to Alfonso Archi is visible from Ebla. In a Hittite document dealing with the borders of the areas under the control of Carchemish, Ammarik is mentioned as a mountain, designated with the determinative ḪUR.SAG. In later periods, the mountain was apparently seen as the residence of a weather deity, as evidenced by the annals of Ḫattušili I. Ammarik and Adarwan In a ritual text from Ammarik occurs next to Adarwan, most likely also a d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hurrian Religion
The Hurrian religion was the polytheistic religion of the Hurrians, a Bronze Age people of the Near East who chiefly inhabited the north of the Fertile Crescent. While the oldest evidence goes back to the third millennium BCE, is best attested in cuneiform sources from the second millennium BCE written not only in the Hurrian language, but also Akkadian, Hittite and Ugaritic. It was shaped by the contacts between Hurrians and various cultures they coexisted with. As a result, the Hurrian pantheon included both natively Hurrian deities and those of foreign origin, adopted from Mesopotamian, Syrian (chiefly Eblaite and Ugaritic), Anatolian and Elamite beliefs. The culture of the Hurrians were not entirely homogeneous, and different local religious traditions are documented in sources from Hurrian kingdoms such as Arrapha, Kizzuwatna and Mitanni, as well as from cities with sizeable Hurrian populations, such as Ugarit and Alalakh. Hurrian religion was one of the best attested influ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maliya
Maliya was a goddess worshiped by Hittites in the Bronze Age. She was most likely a deified river in origin, but she was also associated with gardens and with artisanship, specifically with leatherworking and carpentry. The oldest attestations of her have been identified in the Old Assyrian texts from Kanesh. This city continued to be associated with her in later tradition, though she was also worshiped in Hattusa and elsewhere in the Hittite Empire. She is also present in texts originating in Kizzuwatna, which indicate she had a temple in Kummanni, where she was worshiped alongside various Hurrian deities. It is assumed that a similarly named goddess attested in Lycian texts from the first millennium BCE corresponds to earlier Hittite Maliya. She was worshiped in Rhodiapolis and in other cities in Lycia, and might have been a war goddess. Malis, known from Lydian sources and from references in Greek literature, is also assumed to be a derivative of Maliya by most authors. A tex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nupatik
Nupatik, also known as Lubadag, was a Hurrian god of uncertain character. He is attested in the earliest inscriptions from Urkesh, as well as in texts from many other Hurrian settlements, and possibly continued to be worshiped as late as in the neo-Assyrian period. However, his functions remain uncertain. Name Nupatik s name is attested for the first time inscriptions of Hurrian king Tish-atal of Urkesh, where it is spelled syllabically as ''dLu-ba-da-ga'', rather than logographically, like these of other Hurrian gods in the same inscription. Numerous spellings of the name are known, including ''dNu-pa-ti-ik'', ''dLu-pa-ki-ta'', ''dNu-ú-pa-ti-ga'', ''dNu-pa-da-ak'', and more. He is also present in Hurrian texts from Ugarit, where his name is spelled in the local alphabetic script as ''nbdg'' (𐎐𐎁𐎄𐎂). Both the meaning and origin of his name are unknown. Character and attributes Nupatik was one of the "pan-Hurrian" gods, and as such was worshiped by various Hurrian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ishara
Ishara (Išḫara) was the tutelary goddess of the ancient Syrian city of Ebla. The origin of her name is unknown. Both Hurrian and West Semitic etymologies have been proposed, but they found no broad support and today it is often assumed that her name belongs to an unknown linguistic substrate. Her cult had a wide reach across the ancient Near East. In addition to Ebla, she was also worshiped in cities such as Mari, Emar, Alalakh and Ugarit. From these Syrian cities the worship of Ishara spread to Mesopotamia. The Hurrians also adopted her into their pantheon after arriving in Syria, from which she found her way to the Hittite pantheon. In various time periods and areas different functions were assigned to her. In Ebla she was the tutelary deity of the ruling family, but also a love goddess. In Mesopotamia the latter function lead to an association with Ishtar, and later Nanaya, Kanisurra and Gazbaba as well. In Hurrian religion she acquired the role of a goddess associate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Allani
Allani, also known under the Akkadian name Allatu (or Allatum) was the Hurrian goddess of the underworld, incorporated into Hittite and Mesopotamian pantheons as well. Name and epithets The name Allani is derived from a Hurrian word meaning "lady." Giving gods simple epithet-like names like Allani or Shaushka ("the great") was common in Hurrian culture. In 1980 Wilfred G. Lambert proposed that Allatum, who he understood as the same deity as Ereshkigal in origin, was in origin the feminine counterpart, and possibly wife, of the minor Sumerian underworld god Alla. Alla was worshiped in Esagi, a settlement whose location remains unknown, and he is also attested as the sukkal (attendant deity) of Ningishzida. However, Gernot Wilhelm already noted in 1989 that no convincing Akkadian etymology has been proposed for the name Allatum, and it is now agreed that it was a derivative of Allani. In Emar, an ancient city in Syria, both the spellings Allani and Allatu were used. Allani ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kummanni
Kummanni ( Hittite: ''Kummiya'') was the name of the main center of the Anatolian kingdom of Kizzuwatna. Its location is uncertain, but it may have been near the classical settlement of Comana in Cappadocia. Recent research also proposed as a location Sirkeli Höyük in Plain Cilicia.'Forlanini, M. 2013: How to infer Ancient Roads and Intineraries from heterogenous Hittite Texts: The Case of the Cilician (Kizzuwatnean) Road System, KASKAL 10, 1–34.'' Since then, some additional evidence has been discussed indicating that Kummanni was located in Cilicia at Sirkeli Höyük. (The distance between Comana and Cilicia is not that great.) Kummanni was the major cult center of the Hurrian chief deity, Tešup. Its Hurrian name Kummeni simply translates as "The Shrine." The city persisted into the Early Iron Age, and appears as Kisuatni in Assyrian records. It was located in the east of Que, the successor of Kizzuwatna. The town should not be confused with Kumme, a holy city for Assyria ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hittite Deities
Hittite mythology and Hittite religion were the religious beliefs and practices of the Hittites, who created an empire centered in what is now Turkey from . Most of the narratives embodying Hittite mythology are lost, and the elements that would give a balanced view of Hittite religion are lacking among the tablets recovered at the Hittite capital Hattusa and other Hittite sites. Thus, "there are no canonical scriptures, no theological disquisitions or discourses, no aids to private devotion". Some religious documents formed part of the corpus with which young scribes were trained, and have survived, most of them dating from the last several decades before the final burning of the sites. The scribes in the royal administration, some of whose archives survive, were a bureaucracy, organizing and maintaining royal responsibilities in areas that would be considered part of religion today: temple organization, cultic administration, reports of diviners, make up the main body of sur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tarḫunna
Tarḫunna or Tarḫuna/i was the Hittite weather god. He was also referred to as the "Weather god of Heaven" or the "Lord of the Land of Hatti". Name Tarḫunna is a cognate of the Hittite verb ''tarḫu-zi'', "to prevail, conquer, be powerful, be able, defeat"; from the Proto-Anatolian weather god ''*Tṛḫu-ent-,'' "conquering"; ultimately from PIE ''*terh₂-'', "to cross over, pass through, overcome". The same name was used in almost all Anatolian languages: Luwian '' Tarḫunz-''; Carian ''Trquδ-''; Milyan ''Trqqñt-'', and Lycian: ''Trqqas'' (A), ''Trqqiz'' (B). Norbert Oettinger has argued that the functions of the Anatolian weather god ultimately come from the Proto-Indo-European god Perkwunos, but that they did not preserve the old name to coin instead the new epithet ''Tṛḫu-ent-'' ("conquering"), which sounded close to the name of the Hattian Storm-god ''Taru''. Role As weather god, Tarḫunna was responsible for the various manifestations of the wea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Luwians
The Luwians were a group of Anatolian peoples who lived in central, western, and southern Anatolia, in present-day Turkey, during the Bronze Age and the Iron Age. They spoke the Luwian language, an Indo-European language of the Anatolian sub-family, which was written in cuneiform imported from Mesopotamia, and a unique native hieroglyphic script, which was sometimes used by the linguistically-related Hittites as well. Luwian was probably spoken over a larger geographic region than Hittite. History Origins There is no consensus on the origins of the Luwians. Armenia,Reich, David (2018), ''Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past'', Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group Iran, the Balkans, the Pontic–Caspian steppe and Central Asia have all been suggested. Their route into Anatolia is unknown. Linguist Craig Melchert suggested they were related to the Demirci Hüyük culture, implying entry into Anatolia from ancient Thrace circa 3000 B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
