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Mordovka (cropped)
Mordovka (Russian: ) was a historical Russian currency that circulated in Volga Region in 15-18th centuries. It was found in hoards in Volga Region and Middle Asia. Etymology The term ''mordovka'' (russian: мордовка lit.'Mordvin woman') is in use since 19th century among Russian numismatists for all similar coins or tokens found in Volga region. History Russian ethnographer had been collecting this kind coins for more than 30 years and divided his corpus in two classes he called Type A and type B. Type B coins or tokens were made of different alloys and used mostly in Moksha women traditional costumes as decoration. Zaikovsky notes that even he himself knows one of the places where this kind of craft was produced ( Traka village). He points at the fact that Tatar, Kyrgyz or Russian women never use them as decoration. Moreover a legend exists they were money in old times. Interesting that he notes the coins are called ''mordvki'' or ''mortki'' when ''mordka'' was a ter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russian Language
Russian (russian: русский язык, russkij jazyk, link=no, ) is an East Slavic languages, East Slavic language mainly spoken in Russia. It is the First language, native language of the Russians, and belongs to the Indo-European languages, Indo-European language family. It is one of four living East Slavic languages, and is also a part of the larger Balto-Slavic languages. Besides Russia itself, Russian is an official language in Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan, and is used widely as a lingua franca throughout Ukraine, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and to some extent in the Baltic states. It was the De facto#National languages, ''de facto'' language of the former Soviet Union,1977 Soviet Constitution, Constitution and Fundamental Law of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 1977: Section II, Chapter 6, Article 36 and continues to be used in public life with varying proficiency in all of the post-Soviet states. Russian has over 258 million total speakers worldwide. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soft Sign
The soft sign (Ь, ь, italics ) also known as the front yer, front jer, or er malak (lit. "small er") is a letter of the Cyrillic script. In Old Church Slavonic, it represented a short (or "reduced") front vowel. As with its companion, the back yer , the vowel phoneme that it designated was later partly dropped and partly merged with other vowels. In the modern Slavic Cyrillic writing systems in which it appears (all East Slavic languages and Bulgarian and Church Slavic), it does not represent an individual sound but indicates palatalization of the preceding consonant. Uses and meanings Palatalization sign The soft sign is normally written after a consonant and indicates its ''softening'' (palatalization) (for example Ukrainian батько 'father'). Less commonly, the soft sign just has a grammatically determined usage with no phonetic meaning (like russian: туш 'fanfare' and тушь 'India ink', both pronounced but different in grammatical gender and declensio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bracteate
A bracteate (from the Latin ''bractea'', a thin piece of metal) is a flat, thin, single-sided gold medal worn as jewelry that was produced in Northern Europe predominantly during the Migration Period of the Germanic Iron Age (including the Vendel era in Sweden). Bracteate coins are also known from the medieval kingdoms around the Bay of Bengal such as Harikela and Mon city-states. The term is also used for thin discs, especially in gold, to be sewn onto clothing in the ancient world, as found for example in the ancient Persian Oxus treasure, and also later silver coins produced in central Europe during the Early Middle Ages. Gold bracteates from the Migration Period Gold bracteates commonly denote a certain type of jewelry, made mainly in the 5th to 7th century AD, represented by numerous gold specimens. Bead-rimmed and fitted with a loop, most were intended to be worn suspended by a string around the neck, supposedly as an amulet. The gold for the bracteates came from coins pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chuvashes
The Chuvash people ( , ; cv, чӑваш ; russian: чуваши ) are a Turkic ethnic group, a branch of Oghurs, native to an area stretching from the Volga-Ural region to Siberia. Most of them live in Chuvashia and the surrounding areas, although Chuvash communities may be found throughout the Russian Federation. They speak Chuvash, a unique Turkic language that diverged from other languages in the family more than a millennium ago. Etymology There is no universally accepted etymology of the word ''Chuvash'', but there are three main theories. The popular theory accepted by Chuvash people suggests that ''Chuvash'' is a Shaz-Turkic adaptation of Lir-Turkic ''Suvar'' ( Sabir people), an ethnonym of people that are widely considered to be the ancestors of modern Chuvash people. Compare Lir-Turkic Chuvash: ''huran'' to Shaz-Turkic Tatar: ''qazan'' (‘cauldron’). One theory suggests that the word ''Chuvash'' may be derived from Common Turkic ''jăvaš'' ('friendly', 'pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ruthenia
Ruthenia or , uk, Рутенія, translit=Rutenia or uk, Русь, translit=Rus, label=none, pl, Ruś, be, Рутэнія, Русь, russian: Рутения, Русь is an exonym, originally used in Medieval Latin as one of several terms for Kievan Rus', the Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia and, after their collapse, for East Slavs, East Slavic and Eastern Orthodox regions of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, corresponding to what is now Ukraine and Belarus. During the early modern period, the term ''Ruthenia'' started to be mostly associated with the Ruthenian Voivodeship, Ruthenian lands of the Polish Crown and the Cossack Hetmanate. Bohdan Khmelnytsky declared himself the ruler of ''the Ruthenian state'' to the Polish representative Adam Kysil in February 1649. Grand Principality of Rus' (1658), Grand Principality of Ruthenia was the project name of the Cossack Hetmanate integrated into the Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth. Lands inhabited ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chuvashia
Chuvashia (russian: Чувашия; cv, Чӑваш Ен), officially the Chuvash Republic — Chuvasia,; cv, Чӑваш Республики — Чӑваш Ен is a republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe. It is the homeland of the Chuvash people, a Turkic ethnic group. Its capital is the city of Cheboksary. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 1,251,619. Geography The Chuvash Republic is located in the center of European Russia, in the heart of the Volga-Vyatka economic region, mostly to the west of the Volga River, in the Volga Upland. It borders with the Mari El Republic in the north, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast in the west, the Republic of Mordovia in the southwest, Ulyanovsk Oblast in the south, and the Republic of Tatarstan in the east and southeast. There are over two thousand rivers in the republic—with the major ones being the Volga, the Sura, and the Tsivil—as well as four hundred lakes. Some of the Volga River valley reservoirs are in the north o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Narchat
Narchat, Narchatka, Naricha ( mdf, Нарчат, Нарчатка, Нарича, Narchat, Narchatka, Naricha) was a Moksha Queen,Лебедев В. И. Загадочный город Мохши, Пенза, 1958, p.15 ruler of Moxel mentioned in Russian sources as Murunza. She was daughter and successor of king Puresh and sister of Atämaz. She led the uprising against Mongols in 1242 and was slain in Battle of Sernya in 1242. Mongol Takeover In September 1237 the Mongols invaded Kingdom Moxel ('Moksha Kingdom' in Latin sources). They seized the capital Noronshasht and killed all the city dwellers. Narchat's father and brother together with Moxel army joined the Mongol hordes on their way to Europe. As soon as she found out her father, brother and many Moksha warriors were killed in Germany she attacked the Mongol convoys passing Mokshaland. On their way from Europe, Mongols returned to Moxel and seized Sernya. The city was burnt down, all the defenders were killed. Queen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1869
Events January–March * January 3 – Abdur Rahman Khan is defeated at Tinah Khan, and exiled from Afghanistan. * January 5 – Scotland's oldest professional football team, Kilmarnock F.C., is founded. * January 20 – Elizabeth Cady Stanton is the first woman to testify before the United States Congress. * January 21 – The P.E.O. Sisterhood, a philanthropic educational organization for women, is founded at Iowa Wesleyan College in Mount Pleasant, Iowa. * January 27 – The Republic of Ezo is proclaimed on the northern Japanese island of Ezo (which will be renamed Hokkaidō on September 20) by remaining adherents to the Tokugawa shogunate. * February 5 – Prospectors in Moliagul, Victoria, Australia, discover the largest alluvial gold nugget ever found, known as the "Welcome Stranger". * February 20 – Ranavalona II, the Merina Queen of Madagascar, is baptized. * February 25 – The Iron and Steel Institute is formed in London. * F ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Erzya Language
The Erzya language (, , ), also Erzian or historically Arisa, is spoken by approximately 300,000 people in the northern, eastern and north-western parts of the Republic of Mordovia and adjacent regions of Nizhny Novgorod, Chuvashia, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Orenburg, Ulyanovsk, Tatarstan and Bashkortostan in Russia. A diaspora can also be found in Armenia and Estonia, as well as in Kazakhstan and other states of Central Asia. Erzya is currently written using Cyrillic with no modifications to the variant used by the Russian language. In Mordovia, Erzya is co-official with Moksha and Russian. The language belongs to the Mordvinic branch of the Uralic languages. Erzya is a language that is closely related to Moksha but has distinct phonetics, morphology and vocabulary. Phonology Consonants The following table lists the consonant phonemes of Erzya together with their Cyrillic equivalents. Note on romanized transcription: in Uralic studies, the members of the palatalized seri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khanty Language
Khanty (also spelled Khanti or Hanti), previously known as Ostyak (), is a Uralic language spoken by the Khanty people, primarily in the Khanty–Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets autonomous okrugs and the Aleksandrovsky and Kargosoksky districts of Tomsk Oblast in Russia. The closest living relatives of Khanty are Hungarian and Mansi. According to the 2010 Russian census, there were around 9,600 Khanty-speaking people in Russia. The Khanty people are rapidly experiencing a language shift to Russian. The Khanty language has many dialects. The western group includes the Obdorian, Ob, and Irtysh dialects. The eastern group includes the Surgut and Vakh-Vasyugan dialects, which, in turn, are subdivided into thirteen other dialects. All these dialects differ significantly from each other by phonetic, morphological, and lexical features to the extent that the three main "dialects" (northern, southern and eastern) are mutually unintelligible. Thus, based on their significant multifactorial ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1692
Events January–March * January 24 – At least 75 residents of what is now York, Maine are killed in the Candlemas Massacre, carried out by French soldiers led by missionary Louis-Pierre Thury, along with a larger force of Abenaki and Penobscot Indians under the command of Penobscot Chief Madockawando during King William's War, between the French colonists and their indigenous allies, against the English colonists. * January 30 – English Army General John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, a close adviser to King William III, is fired from all of his jobs by the English Secretary of State, the Earl of Nottingham, on orders of Queen Mary. * February 13 – Massacre of Glencoe: The forces of Robert Campbell slaughter around 40 members of the Clan MacDonald of Glencoe in Scotland (from whom they have previously accepted hospitality), for delaying to sign an oath of allegiance to King William III of England. * February 17 – An annular solar eclipse is visible across ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nicolaes Witsen
Nicolaes Witsen (8 May 1641 – 10 August 1717; modern Dutch: ''Nicolaas Witsen'') was a Dutch statesman who was mayor of Amsterdam thirteen times, between 1682 and 1706. In 1693 he became administrator of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). In 1689 he was extraordinary-ambassador to the English court and became Fellow of the Royal Society. In his free time, he was cartographer, maritime writer, and an authority on shipbuilding. His books on the subject are important sources on Dutch shipbuilding in the 17th century. Furthermore, he was an expert on Russian affairs. He was the first to describe Siberia, the Far East and Central Asia in his study ''Noord en Oost Tartarye'' orth and East Tartary Early life Nicolaes Witsen was born in Amsterdam As a member of the Witsen family. His father Cornelis Jan Witsen Was burgomaster, head bailiff and administrator of the Dutch West India Company. In 1656 Nicolaes went with his father to England, where he was introduced to Oliver Cromwell' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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