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Maghrebi War (1699–1702)
The Maghrebi war (1699-1702) was a conflict involving a Tunisian, Tripolitanian, and Moroccan coalition, and the Deylik of Algiers. It was an important milestone in the further weakening of the already fragile Ottoman grip over the Maghreb, as both sides utterly ignored the Ottoman sultan's pleas to sign a peace treaty.André Raymond, ''Tunis sous les Mouradites : la ville et ses habitants au XVIIe siècle'', éd. Cérès, Tunis, 2006 This war also led to the renewal of the Muradid infighting, which would later lead to the establishment of the Beylik of Tunis, and the Husainid dynasty in 1705. Background Ambitions As early as the 1690s, a change of course was made in the foreign policy of the Regency of Algiers by the dey Hadj Chaabane whom diverted Algiers from the wars of sea against the Europeans and sought to federate the entire Maghreb under his authority. He specifically was interested in expanding his borders by enlarging the Beylik of Mascara. He also wanted to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maghreb
The Maghreb (; ar, الْمَغْرِب, al-Maghrib, lit=the west), also known as the Arab Maghreb ( ar, المغرب العربي) and Northwest Africa, is the western part of North Africa and the Arab world. The region includes Algeria, Libya, Mauritania (also considered part of West Africa), Morocco, and Tunisia. The Maghreb also includes the disputed territory of Western Sahara (controlled mostly by Morocco and partly by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic) and the Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla.Article 143. As of 2018, the region had a population of over 100 million people. Through the 18th and 19th centuries, English sources often referred to the region as the Barbary Coast or the Barbary States, a term derived from the demonym of the Berbers. Sometimes, the region is referred to as the Land of the Atlas, referring to the Atlas Mountains, which are located within it. The Maghreb is usually defined as encompassing much of the northern part of Africa, including ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Revolutions Of Tunis
The Revolutions of Tunis or the Muradid War of Succession was a period of troubles and civil wars in Ottoman Tunisia. It ran from the death of the Muradid sovereign Murad II Bey in 1675 until the seizure of power by the Husainid sovereign Al-Husayn I ibn Ali at-Turki in 1705. The belligerents were Ali Bey al-Muradi and Muhammad Bey al-Muradi (sons of Murad II Bey), their uncle Muhammad al-Hafsi al-Muradi (Pasha of Tunis), several Deys of Tunis, the Turkish militia in Tunis and the Dey of Algiers. Historians agree that the revolutions originated from the constant power conflict between the Muradid dynasty, which attempted to detach itself from Ottoman control and the Turkish militia in Tunis (headed by the divan), which challenged the primacy of the Beys and refused to submit to their increasingly monarchical rule.André Raymond, ''Tunis sous les Mouradites : la ville et ses habitants au XVIIe siècle'', éd. Cérès, Tunis, 2006 The Deys of Tunis found themselves in the middle of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Odjak Of Algiers
The Odjak of Algiers was a unit of the Algerine army. It was a heavily autonomous part of the Janissary Corps, acting completely independently from the rest of the corps, similar to the relationship between Algiers and the Sublime Porte. Led by an Agha, they also took part in the country's internal administration, and politics, ruling the country for several years. They acted as a defense unit, a Praetorian Guard, and an instrument of repression until 1817. Ethnic composition From the Ottoman Empire The majority of the unit during the 16th to 18th century were composed of "Turks". These "Turks" were not strictly, or mainly Turkish. They included Albanians, Greeks, Serbs, Kurds, Armenians etc. They were recruited in the Ottoman Empire, or in some cases they were recruited from immigrants. After the 18th century most Janissaries from the Ottoman Empire were mercenaries. Kouloughlis Kouloughlis were people of mixed Algerian-Non Algerian origins. In 1629 the Kouloughlis alli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muradid Dynasty
The Muradid dynasty was a dynasty of beys that ruled Tunisia from 1613 to 1702. They were succeeded in 1705 by the Husainid dynasty. History The dynasty was founded by Murad I Bey, a janissary of Corsican origin. Ramdan Bey, ruler of Tunis, had sponsored the Corsican Murad since his youth. After Ramdan's death in 1613, Murad then followed his benefactor into the office of Bey, which he exercised effectively until 1631. Eventually he was also named Pasha by the Ottoman sultan though his position as Bey remained inferior to that of the Dey. He then resigned his positions and his son Hamuda Bey (reigned 1631–1666) inherited both titles, with the support of the local notables of Tunis. By virtue of his title as Pasha, the Bey came to enjoy the prestige of connection with the Sultan-Caliph in Constantinople. In 1640, at the death of the Dey, Hamuda Bey maneuvered to establish his control over appointments to that office. Under Murad II Bey (reigned 1666–1675), son of Hamuda, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Kairouan (1695)
A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force commitment. An engagement with only limited commitment between the forces and without decisive results is sometimes called a skirmish. The word "battle" can also be used infrequently to refer to an entire operational campaign, although this usage greatly diverges from its conventional or customary meaning. Generally, the word "battle" is used for such campaigns if referring to a protracted combat encounter in which either one or both of the combatants had the same methods, resources, and strategic objectives throughout the encounter. Some prominent examples of this would be the Battle of the Atlantic, Battle of Britain, and Battle of Stalingrad, all in World War II. Wars and military campaigns are guided by military strategy, wher ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Beylik Of Constantine
The Beylik of Constantine ( ar, بايلك قسنطينة, Bâylik Qasentina), Beylik of the Sunrise or Beylik of the East ( ar, بيليك الشرق, Bâylik Ash-sharq or ) as was its official designation, was one of the three Beyliks of the Regency of Algiers (the other two being the Beylik of Titteri, also known as the Beylik of Médéa, and the Beylik of the West, also known as the Beylik of the Sunset). The region liberated itself from the Hafsid Emirate of Béjaïa in the early 16th century, and constituted itself around Constantine in the mid to late 16th century. The Beylik collapsed in the 1837 siege of Constantine during the French conquest of Algeria. The Constantine department was formed upon the bases of the Beylik in 1848. History The Beylik of the East was the most important and the richest of the three Beyliks of the Regency of Algiers. The Bey usually made his residence there in Constantine. The city is built on a plateau, surrounded on three sides by a dee ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moulouya River
The Moulouya River ( Berber: ''iɣẓer en Melwect'', ) is a 520 km-long river in Morocco. Its sources are located in the Ayashi mountain in the Middle Atlas. It empties into the Mediterranean Sea near Saïdia, in northeast Morocco. Water level in the river often fluctuates. The river is used for irrigation and is dammed by the Hassan II and Mohamed V Dams. History Before French colonisation, the Moulouya River was considered as the border between Ottoman Algeria and the dynasties that controlled Morocco. A battle between the Algerians and the Alawites took place in 1692 at the ford of this river. The Romans called this river ''Malva''. In medieval British pseudo-history, it was mentioned as a location along the route supposedly travelled by the ancestors of the Scotti, and by Brutus of Troy. The Moulouya River formed the eastern border of the kingdom of Mauretania since King Bocchus I, and more recently of the Rif Republic in the 1920s, a small part of Morocco containing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spanish Oran
Spanish Oran (; ) was a territory of the Spanish Empire as a result of the Conquest of Oran. History The conquest was carried out by the Spanish Empire on the Algerian Kingdom of Tlemcen. The expedition was carried out 80 naos and 10 galleys which carried about 8,000-12,000 infantry men and 3,000-4,000 cavalry men. The territory was lost to Bey Mustapha Bin Youssef who took advantage of the War of Spanish Succession, to besiege the city in 1707. The city fell in 1708. In 1732, Spanish forces recaptured Oran under José Carrilo de Albornoz and maintained control for the next six decades. In 1790, forces of the Deylik of Algeria under Mohamed el-Kebir took advantage of an earthquake and besieged the city once again. In 1792 the Spanish troops retreated from the city ending Spanish rule over the city. The town stayed under Algerian control until 1831, when it was conquered by the Kingdom of France The Kingdom of France ( fro, Reaume de France; frm, Royaulme de France ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Siege Of Oran (1693)
The siege of Oran (1693) was an attempt by the Alaouite sultan Ismail Ibn Sharif to take the city of Oran, which was then under Spanish rule. Although they were otherwise enemies, this was one of the rare cases the Deylik of Algiers, and the Spanish Empire cooperated. Background The Sharif Ismail and his sons carried out various expeditions in Algerian territory between 1640 and 1701 with the support of certain marabouts. All of these expeditions failed. The presence of the Spaniards in Oran allowed the Algerians to benefit from the status of fighters (ghazis) in the holy war against the Christian invaders. Thus the Moroccans decided to not include them in the campaign as to not give them any more prestige. Maraboutic expeditions were mounted to besiege Oran. It was in this context of rivalry that Ismail Ibn Sharif made an attempt in 1693 to capture Oran, and possible more territory. These repeated incursions by Moulay Ismael into western Algeria led to the only period when a S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fez, Morocco
Fez or Fes (; ar, فاس, fās; zgh, ⴼⵉⵣⴰⵣ, fizaz; french: Fès) is a city in northern inland Morocco and the capital of the Fès-Meknès administrative region. It is the second largest city in Morocco, with a population of 1.11 million according to the 2014 census. Located to the north west of the Atlas Mountains, Fez is linked to several important cities of different regions; it is from Tangier to the northwest, from Casablanca, from Rabat to the west, and from Marrakesh to the southwest. It is surrounded by hills and the old city is centered around the Fez River (''Oued Fes'') flowing from west to east. Fez was founded under Idrisid rule during the 8th-9th centuries CE. It initially consisted of two autonomous and competing settlements. Successive waves of mainly Arab immigrants from Ifriqiya (Tunisia) and al-Andalus (Spain/Portugal) in the early 9th century gave the nascent city its Arab character. After the downfall of the Idrisid dynasty, other emp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Moulouya
The Battle of Moulouya took place in may 1692 at a ford on the Moulouya River, Moulouya river in Morocco. It was fought between the armies of the Alaouite dynasty, Alaouite Sultan Ismail Ibn Sharif , Moulay Ismail and those of the Dey, Dey of Algiers Hadj Chabane. Background Hadj Chabane had just been elected Dey by the Taifa of the Raïs. He decided to declare war on the Sultan of Morocco as a result of continued efforts to ravage his territory. The borders between Ottoman Algeria and Morocco was first fixed at the Moulouya River, Moulouya upon the Campaign of Tlemcen (1551), Tlemcen War in 1551. This was the fixed border until the city of Oujda was temporarily conquered by the Alaouite Sultan Muhammad ibn Sharif, Sidi Mohammed in 1647. A peace treaty between the two parties then delimited the border below the Tafna (upstream of Moulouya river). Moulay Ismail had led expeditions in Algeria twice in his early reign, he was defeated on both occasions, in 1672 at Tlemcen and 1678 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Western Beylik
The Beylik of the West (in Arabic: ''bâylik al-gharb'') was one of three Beyliks (governorates) of the Regency of Algiers, with the other two being the Beylik of Titteri and the Beylik of Constantine. It was established in 1563, and it was ended during the French conquest. Geography The Beylik of the West was the largest one out of the Beyliks of Algiers,. it largely corresponded to Oranie. It stretched from Moulouya river to the west and Rif at the greatest expansion, to Algiers in the east, the Mediterranean Sea to the North, and the Sahara to the south until Adrar Plateau taking control of Trans-saharan trades routes. Its capital was Mazouna, then Mascara and the last one was Oran. The exact borders of the Beylik constantly fluctuated thanks to conflicts with Saharan tribes, and Morocco. Oran and Mers el-Kébir were under Spanish control until 1792, when it was recaptured (with the exception of 1708 to 1732, when the cities were briefly recaptured). Tlemcen was the most ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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