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Mononegavirales
''Mononegavirales'' is an order of negative-strand RNA viruses which have nonsegmented genomes. Some common members of the order are Ebola virus, human respiratory syncytial virus, measles virus, mumps virus, Nipah virus, and rabies virus. All of these viruses cause significant disease in humans. Many other important pathogens of nonhuman animals and plants are also in the group. The order includes eleven virus families: '' Artoviridae'', ''Bornaviridae'', ''Filoviridae'', ''Lispiviridae'', ''Mymonaviridae'', ''Nyamiviridae'', ''Paramyxoviridae'', ''Pneumoviridae'', ''Rhabdoviridae'', '' Sunviridae'', and ''Xinmoviridae''. Use of term The order ''Mononegavirales'' (pronounced: ) According to the rules for taxon naming established by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), the name ''Mononegavirales'' is always to be capitalized, italicized, and never abbreviated. The names of the order's physical members ("mononegaviruses" or "mononegavirads") are to be writte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bornaviridae
''Bornaviridae'' is a family of negative-strand RNA viruses in the order ''Mononegavirales''. Horses, sheep, cattle, rodents, birds, reptiles, and humans serve as natural hosts. Diseases associated with bornaviruses include Borna disease, a fatal neurologic disease of mammals restricted to central Europe; and proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) in birds. Bornaviruses may cause encephalitis in mammals like horses or sheep. The family includes 11 species assigned to three genera. History Borna disease was first identified in 1926 and its genome was isolated in 1990. The ICTV proposed the creation in 1996 of the family ''Bornaviridae'' along with the genus ''Bornaviru''s (today ''Orthobornavirus''). The viral family is named after the city of Borna in Saxony, Germany, which is where many animals were lost to the sporadic encephalopathy caused by the viral disease. Structure Orthobornavirions are enveloped, with spherical geometries and helical capsids. The diameter is ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pneumoviridae
''Pneumoviridae'' (from Greek pneumo-, lung, -viridae, virus from Latin, poison, slimy liquid) is a family of negative-strand RNA viruses in the order ''Mononegavirales''. Humans, cattle, and rodents serve as natural hosts. Respiratory tract infections are associated with member viruses such as human respiratory syncytial virus. There are five species in the family which are divided between the genera ''Metapneumovirus'' and '' Orthopneumovirus''. The family used to be considered as a sub-family of ''Paramyxoviridae'', but has been reclassified as of 2016. Virology Structure Pneumoviruses are pleomorphic, capable of producing spherical and filamentous, enveloped virions (virus particles) that vary in size from 150 to 200 nm in diameter. The nucleocapsid consisting of a protein shell and viral nucleic acids has a helical symmetry. Nucleocapsids have a diameter of 13.5 nm and a helical pitch of 6.5 nm. Genome The genome is composed of negative-sense, singl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Filoviridae
''Filoviridae'' () is a family of single-stranded negative-sense RNA viruses in the order ''Mononegavirales''. Two members of the family that are commonly known are Ebola virus and Marburg virus. Both viruses, and some of their lesser known relatives, cause severe disease in humans and nonhuman primates in the form of viral hemorrhagic fevers. All filoviruses are classified by the US as select agents, by the World Health Organization as Risk Group 4 Pathogens (requiring Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment), by the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases as Category A Priority Pathogens, and by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as Category A Bioterrorism Agents, and are listed as Biological Agents for Export Control by the Australia Group. Use of term The family ''Filoviridae'' is a virological taxon that was defined in 1982 and emended in 1991, 1998, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2011. The family currently includes the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhabdoviridae
''Rhabdoviridae'' is a family of negative-strand RNA viruses in the order ''Mononegavirales''. Vertebrates (including mammals and humans), invertebrates, plants, fungi and protozoans serve as natural hosts. Diseases associated with member viruses include rabies encephalitis caused by the rabies virus, and flu-like symptoms in humans caused by vesiculoviruses. The name is derived from Ancient Greek , meaning rod, referring to the shape of the viral particles. The family has 40 genera, most assigned to three subfamilies. Structure The individual virus particles (virions) of rhabdoviruses are composed of RNA, protein, carbohydrate and lipid. They have complex bacilliform or bullet-like shapes. All these viruses have structural similarities and have been classified as a single family. The virions are about 75 nm wide and 180 nm long. Rhabdoviruses are enveloped and have helical nucleocapsids and their genomes are linear, around 11–15 kb in length. Rhabdoviruses c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paramyxoviridae
''Paramyxoviridae'' (from Ancient Greek, Greek ''para-'' “by the side of” and ''myxa'' “mucus”) is a family of negative-strand RNA viruses in the order ''Mononegavirales''. Vertebrates serve as natural hosts. Diseases associated with this family include measles, mumps, and respiratory tract infections. The family has four subfamilies, 17 genera, and 78 species, three genera of which are unassigned to a subfamily. Structure Virions are enveloped and can be spherical or pleomorphic and capable of producing filamentous virions. The diameter is around 150 nm. Genomes are linear, around 15kb in length. Fusion proteins and attachment proteins appear as spikes on the virion surface. Matrix proteins inside the envelope stabilise virus structure. The nucleocapsid core is composed of the genomic RNA, nucleocapsid proteins, phosphoproteins and polymerase proteins. Genome The genome is nonsegmented, negative-sense RNA, 15–19 kilobases in length, and contains six to 10 gene ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nyamiviridae
''Nyamiviridae'' is a family of negative-strand RNA viruses in the order ''Mononegavirales''. Ecdysozoa and birds serve as natural hosts. The name is a portmanteau of ''Nya''manini Pan (place of isolation of type species Nyamanini virus in South Africa) and ''Mi''dway Atoll (place of isolation of Midway virus in the United States) and the suffix -''viridae'' used to denote a virus family. There are seven genera in this family. History Nyamanini virus (NYMV) and Midway virus (MDWV) were first isolated in 1957 and 1966 respectively. NYMV has been isolated from cattle egrets (species ''Bubulcus ibis'') and ticks (species '' Argas walkerae'') in Egypt, India, Nigeria, South Africa, and Thailand. MDWV has been isolated from ticks of the genus ''Ornithodoros'' collected in Midway, Kure and Manana islands and northern Honshu, Japan. Antibodies to this virus have been found in the black-tailed gull (species '' Larus crassirostris'') and black-crowned night heron (species ''Nyctico ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mymonaviridae
''Mymonaviridae'' is a family of negative-strand RNA viruses in the order ''Mononegavirales'', which infect fungi. Fungi serve as natural hosts. The name is a portmanteau of Ancient Greek ''my''co, which means fungus, and ''mo''noneg''a''virales. This family was established to accommodate ''Sclerotinia sclerotiorum negative-stranded RNA virus 1'' (SsNSRV-1) a novel virus discovered in a hypovirulent strain of ''Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ''Sclerotinia sclerotiorum'' is a plant pathogenic fungus and can cause a disease called white mold if conditions are conducive. ''S. sclerotiorum'' can also be known as cottony rot, watery soft rot, stem rot, drop, crown rot and blossom blight. ...''. Taxonomy The following genera are recognized: *'' Auricularimonavirus'' *'' Botrytimonavirus'' *'' Hubramonavirus'' *'' Lentimonavirus'' *'' Penicillimonavirus'' *'' Phyllomonavirus'' *'' Plasmopamonavirus'' *'' Rhizomonavirus'' *'' Sclerotimonavirus'' References External links ICTV Report: ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sunviridae
''Sunviridae'' is a family of negative-strand RNA viruses in the order ''Mononegavirales.'' Snakes serve as natural hosts. The family includes the single genus ''Sunshinevirus'' which includes the single species ''Reptile sunshinevirus 1''.The family was formed to accommodate the Sunshine Coast virus (SunCV), previously referred to as "Sunshine virus", a novel virus discovered in Australian pythons. The name derives from the geographic origin of the first isolate on the Sunshine Coast of Queensland, Australia. Genome Sunshineviruses have a nonsegmented, negative-sense In molecular biology and genetics, the sense of a nucleic acid molecule, particularly of a strand of DNA or RNA, refers to the nature of the roles of the strand and its complementarity (molecular biology), complement in specifying a sequence of am ..., single-stranded RNA genome. The total length of the genome is 17 kbp. The genome encodes seven proteins. References Mononegavirales Virus families ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Negative-strand RNA Virus
Negative-strand RNA viruses (−ssRNA viruses) are a group of related viruses that have negative-sense, single-stranded genomes made of ribonucleic acid. They have genomes that act as complementary strands from which messenger RNA (mRNA) is synthesized by the viral enzyme RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). During replication of the viral genome, RdRp synthesizes a positive-sense antigenome that it uses as a template to create genomic negative-sense RNA. Negative-strand RNA viruses also share a number of other characteristics: most contain a viral envelope that surrounds the capsid, which encases the viral genome, −ssRNA virus genomes are usually linear, and it is common for their genome to be segmented. Negative-strand RNA viruses constitute the phylum ''Negarnaviricota'', in the kingdom '' Orthornavirae'' and realm '' Riboviria''. They are descended from a common ancestor that was a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus, and they are considered to be a sister clade of reovi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Artoviridae
''Artoviridae'' is a family of negative-strand RNA viruses in the order ''Mononegavirales''. Barnacles, copepods, odonates, parasitoid wasps, pile worms, and woodlice serve as natural hosts. The group name derives from ''art''hr''o''pod the phylum of its hosts. Members of the family were initially discovered by high throughput sequencing. Structure Virions are enveloped, spherical particles, 100 to 130 nm in diameter, and the virus genome comprises about 12 kb of negative-sense, unsegmented RNA Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes. RNA and deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) are nucleic acids. Along with lipids, proteins, and carbohydra .... Taxonomy The following genera and species are recognized: *Genus: '' Hexartovirus'' **'' Barnacle hexartovirus'' **'' Caligid hexartovirus'' *Genus: '' Peropuvirus'' **'' Beihai peropuvirus'' **'' Hubei peropuvirus'' **' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), also called human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human orthopneumovirus, is a common, contagious virus that causes infections of the respiratory tract. It is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Its name is derived from the large cells known as ''syncytia'' that form when infected cells fuse. RSV is the single most common cause of respiratory hospitalization in infants, and reinfection remains common in later life: it is a notable pathogen in all age groups. Infection rates are typically higher during the cold winter months, causing bronchiolitis in infants, common colds in adults, and more serious respiratory illnesses such as pneumonia in the elderly and immunocompromised. RSV can cause outbreaks both in the community and in hospital settings. Following initial infection via the eyes or nose, the virus infects the epithelial cells of the upper and lower airway, causing inflammation, cell damage, and airway obstruction. A varie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Henipavirus
''Henipavirus'' is a genus of negative-strand RNA viruses in the family ''Paramyxoviridae'', order ''Mononegavirales'' containing six established species, and numerous others still under study. Henipaviruses are naturally harboured by several species of small mammals, notably Pteropus, pteropid fruit bats (flying foxes), microbats of several species, and shrews. Henipaviruses are characterised by long genomes and a wide host range. Their recent emergence as zoonosis, zoonotic pathogens capable of causing illness and death in domestic animals and humans is a cause of concern. In 2009, RNA sequences of three novel viruses in phylogenetic relationship to known henipaviruses were detected in African straw-colored fruit bats (''Eidolon helvum'') in Ghana. The finding of these novel henipaviruses outside Australia and Asia indicates that the region of potential endemicity of henipaviruses may be worldwide. These African henipaviruses are slowly being characterised. ''Nipah virus, Nipa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
